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, N
2
, O
2
, N
2
Cl
2
, O
3
, CaCO
3
, etc.
(a) (b) (c) (d) The theory. Every Atoms The the The elements same atoms concepts atoms By
matter cannot Its element represent important of of different is different put be composed
forward further are the points identical elements masses elements subdivided.
Prince John of are very of in Dalton as can Dalton’s differ all combining follows. minute
combine respects. regarding from particles, each in Atomic atoms.
simple the other called composition ratio in Theory
their atoms to form properties Sir
that of compounds. matter take and part are masses, known in The chemicel masses as while
Dalton’s reactions. of the combining atoms atomic of
(e) Atom can neither be created nor destroyed.
Modern Concept :
Many of the concepts of Dalton’s atomic theory cannot be explained. Therefore, foundation of
modern atomic theory was laid down by the end of nineteenth century. The modern theory is
substantiated by the existence of isotopes, radioactive disintegration, etc. The imnprotant points
of the modern atomic theory are as foilows.
(a) An atom is mainly composed of three fundamental particles, viz. electron, proton and
neutron.
(b) Apart from the aforesaid three fundamental particles, many others have also been identified,
viz. positron,
meson, neutrino, antiproton, etc.
(c) Soddy discovered the existence of isotopes, which were atom of the same element having
different masses. For example, protium, deuterium and tritium are atoms of hydrogen having
atomic masses 1, 2 and 3 a.m.u. respectively.
(d) Atoms having same mass have different atomic numbers. These are known as isobars. For
example,40 18
Ar
and 40 20
Ca.
(e) Atoms of elements combines to form molecules.
(1)
Reconstruct Cathode Rays (Discovery of Your Electron)
Chemistry With Prince Sir
Production of Cathode Rays
(a) (b) (c) (d) The Cathode is If is Cathode particles. deviation tube. Cathode a cathode placed
light salient By metal rays rays rays in Their in rays features its magnetic get travel produce path.
pinwheel consits derivation deviated in of a of green field cathode straight is tiny Prince in
towards placed depends electrical fluorescence particles ray line. in anode are This the on and
having as path pole follows. indicates indicates magnetic on of of the momentum. cathode the
walls that their fields. magnet the of rays, negatively the This formation which the glass proves
Sir wheel has charged tube. of that been starts a shadow they nature. placed revolving. are when
composed The near an direction This the opaque cathode proves of charged of object their that
ray
(e) Cathode rays produce incandescence in at thin metal foil. (f) Cathode rays effect the
photographic plate. (g) Cathode rays ionize gasses proving that they are charged. (h) Cathode
rays pernetrates across a thin metal foil. (i) Cathode rays produce X-rays when hit a piece of
tungsten or any other metal having high melting point.
Nature of Cathode Rays J.J. Thompson (1897) proved through
experiments that. (a) Cathode rays are composed of ex tremely tiny negatively charged particles
(electrons). (b) The ratio of negative charge (e) and mass (m) for cathode ray particle (electrons)
is a constant. This ratio is independent of the material used in the preparation of the electrodes of
the discharge tube or the gas filled in it. Thus, e/m of an electron is a universal constant.
ch arg e on electron mass of electron
=
m e
= 1.76 × 108 Coulomb/gm
In addition to the above proofs, photoelectric effect, thermionic effect and emisson of beta
particles from radioactive elements also confirm that electron is an essential constituent of
matter. These
negatively charged tiny particles discovered byThomson. It is denoted by e– or
–1
e0.
(2)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Electron (e– or
–1
e0) (a) Electron is a fundamental particle of an atom, which is an essential constituent of every
matter.
(b) The value of
m e
was found to be 1.76 × 108 coulomb/gram byThomson.
(c) R.A. Mullikencalculated the charge on an electron by his famous Oil Drop Experiment. The
value
came out to be 1.6012 × 10–19 coulomb or 4.803 × 10–10 e.s.u. (d) The value of e/m of an
electron is known as itsspecific charge. With the help of this specific charge and the charge on
the electron (determined by Mulliken), the mass of the electron could be calculated as follws.
e e / m = 1.76 1.6012 ×
10 × 8
coulomb 10 - 19
coulomb
/ gram
= massof electron(m e ) = 9.1091 ×
10 -
28
gram
(e) (f) Molar mass of electron is obtained Therefore gram molecular mass The mass By
Mass of of an = 9.1091 electron electron × in in 10–28 Prince motion motion × on multiplying
mass of electron is as follows. 6.023 × 1023= 5.483 is calculated with the (m) = Re st mass ⌈ │
│ ⌊ 1
- ⎛ │ ⎝ of v c
electron × help of 10–4g
electron of the Sir
following by Avogadro expression.
number (6.023×1023).
⎞│⎠
2
⌉││⌋
where v is velocity of electron and c velocity of light. When v = c, the mass of the electron in
motion becomes infinity. Therefore the mass of an electron increases with increases in its
velocity due to which specific charge e/m on it decreases. (g) The physical and chemical
properties of an element depend on the distribution of electrons in its outermost
energy level.
= 1.00757 a.m.u.
