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26 OTHER NOTABLE GROUPINGS RELATED TO ECONOMY

26.9 GROUPINGS: INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
SAARC, 1985 BIMSTEC, 1997

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
_ _ _ _ ; दक्षक्षण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संघ Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC) बहुक्षेत्रीय तकनीकी और आधथिक
सहयोग के शलए बंगाल की खाडी पहल

HQ: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , Nepal (1985) Dhaka, Bangladesh (1997)

8: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, 7 members: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri

Nepal, Maldives, Pak & Sri Lanka. Lanka, Thailand , Nepal and Bhutan.

- 2016: summit @Islamabad cancelled after Summits every four years.

India and others boycotted due to Uri 2018 summit @Kathmandu, Nepal. Next will
attack. be in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- Then no annual summits in 2017, 2018.
Although 2019 summit is planned
@Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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- SAFTA losing its shine as we learned in earlier section.

- India has setup South Asian University (SAU-2010) @ Delhi (2010) for SAARC
students.
- India launched South Asia Communication Satellite ( _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ) in 2017 to
provide tele-medicine, tele-education, banking and television broadcasting facilities
to SAARC nations.
26.10 GROUPINGS: ASEAN VS SCO
ASEAN SCO

____ ____ ____ ____ ____: Shanghai Cooperation Organization :

दक्षक्षण पव
ू ि एशियाई राष्ट्र संघ िंघाई सहयोग संगठन

1969 → Bangkok declaration → HQ: Jakarta, - 2001 → HQ: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , China.

Indonesia - Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure
(RATS) @Tashkent, Uzbekistan

10 Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, - 6 founding members: Russia, China,

Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Uzbekistan.
- +2 new members: India & Pak.

- 2018: marked the 25th Anniversary of ✓ 2017: SCO summit at Astana,

ASEAN-India Dialogue Relation, their
leaders were invited to India-> Delhi
declaration with the theme “Shared
Values, Common Destiny”
- Their 10 leaders also graced our 26th
January 2018 Republic Day parade as
chief guests.
Kazakhstan → India, Pak formally
given membership.
✓ 2018: SCO summit at Qingdao, China
resulted Qingdao declaration- a 3-year
plan to combat terrorism. India
refused to endorse China’s One belt
one road (OBOR) policy in this
summit.

26.11 GROUPINGS: OCEAN-RIM WALLA

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA); Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
ह द
ं म ासागर ररम/फकनारा एसोशसएिन (IORA) एशिया-प्रिांि आधथवक स योग

22 Indian Ocean rim nations. India is a 21 Pacific Rim ocean economies. India is not
member. China-USA are dialogue partners. a member, China-USA are members.

Setup in 1997, HQ: Ebene, Mauritius 1989, HQ: Singapore

- 2018 summit @S.Africa’s Durban - 2018 summit @Port Moresby, Papua

where they established Mandela New Guinea. India is keen to become
Scholarship, added Maldives as a member but not yet added.
member but blocked membership of
Myanmar due to S.Africa’s opposition.
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26.12 GROUPINGS: BRICS, OECD, OPEC, G20 & JAI

BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. S.Africa joined later in 2011.
, 2009 - 2016 BRICS New Development Bank
- 2018 summit @Johannesburg, S.Africa with theme “Collaboration for
Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity”
- 2019 summit @Curitiba, Brazil.
- Role of secretariat is played by its pro tempore presidency 2018: S.Africa.
2019: Brazil

OPEC, - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: पेरोशलयम र्नयाितक दे िों

1961
का संगठन- 1961 HQ@Vienna, Austria.
- a group of oil producing countries Saudi, UAE, Venezuela, Iran, Iraq etc.…
total 14 members. Qatar withdrew from 1/1/19. Russia is NOT a member.

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: आधथिक सहयोग

, 1961
तथा ववकास संगठन-1961 HQ@Paris, France.
- Works for International cooperation in the matters of economy and
taxation. Known for Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Norms. India
is a member.

G-20 - International forum for the governments and central bank governors from
1999 19 countries and the 1 European Union. Setup in 1999.
- Annual summits: 2018@Buenos Aires-Argentina, 2019@Osaka-
Japan….2022@Delhi.