(g) Mass of proton (m) multiplied by Avogadro number (6.023 × 1023) gives molar mass of
proton. Thus
Gram molecular mass of proton = 1.6725 × 10–24 × 6.023 × 1023 = 1.008 (Approx) (h)
Proton is present in the nucleus of an atom. (i) The number of electrons is equal to the number of
protons in a neutral atom. (j) The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons
present in the nucleus of that atom. (k) Proton is the nucleus of protium i.e. the common
hydrogen atom. (i) Proton is ionized hydrogen atom, i.e. (H+) (m) Proton is obtained when the
only one electron present in hydrogen atom is removed. Hydrogen atom
consists of anly one electron and proton.
(4)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Discovery of Neutron Penetrating rays are emitted
on bombardingα-particles on the elements like beryllium, boron and aluminium. James
Chadwick in 1932 studied the nature of these radiation and came to the conclusion that these rays
are composed of very tiny electro neutral particles. The mass of these particles is almost equal to
that of the hydrogen atom. This particle is called neutron and is denoted by the symbol,
0
n1.
Neutron(
0
O18 Sir
weights 16 the following three isotopes.
1
H1(Protium) 1 8 9 17 1
D2 (Deuterium) 1 8 10 18
1
Ar40,
19
K40, and
20
Si30
15
P31
14
to n
1
=
hc λ
= hv
4 π
2 mZe
2
r =
K
2n z
In the above expression h,π, m and e, all are constant. therefore
2
2 2
or
⎛│⎝K=4π
h
me Note : Velocity (a) 1A By r = 10–10m α n Z 2
⇒ r 1 r 2 = cons (b) Prince 1 tan nm t =
0.529A
⎞│⎠
r n = 0.529 Sir
×
n Z 2
Å
= n 1 2 Zn
2 of the electron = 10–9m 2 ×
Z
2
1 of Bohr’s orbt
(c) 1 pm (picometer) = 10–12 m
v = Z n
× 2.188 ×
10 8
cm/second
Vα Z n ⇒ V 1 V 2 = Z 1 Z 2 ×
n n
2
1
Time period =
2 π
r V
= 1.51 +10-16 sec
m
3
Z
2
T
α m Z 2 3 ⇒ T 1 T 2 = n 1 3 n 3 2 ×
Z Z
1 2 2 2
×
13.6eV
For two different states
E 1 E 2 = Z 1 2 nZ
2
2 ×
n
2
2
2
1
)
K.E. = -E
r
=
Z
2
n
2
= -27.2×
Z n
2 2
eV
(9)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Total energy = Kinetic energy + potential energy
E T = E K +
E P (i) Total energy = –Kinetic energy
(E
T
– – E
K
= 2E
T
).
Sir
in its lowest energy state or initial is said to be in ground state. This is the most stable of an atom.
Excited State The states of higher energy than the ground
state are said to be in excited state. Fcr example, the electron of hydrogen atom in ground state is
present in n = 1 orbit. (a) Electron in n = 2 orbit is in first excited state (b) Electron in n = 3 orbit
is in second excited state (c) Electron in n = 4 orbit is in third excited state This means that the
energy of n + 1 orbit is in first excited state, of n + 2 orbit is in second excited state and of n + 3
orbit is in third excited state, where n = the energy in ground state.
Excitation Potential (a) The energy required to excite an electron from ground state to any
excited state is known as excitation
potential. (b) Excitation potential has a positive value. For example, I.E = E.P × charge.
First excitation potential of hydrogen atom – E
2
– E
1
EP =
ch IE
arg e
=
e
e ν
= Volt.
Second excitation potential of hydrogen atom = E
3
– E
1 Third excitation potential of hydrogen atom
– E
4
– E
1
Energy = charge ×
Potential
(10)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Ionisation Energy or Ionisation Potential The
energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit of a gaseous atom in ground state
in called ionisation energy or ionisation potential. Its value is positive.
I.E. = E ∞
-
E
1
⎞│⎠
Sir
= Number of lower energy level n
2
SPECTRUM
Emission Spectrum and Absorption Spectrum When a beam of white light
passes through a slit or an aperture and then falls on a prism, it gets spilt into many coloured
bands. The image of colours so obtained is known as a spectrum. A spectrum is of mainly three
types viz. (i) Emission spectrum (ii) Absorption spectrum
(11)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (i) Emission Spectrum :
When energy is provided to any substance, it starts emitting radiations. These radiations are
passed through a spectroscope, they get split up into spectral lines producing emission spectrum.
Normally a substance can be excited by any of the following ways. (a) By heating the substance
at high temperture (b) By passing electric current through a discharge tube having gaseous
substance at very low pressure. (c) By passing electric discharge through a metallic filament.
Emission spectra are of the following two types. (i) Continuous spectrum (ii) Discontinuous
spectrum
Continuous Spectrum When sunlight or a glowing heat
fluorescent analysed with the help of a spectroscope, the bands spectrum.
of seven colours, which Prince are in a continuous By
substance spectrum sequence. obtained like tungsten Such Sir
on a a screen wire spectrum present is observed is in called an electric as a divided continuous
bulb, into is
Continuous Spectrum of white light
Line spectrum or Atomic spectrum When atoms of a substance is excited,
it emits radiations are analyzed with the help of a spectroscope, then many fine bright lines of
specific colours in a sequence are seen in the spectrum, which is not continuous, i.e. there is dark
zone in between any two lines. Such a spectrum is called a line spectrum or atomic spectrum. For
example, neon single lamp, sodium vapour, mercury vapour lamp, etc. emit light of different
colours anf they give specific line spectra.
Absorption Spectrum When white light emitted by glowing heat
fluorescent substance is passed through another substance lime sodium substance. This results in
appearance of some black lines in the spectrum. These are present at those places where the line
spectrum of the substance i.e. sodium vapour is formed. The spectrum so formed is known as
absorption spectrum.
(12)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Hydrogen Spectrum Hydrogen atom gives line
spectrum. When hydrogen gas is filled at low pressure in a discharge tube and electric discharge
is passed through it, a pink coloured is produced in the visible region due to the formation of
hydrogen atoms. On studying this light with the help of a spectroscope, series of lines of various
wavelengths are obtained in the spectrum. The frequency of spectral lines in the form of wave
number can be calculated with the help of the following expression.
n
ν=λ
1 = Rz
⌈│⌊n1-
n
1
⌉│⌋
ν or λ 1 = R
×⎛│⎝n112-
n
1
2
⎞
2
│⎠
R = 10 m–1
Z→ Atomic number.
Series of Lines in Hydrogen Spectrum Lymen Series : When an
electron or First energy Balmer Paschen For When second When with Series Series this, By
Paschen an an energy electron n electron :
1
: = 1 level, level and undergoes undergoes n n the 1 2 = = spectrum 2, Prince 2, the 3, transition
transition 4, spectrum 5, is 6, said 7, from from 8 is to .......... said belong a a higher higher to ∞.
belong to energy Lymen energy to level Balmer series.
level Sir
(n
(n 2 ), series. 2 e.g. ), e.g. 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, .....∞ 5,6, 7, to 8 ground .....∞ to state the
falls from a higher energy level to thrid orbit (n = 3). It gives a spectrum that is associated
series. For this n
1
= 3 and n
2
= 4 and n
2
= 5 and n
2
= 6 and n
2
Wave Number (
υ
)
The reciprocal of wavelength is called wave number. It is represented by υ.
υ =
λ 1
Therefore, the unit of wave number is cm–1 or m–1
If series 4, Planck’s a 5 substance ........ By of The small n but Therefore Duel emits packet not in
or Nature the or absorbs bundles, form Prince energy, of E of fractional called =
or ∆x × m × ∆v ≥
By δ δ x ψ
+ δ δ y
Prince Sir
ψ+δδ
zψ+
8 π h
m
(E – V) φ = 0
Where m = Mass of electron, h = Planck constnat,
E = Total energy of electron, v = Potential energy of electron, ψ = Wave function Note :
Quantum Numbers Theset of numbers requried to determine the
exact location of electron in an atom are called quantum numbers. Following are the four
quantum numbers
Principal Quantum Number (n) (a) Principal quantum number
describes the size and energy of a shell or orbit. (b) An atoms has K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, etc. shell.
(c) Each value of ‘n’ represents an energy shell. (d) In any orbit, the number of orbitals is given
by n2 and number of electrons is given by 2n2. This is called
Bhor-Bury rule.
=
(iii) d yz , , p d For y By z and 2, d d xz
sub-shell, p
and
z
orbitals.
d
x 2 -
y l 2
Prince Sir = 2. Thus, m 2 × 2 + 1 = 5 and therfore d sub-shell consists of five orbitals called d
xy
, orbitals.
(i) For s sublevel, 1 = 0. Thus, for s orbital, the value of m is 0.
(ii) For p sub-level, 1 = 1. Thus, the values of m for p orbitals are as follows.
(iii) For d sub-level, 1 = 2. Thus, the values of m for d orbitals are as follows.
(e) The total number of orbitals present in an energy shell = n2, where n is principal quantum
number.
Spin Quantum Number (s) (a) Spin quantum number gives
information about the spin of an electron. (b) The value of s is 1/2 which depicts the direction of
spin of the electron.
(c) If the electron spins in clockwise direction, s is denoted by +
1 2
or a sign[↑]. Anticlockwise spin of the
electron is denoted by s = –
1 2
or [↓].
(17)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (d) One orbital can accommodate only two
electrons, with opposite spins. (e) The angular momentum of an electron is not only due its
motion around the nucleus in an energy level but also due to its spin along its own axis. The
angular momentum that arises due to spin of an electron along its with axis, the is help called of
the spin following sngular momentum expression.
and is depicted by the symbolμ
s
=
s(s + 1)
×
2
h
π
where ‘s’ is spin quantum number..
In this expression the value of s is always taken as
1 2
and not –
1 2
.
WRITINGTHE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Aufbau Principle Aufbau is a German word
that means to build up. Therefore, electrons are filled up in increasing order the (i) energies
higher Accrding If value According numbers.
two By of orbitals energy n. of to to The the 6s1 this Pauli and orbitals have electrons rule so
axclusion on.
same electrons i.e. and Prince are electrons value principle, Pauli’s filled are of first in are i 6s2
a then no Exclusion first sub-shell filled two electrons (n filled electron in +i those according in )
Rule orbitals Principle are can ornitals first have of in Sir filled the lower n for + same which l
in rule.
energy that values value orbital and of of then all ‘n which the + in four the i ’ has is orbital
quantum lowest. lower of
n = 6 n = 6 l = 0 l = 0 m = 0 m = 0
s = +
1 2
1 2 In the above illustrations, the respective values of n ,iand m are same but that of s is different.