JAI Prime Minister Narendra Modi, US President Donald Trump and Japan Prime
trilate Minister Shinzo Abe met in a trilateral format in the sidelines of G-20 Summit in
ral Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was called the first-ever ‘JAI’ meeting. Objective?
2018 Economic growth and common prosperity.

26.13 GROUPINGS: GCC VS OIC

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
खाडी स योग पररषद (GCC) इस्लाशमक स योग संगठन (OIC)

1981: HQ-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1969: HQ-Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

6 members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, ~50 Islamic countries from across of the
Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab world.
Emirates.

2017: some of these members have cut off
diplomatic and business ties with Qatar.
2019-March: While India is not a member but
first time invited in OIC meeting as guest of
honour. Sushma Swaraj attended @Abu
Dhabi,UAE while Pakistan (OIC member)
skipped the event in protest.
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26.14 MISC GROUPINGS / ORGANIZATIONS

List not exhaustive:
- UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UN
- UNDP: United Nations Development Programme known for its Human
specialized
development report (more in pillar#6)
agencies
- UNIDO: UN Industrial Development Organization
related to
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Economy
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
Their establishment years, HQ etc. = KBC GK poor cost:benefit

➢ Not-for-profit think-tank in Cologny (a municipal area in Geneva),

Switzerland.
➢ Known for its annual summit at Davos resort in Switzerland where
World
they invite selected world leaders, thinkers, NGOs and industrialists.
Economic
Forum, 1971 ➢ Known for its annual reports: Global Competitiveness Report, Global
Information Technology Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global
Risks Report, Global Travel and Tourism Report, Financial
Development Report, Global Enabling Trade Report.

Andean Free trade area of the the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia,
Community Ecuador, and Peru.

Southern Common Market of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay +

Mercosur
ANDEAN + other countries. However Venezuela was suspended in 2016.

26.15 EXPORT CONTROL / NON-PROLIFERATION REGIMES;

बहुपक्षीय र्नयाित र्नयंत्रण / अप्रसार व्यवमथा
While not related directly to economy, but they control the ‘buying & selling’ of bombs!
NSG - Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG: परमाणु आपर्ू तिकताि समह ू ) is a group of
1974 countries that control the export of nuke materials, equipment and
technology & aim to prevent its use in making nuclear bombs.
- China is a member, India not a member yet due to China’s objection.

Australia - Informal group that encourages members not to export chemical or

Group biological weapons or technology.
1984 - China not a member, India became member (2018).

MTCR - Missile Technology Control Regime (शमसाइल प्रौद्योधगकी र्नयंत्रण

1987
व्यवमथा) is an informal group that encourages members not to export
missiles equipment, software, technology.
- China not a member, India became member (2016)

Wassenaar - Wassenaar is an area in Netherland. This arrangement (1996)

Arrangement requires members to be strict and transparent in the export of
1996 conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. So they
don’t fall in the hands of terrorists and rogue states like N.Korea.
- China not a member, India became member (2017)
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Many other topics related to IR annual summits, treaties etc for prelims self-study from
PDF/Mags.

26.16 MOCK QUESTIONS FOR MAINS GSM2

Syllabus Topic: Important International institutions, agencies, for a (structure, mandate);
Bilateral, Regional, Global groupings & Agreements (involving and/or affecting India)
1. Discuss the importance of membership to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (िंघाई
सहयोग संगठन) in furthering India's interests in the Central Asian region.
2. In 2018, the 25th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations was commemorated
under the theme of "Shared Values, Common Destiny (साझा मल्
ू य, समान भाग्य) ”. In what
areas do India and ASEAN nations share common values and common destiny?
3. "The USA-China and USA-EU trade wars (व्यापार यद्
ु ि) present new sets of threats and
opportunities for India." Examine.
4. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of
‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (Asked-in-GSM2-2018)
5. The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on
information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such
agreements have on India’s interests? (Asked-in-GSM2-2014)
6. India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also
the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be
different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India. (Asked-in-GSM2-2014)
7. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in
profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions?
Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food security. (Asked-in-
GSM2-2014)
8. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are
the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and
financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common
characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.
(Asked-in-GSM2-2013)