(ii) Pauli exclusion principle can be stated in other words as that“only two electrons can be
accommodated
in the same orbital only when their spin quantum numbers is different”. (iii) If the thrid
electron enters in an orbital, the set of four quantum numbers becomes same for any two
electron. (iv) According to this rule, for any two electrons, a set of maximum three
quantum numbers can be same, but the fouth has to be different. For example, two electrons can
have same (n,l and m) or (l, m or s) or (n, m or s) Example 1s1 and 1s2
n = 1 n = 1 l = 0 l = 0 m = 0 m = 0
s = +
s = –
1 2
s = –
1 2 (v) This rule does not apply for hydrogen atom because it contains one electron.
(18)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Hund’s Rule of Maximum
Multiplicity (a) Degenerate orbitals
The orbitals having same energy are called degenerate orbitals. (b) s sub-shell consists of
only one orbital. Thus, it cannot have orbital. (c) According to Hund’s rule, the degenerate
orbitals get filled by electrons having parallel spin one by one to
give an unpaired state. (d) According to tnis rule, pairing of electrons cannot occur untill
all the orbitals have one unpaired electros.
For example, C6 can possibly have the following two configurations of 2s2 2p2.
(1)
(2)
(e) The following two conditions have to be fulfilled for Hund’s rule.
(1) The orbitals should be degenerate (2) The member of electrons and the degenerate orbitals
should be more then one (f) Hund’s rule is not applicable for H, He, Li and Be, because electrons
in them go to s sub-shell, which does
not have any degenerate orbital. (g) Hund’s rule is not applicable for B5 also, because
there is only one electrons in p orbital. Therefour , this
rule si applicable from C6 onwards.
Increasing order of energy 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d <
6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in s orbital
is 2, that in p orbital is 6, that in d orbital is 10 and that in f orbital is 14.
Exceptions to n + l Rule There are mainly two exceptions of n +l
rule. (a) La57– 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 5d1 (b) Ac89– 1s2,
2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6s2, 7s2, 6d1
Due togreater stability of hafl-filled and full-filled orbitals, the configurations d5 ns1 and d10
ns1 are written in place of n4 ns2 and d9 ns2 respectively.
Stability of Half-filled and Fully-Filled orbitals The stability of half-filled
orbitals (p3,d5and f 7) and fully-filled orbitals (p6,d10and f 14) is higher than that in other states.
This is due the following reasons. (a) When a sub-shell is half-fully-filled, it means that the
distribution of electrons is symmetrical in the orbitals
of equal energy. Unsymmetrical distribution of electrons results in lower stability. (b) The
electrons present in orbitals of equal energy in an atom can interchange their position, in this
process energy is released, resulting stable system. The possibility of interchange of positions is
highest in half - filled and fully-filled states. This provides greater stability to the system. (c) The
exchange energy for helf-filled and fully-filled orbitals is maximum. As the number of electrons
increases, electron start pairing resulting in spin coupling. The energy liberated in the process of
coupling is called coupling energy.
By
Prince Sir
(19)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir (d) The spin of electrons in a fully-filled orbital are
opposite to each other or antiparallel. The energy of the
system decreses due to neutralization of opposite spins. So fully-filled orbitals are more stable.
S.No. Orbit Orbital 1. If is depicted by n. It is depicted by m 2. Maximum number of electrons
2n
Maximum number of electrons 2 with 2
opposite spin. 3. Path of electron around the
nucleus is called orbit.
Space around the nucleus where probability of finding an electrons is maximum.
Orbital (a) The space around the nucleus where
probability of finding an electron is maximum, is called an orbital. (b) An electron cloud is
negatively charged and the nucleus is positively charged. Therefour, the probability of
finding an electron is maximum around the nucleus. (c) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The probability of
finding an electron is an orbital is 95% Only It The where The The is spherical size nodal
number By one the increases s-orbital surface probability of in nodel shape is with is missing
possible surfaces of and increase finding Prince thus inside in in the electron in an an electron the
1s orbit orbit orbital value is is becausel= s-Orbital minimum, density equal of because n. There
to is (n unform of 0 it –1) and is its is to vacant m 98%.
in = all 0 Sir space for directions. it.
between 1s orbital and 2s orbital, known as nodal surface.
proximity with the nucleus.
,
p-Orbital (a) For p orbitals,l = 1 and m = – 1, 0, + 1. Thus, it can have three configurations,
which are distributed in x,
y and z axes. Therefore, there are three p-orbitals, which are dumbbell, shaped. (b) Each
p-orbital has two lobes and the probability of finding electron inside these two lobes is equal.
The plane perpendicualr to the axis two lobes and passing through the point where these two
lobes join, is the nodal plane of -orbital, because the probability of finding electron in this plane
is negligible or minimum. (c) The in xy, value yz and of xz nodal planes, planes respectively.
for each of the p
x
, p
y
and p
z
, p
y
and p
z
> E
3
> E
2
(B) E
2
> E
3
> E
1
(C) E
1
> E
2
> E
3
(D) E
1
= E
2
= E
3
) their velocities
(A) m
n
/m
e
(B) m
e
/ m
n
(C) m
n
× m
e
when fouth an orbit electron to second, in H atom wavelength jumps from of emitted 3rd orbit
radiation to 2rd oribt. will be: If
(A)
16 25
λ o
(B)
17 20
λ o
(C)
27 20
λ o
(D)
16 25
λ
o
Q.17 Hydrogen (H), deutenium (D), singly ionised helium(He+) and dubly ionised lithium
(Li2+) all have one electron around the nucles. Consider n = 2 to n = 1 transition. If the
wavelengths of emitted radiations are λ
1
, λ
2
, λ
3
and λ
4
: (A) λ
1
= λ
2
= 4λ
3
= 9λ
4
(B) 4λ
1
=2λ
2
= 2λ
3
= λ
4
(C) λ
1
= 2λ
2
=
2 2 λ o = 3 2 λ o
(D) λ
1
= λ
2
= 2λ
3
= 3λ
4
Q.18 Two paritcles of masses m and 2m have equal knietic energies. Their debroglie
wavelengths are in the ratio
of :
(A) 1 :1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 2 : 1
Q.19 The Bhor model of atom :
(A) Assumes that angular momentoum of electron is quantized (B) Uses Einstien’s photoelectric
equation (C) Predicts continuous emission spectra for atoms (D) Predicts the same emission
spectra for all type of atoms
(23)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.20 Which of the following transitions in H atom
emit photons of highest frequencuy
(A) 1 → 2 (B) 2 → 6 (C) 6 → 2 (D) 2 → 1
Q.21 Light coming from a discharge tube filled with Hydrogen falls on the cathode of the
photoelectric cell. The work fuction of the surface of cathode is 4 eV. Which one of the
following values of anode voltage (in V) with respect to cathode will make the photo current
zero ? (A) -4 (B) -6 (C) -8 (D) -10
Q.22 When photons of energy hn fall on a photosensitive metallic surface (work function f)
elctrons are emitted
from the metal surface. It is possible to say that : (A) All ejected elctrons have same KE = hv -
hv
o (B) The ejected elctrons have a distribution of KE. the most energetic one having KE = hv - hv
o (C)
The most energetic electrons have KE = hv (D) The KE of ejected elctrons is hv
o Q.23 In a photoelectric experiment, photons
photoelectrons are just stopped by an Q.24 Q.25 The (A) Light illuminate be (A) If the : 8.5 1
work By electron of : 2 eV two function a metal different is to whose acquire of frequencies, the
metal (B) work (B) Prince a wavelength 5 1 function : eV sufrace 4 whose of electrode is :
photons energy at have (C) a 5 potential eV energies 3.5 are eV incident of are Sir
-3.5 1 and eV on 2.5 a with metal eV (D) respect respectively 1.5 surface. eV
to metal.
The successively liberated
is 0.5 eV. The ratio of the max. speeds of the emitted elctrons (C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 1
of 0.1 nm. what potential difference does it fall througt ?
will
(A) 150.5 eV (B) 110 eV (C) 200 eV (D) 516.6 eV
Q.26 Anα particle of enegy
1 2
m
α
v
α
2 bombards a heavy nucleus of charge Ze. The distance of closest approach
for theα particle will be proportional to :
(A) v
α
1 m
1 v
α
1 Ze Q.27 An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the electrons from a neutral He
atom. The energy in eV
required remove both the electrons from a neutral from a neutral He atom is (A) 38.2 (B) 49.2 eV
(C) 51.8 eV (D) 79 Q.28 Imagine an atom made up of a proton and a hypothetical particle of
double the mass of the electron but having the same charge as the elctron. The wavelength of the
radiation that will be emitted when this particle jumps from first excited state to ground state is
equal to
(A)
2 (B)
a
(C)
4
(D)
2 3R
(B)
3R 1
(C)
2R 1
(D) None
Q.29 The longest wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum is 122 nm. the smallest
wavelength in the
infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the nearest integer) is : (A) 802 nm (B) 823 nm (C)
1882 nm (D) 1648 nm
(24)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.30 Work function of a metal X equals ionisation
energy of Li2- ion in second excited state. Work function of another metal Y equal ionisation
energy of He ion with electron in n = 4. Now a photon of energy x falls on both the metals such
that max. K.E. of photoelectrons emitted from metal X is half that of photoelctron emitted from
metal Y. Then value of x ? (A) -0.875 eV (B) -1.75 eV (C) 2.72 eV (D) 2.38 eV
Subjective Questions Q.1 Calculate the wavelength emitted during the transition of electron in
between two levels of Li2+ ion whose
sum is 4 and difference is 2.
Q.2 Find the quantum number ‘n’ corresponding to the excited state of He- ion if on transition to
the ground
state that ion emits two photons in succession with wavelength 108.5 and 30.4 nm.
Q.3 When certain metal was irradiated with light frequency 1.6 × 1016 Hz the photo electrons
emitted had Q.4 twice the kinetic energy as did photo electrons emitted when frequency 1.0 ×
1016 Hz. Calculate threshold frequency (v) for Find (in m). the Find velocity the orbital (ms–1)
angular of Prince electron momentum in first Bhor’s of 2p orbital orbit of of radius hydrogen the
the a
Sir 0 . Also same metal.
atom find metal in was irradiated with light the de Broglie’s units of
2π h
.
wavelenght
Q.5 Two hydrogen atoms collide head on and end up with zero kinetic energy. Each atom then
emits a photon of wavelength 121.6 nm. Which transition leads to this wavelegth ? How fast
were the hydrogen atoms traveling before collision ?
Q.6 Calculate the energy in kJ per mole of electronic charge accelerated by a potential of 1 volt.
Q.7 (A) What is highest frequency photon that can be emitted from hydrogen atom? What is the
wavelength
of this photon? (B) Calculate the longest wavelength transition in the paschen series of
He+ (C) Calculate the ratio of the wavelength of first and the ultimate line of Balmer series of
Li2+ ?
Q.8 The eyes of a certain member of the reptile family pass a visul signal to the brian when the
visual receptors are strudck by photns of wavelength 859 nm. If a total energy of 3.15 × 10–14 J
is requires to trip the signal, what is the minimum number of photon that must strike the receptor.
Q.9 O
2
By
undergoes photochemical dissociation into one normal oxygen atom and one oxygen atom 1.967
eV more mol-1. energetic What is the than maximum normal. wavelength The dissociation
effective of for O 2 photo into two chemical normal dissociation atom of axygen of O 2
?
requires 498 kJ
Q.10 Uranium has at.no. 92 and atomic weight 238.029. Calculate the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons
in uranium atom.
Q.11 Find energy of each of the photons which :
(A) Correspond to light of frequency 3 × 1015 Hz (B) Have wavelength of 0.50 A.
Q.12 H-atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 1028 Ao and gives out induced
radiations. Calculate
the wavelength of induced radiations. [6563 Ao, 1216 Ao, 1026 Ao]
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Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.13 A certain dye absorbs 4530 Ao and fluoroses
at 5080 Ao these being the wavelengths of maximum absorption that under given conditions
47% of the absorbed energy is emitted. Calculate the ratio of number of quata emitted to the
number absorbed. [0.527]
Q.14 Calulate the threshold frequency of metal binding energy is 180.69 kJ mol-1 of electron.
Q.15 What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide: J of
energy ?
Q.16 A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57 um. Calculate the
rate of emission
of quanta per second.
Q.17 A dust particle having mass equial to 10–11 g, diameter 10–4 cm and velocity 10–4 cm
sec–1. The error in
measurement of velocity is 0.1%. Calculate uncertainty in its position.
Q.18 Point out the following : (A) How many energy (B) How many orbitals Q.19 The
dissociation energy nm. what fraction of radiant Q.20 of subshells Prince of H
energy all 2
is kinds 430.55 are will are possible be kJ/mol. possible converted in If n in H = n 2 into 3 is =
level.
exposed 3 K.E. level.
Sir to radiant energy of wavelength 253.7
Q.21 What (A) Given 3s By
values below are are assigned the (B) sets 4P of z to quantum quantum numbers numbers (C)
n. / m for :
4d
x 2 -
x
2 (D) 5d
z2
YOUR FAVOURITES
with the theory ?
(B) n = (D) n = 4, 4, l l = = Sir 3, 3, m m = = –2, –3, s s = = – + 1/2 (C) Electrons By
in motion behave as if they are in the waves
same shell of H-atom are in order 1/2
s > P > d > f.
(D) An orbital can accomodate a maximum of two electrons with parallel spins.
Q.3 Whenα -particles are sent through a thin metal foil most of them go straight through the foil
because.
(A)α-particles are much heavier than electrons (B)α -particles are positively charged (C) Most
part of the atom is empty space (D)α-particles move with high velocity
Q.4 Which of the following reflects the wave nature of light ?
(A) Photoelectric effect (B) E = mc2 (C) Difeaction (D) Interference
Q.5 The numbers electron of the in two a hydrogen states. Assume atom makes the Bhor a
transition model to n
be 1
→ valid n
2
and n
2
are : (A) n
1
= 4, n
2
= 2 (B) n
1
= 8, n
2
= 2 (C) n
1
= 8, n
2
= 1 (D) n
1
= 6, n
2
= 3
Q.6 Which of the following product in a hydrogen atom are independent of the principle
quantum number n?
The symbols have their usual meanings. (A) v
n
(B) E
r
(C) E
n
(D) v
r
GO COMPRHENSIVE Passage-1
Rutherford proposed the atomic after his most striking experiment onα-scattering leading to
discovery of nucleus. Bhor later on modified the atomic model on the basis of planck’s quantum
theory of light and
proposed the concept of stationary circular orbits of quantised energy
nh 2π
. The collection of fine lines in
line spectrum led sommerfeld to give the idea of elliptical orbits. He successfully explained the
existence of
subshells and their number in a shell. The angular momentum of subshells was proposed as
Q.1 The energy The emission angular level momentum to of other.
a spectral of Prince line electron in atomic in 2p spectra orbital is was :
supposed to Sir
be due to the jump of electron l ( l form + l )
.
2 one h
π
.
Q.2 (A)
The (A) 10–15 volume 2π
By h
(B)
h 2π
(C)
h 2π
(D)
2π h
occupied by the nucleus is about .......... times of volume of atom:
(B) 1015 (C) 10–12 (D) 10–10
Q.3 Non-directional orbital is :
(A) 3s (B) 4f (C) 4d (D) 4p
Passage-2
The electrons in a poly-electronic atom are filled one by one in order of increasing energy level.
The energy of subshells and orientation of orbitals depends upon the values of three quantum
numbers (i.e.,n, l, and m respectively) derived from schrodingr wave equation. The different
orbitals of a subshells however possess same energy level and are called degenerate orbitals but
their energy level changes in presence of magnetic field and the orbitals are non-degenerate. A
spectral line is noticed if an electron jumps from one level to other. The paramagnetic nature of
element is due to the presence of unpaired electron. Q.1 Which in each pair is most stable ion:
Cu+ or Cu2+ and Fe2+ or Fe3+ (A) Cu+, Fe3+ (B) Cu2+, Fe3+ (C) Cu2+, Fe2+ (D) Cu+, Fe2+
Q.2 The number of unpaired electrons in Cr atom is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6
Q.3 The total magnetic moment of Ni2+ ion is:
(A) 6 BM (B) 8 BM (C) 15 BM (D) 12 BM
Q.4 The number of spherical and angular nodes in 2p orbitals are:
(A) 1, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 0 (D) 0, 1
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Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.5 The possible number of spectral lines when an
electron can jump from 5th shell to 2nd shell is:
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
Q.6 The correct order for energy levels in H-atom is:
(A) 3s = 3p = 3d > 2s (B) 3d > 3p > 3s > 2s (C) 3d > 3p = 3s > 2s (D) 3d > 3p > 3s = 2s
Q.7 Which elements has 18 electrons in its outer-most shell:
(A) Cu (B) Pd (C) Cd (D) Tc (A) Rotation of the electron in clcok wise and anticlockwise
direction respectively (B) Rotation of the electron in anticlockwisec and closk wise direction
respectively (C) Magnetic moment of the electron pointing up an ddown respectively (D) Two
quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogues
Assertion & Reason Q.1 Q.2 The these (A) (B) (C) (D) A
R A R :The :Spectral : :2p 2p questions By
questions, If If If If orbitals orbitals first (A) (A) (A) (A) is is and ionization lines and given
incorrect correct is are choose (B) (B) lower would degernrate below are are but energy in any
but both both not Prince (R) energy consist (R) one be correct correct is orbitals. of seen is of
incorrect. B than incorrect. them: of is for less and and two 2s. 2px than (R) (R) statements – is is
2pz Be.
not the transition correct the as correct Assertion reason reason Sir (A) for and (A).
for Reason (A).
(R); while answering
Q.3 A :Spectral lines are never obtained when electron de-excites from dxy to dyz because they
are degenrate.
R :When ligands approach central metal ion, its d-orbitals split into two sets.
Q.4 A: Nucliede 30 13
Al is less stable than 40 20
Ca
R :Nuclides having odd number of protons and neutrons are generally unstable.
Q.5 A : The 3p orbital has higher energy level than 3s He+ ion.
R : The enrgy of an orbital depends uponn andl.
Q.6 A :Specific charge ofα-particles is twice to that of proton.
R : Specific charge is given by e/m.
Q.7 A :d-orbitals are five fold non-degenerate in presence fo magnetic field.
R : In presence of magnetic field, the energy of orbitas becomes aitogether different.
Q.8 A : Electronmagnetic radiations will emitted for the transition of 3p to 2s orbital in H-atom.
R :Both have same energy level and thus no transition.
Q.9 A :
24
gas is studied.
Q.13 A : For n = 3.1 may be 0.1 and 2; and m may 0:0. ±1 : and 0. ±1 and ±2.
R :For each value of n there are 0 to (n –1) possible values ofl: and for each value ofl there are 0
to ±1 value ofm.
Match the following Q.14 Column -I Column -II
A Aufbau principle P. ∆p.∆x ≥
4π h
B. Pauli’s exculsion principle C. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Q.15 Q. R. D. Einstein’s
equation Prince S. Maximum (n +
hv = i
hv ) Sir
rule
+
number 1 2
mv2
of electron is shell is 2n2
(A) (C) A. B. (l, (l,a), By
Column Electronic No. a), (2, (2, of b), (3, c), (4, d) d), (3, c), (4, b) -I configuration Mn4+
unpaired electrons in Fe2+ (B) (l, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c) (D) (l, b), (2, a), (3, d), (4, c)
Column -II P. [Ar] 4s2 3d1 Q. 7 C. No. of electrons in Na (11) having m = 0 R. 4 D. Electronic
configuration of Sc(21) S. [Ar] 4so 3d3
Q.16 ‘l’ and ‘m’ are respectively the azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers
Column -I Column -II A. Number of values of ‘l’ for an energy level P. 0, 1, 2,........... (n
–1) B. Actual values of ‘l’ for a particular type of orbital Q. +l to –l through zero C. Number of
values of ‘m’ for l = 2 R. 5 D. Actual values of ‘m’ for a particuiar type of orbitalS. n
(A) (l,a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d) (B) (l, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c) (C) (l, a), (2, d), (3, c), (4, b) (D) (l, b),
(2, a), (3, d), (4, c)
Q.17 Column -I Column -II
A. Change of photon energy into kinetic P. Characteristic X–rays
energy of electrons B. Transition between two atomic energy Q. Photoelectric effect
levels C. Mosley’s law R. Hydrogen spectrum D. Electron emission from a material S.
β–decay
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Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.18 Column -I Column -II
A. Radius of nth orbital P. Inversely probability to Z B. Energy of nth shell Q. Integral multiple
of h/2π C. Angular momentum in lowest orbital R. Probability to n2 D. Velocity of electron in
nth S. Inversely proportional to n
Q.19 Column -I Column -II
A. Orbital angular momentum in the P. Principle quantum number
electron in a hydrogen-like atomic orbital B. A hydrogen-like one-electron wave Q.
Azimuthal quantum number
function obeying puuli principle integral multiple of h/2π C. Shape, size and orientation of
hydrogen-likeR. Hydrogen spectrum
atomic orbitals D. Probability density of electron at the S. Electron spin quantum number
nucleus in hydrogen-like atom Q.20 A. B. C. D. E. F. By
Column Angular Plank’s Aufbau De-Broglie Balmer Hund’s rule law principle series
momentum -I equation Prince Column P. Q. R. S. T. -II
Orientation of an electron in an orbital Photon Line spectrum in visible region mv r
λ =
Sir
h mu U. Electronic configuration
(33)
Reconstruct FEEL THE HEAT
Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Previous year IIT-JEE questions. Q.1 With what velocity should anα-particle travel towards the
nucleus of a Cu atom so as to arrive at a
distance 10-13 m . [JEE 1997]
Q.2 A compound of Vanadium has magnetic moment of 1.73 BM work out electronic
configuration of
Vanadium Ion in the compound. [JEE 1997]
Q.3 The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H atom is-13.6 eV . The possible energy
value(s) of
the excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of hydrogen is/are : (A) - 3.4 eV (B) - 4.2 eV (C)
- 6.8 eV (D) + 6.8 eV [JEE 1998]
Q.4 The (A) one number of nodal planes (B) two in a p
x
orbital is:
(C) three (D) zero [JEE 2000]
Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Calculate state The (A) (B) (C) (D) Rutherfords (A)β rotation magnetic two
rotation quantum of - particles, atomic quantum the of of experiment moment energy numbers
the the hydrogen. which mechanical electron electron required of +1/2 Prince impinged , the
which The in in and electron anticlockwise clockwise spin to energy excite established –1/2 on
states pointing a for for metal one and which the the litre and anticlockwise the electron foil
dissociation up have of clockwise nuclear and and hydrogen no down get spin classical model
absorbed. of represent: direction direction respectively. gas H Sir of – at analogue. H atom, 1 is
respectively. atmp respectively. 436 used and KJ a mol–1.
298K beam to of the
first excited (B)γ (C) By
Helium - rays, which atoms, impinged which impinged on a metal on a foil metal and foil ejected
and got electron.
scattered.
[JEE 2001]
:–
(D) Helium nuclie, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered. [JEE 2002]
Q.8 The magnetic moment of cobalt of the compund Hg[Co(SCN)
4
, E, K
n
stand for radius, potential energy, total energy and kinetic [JEE 2006]
energy
V (A) U =
(P) 1 n
(B)
n
n K
1 r
∝ Ex (Q) –2
(C) r
(Z n
∝ = Atomic Zy number)
(R) –1
(D) v = (Orbital angular momentum of electron (S) 0
in its lowest energy )
(34)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir Q.11 Match the entries inColumn I with the
correctly related quantum number(s) inColumn II. Indicate
your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
[JEE 2008]
Column I Column II (A) Orbital angular momentum of the (P) Principal quantum number
electron in a hydrogen-like atomic orbital
(B) A hydrogen-like one-electron wave (Q) Azimuthal quantum number
function obeying Pauli principle
(C) Shape, size and orientation of hydrogen (R) Magnetic quantum number
like atomic orbitals
(D) Probability density of electron at the nucleus (S) Electron spin quantum number
in hydrogen-like atom
Q.12 Metal φ(eV) The work photoelectric Li 2.4 function Na 2.3 effect K 2.2 Prince (φ) when
of some Mg 3.7 light of metals Cu 4.8 300 Ag 4.3 nm is listed wavelength Fe 4.7 below. Pt 6.3
The falls W 4.75 number Sir on the metal of metals is which will show \
[2010] By
ANSWERS
BOOST YOUR BASICS 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. B
(35)
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. C
15. C 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. D 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30.
A
FACE THE CHALLENGE 1. Z = 2, φ = 4.2 eV 2. (a) 3; (b) 15, 12; (c) 154.06 nm 3. 3.38 eV 4.
φ = 2.1 eV & K.E. = 0.75 eV 5. Brackett series 6. (a) 628.72 × 1021 atoms; (b) [823.5 kJ 7. [n =
6, Z = 3] 8. Ans. (i) n = 4, (ii) z = 1, (iii) 13.6 eV, (iv) 12.75 eV, 0.66 eV
CHOOSE YOUR FAVOURITES 1. A,B,D 2. B,C 3. A,C 4. A,B,C 7. A,B 8. A,C 9. A,C 10.
A,B,C 13. B, C 14. GO COMPREHENSIVE 1. 1. B 2. A 3. A ASSERTION & REASON 1.
C 2. A, A D Prince 15. 2. 3. B, D 16. C
1. B 2.D 3.B 4.D B 4. C 5.D Sir 5. 11. 6.A C,D A, C 7.B 5. A 6. A,D 12. B, C, D
7. A By
8. D 9. A 10. A 6. D 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. A-S, B-R, C-Q, D-P 16. A-S, B-P, C-R, D-Q
17. A-Q, B-P, S, C-Q, D-QR 18. A-P,R B-R C-Q D-S 19. A-Q B-S C-P, Q,R D-P,Q 20. A-S
B-Q C-Q D-T E-R F-P
FEEL THEHEAT
Q.1 6.3 × 106 m/s Q.2 [Ar] 3d1 Q.3 A Q.4 A
Q.5 97.819 KJ Q.6 D Q.7 D Q.8 C
Q.9 D Q.10 (A) Q, (B) P, (C) R, (D) S
Q.11 (A) Q,R (B) P, Q, R,S (C) P, Q, R (D) P, Q 12. 4 13.
(36)
By
Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Prince Sir
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