YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,hh

isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh

isx' 1101 - NdId m%fõYh

isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

1' NdIKh yd f,aLkh

zNdIdZ hkafkka uqLH jifhka woyia flfrkqfha NdIKh hs' ^NdId ks¾jpkh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'&
NdIKh u`.ska bÈßm;a flfrkqfha Y%jH f.dapr jQ jdla ixfla; ^ = Yío& hs'
f,aLkh NdIKfhys fhfok jdla ixfla; oDYH ixfla; u`.ska ksfhdackh lsrSuls' NdIKfha
yuq jk Yío i|yd f,aLkfha oS zrEm igykaZ fyda z wlaIr rEmZ fyda fhdod .kq ,efí'

zzNdIKh udkisl wkqN+;Ska ksfhdackh lrkakls' f,aLkh NdIKh ksfhdackh lrkakls'ZZ - weßiafgdaÜ,a

ukqIHhd f,aLkh wkdjrKh lr .;af;a NdIdj Ndú;hg yqre ù oS¾> ld,hlg miq j h'

zzñksid NdIKh wrUd f.ù we;s ld,h mE 24la kï f,aLkh wrUd ;j u f.ù we;af;a
ñks;a;= myla muKs'ZZ ^ A. Montagu, Man His First Millenium Years)

lsishï NdIdjla i|yd Ndú; flfrk wlaIr ud,djlska ta NdIdfõ NdIKfhys ,d Ndú; jk
ieu Yíohla u ksfhdackh flfr;s hs mejish fkd yels h' tkï ieu NdIK Yíohla i|yd u
ixfla;hla fyda ieu ixfla;hla i|yd u ksYaÑ; WÉpdrKhla fyda fkdue;s nj fmkajd fokq
,efí' ksoiqka f,i isxy,fha K - k" , - <" Y - I wl=re yd tajdys WÉpdrKh oelaúh yels h'

2' f,aLkfha wdrïNh

 f,aLkh wjYH jQfha wehs@

1' l:kh $ NdIKh iïnkaOfhka n, mE ld,h yd wjldYh ms<sn| iSud w;sl%uKh
2' wfmalaIs; ikaksfõok ld¾hh jHla; j ke; fyd;a ikaÈ.aO;dfjka f;dr j isÿ lsrSu

 f,aLkh ukqIH nqoaêfha wNsj¾Okhla muKla fkd j udkj YsIagdpdrfha j¾Okfha o

m%;sM,hls'
 f,aLkfha m<uq mshjr m¾j;hkays yd .=ydNHka;rfhys w|sk ,o Ñ;% rem hs' fïjd jir
20000 - 50000 ;rï merKs hehs úYajdi flf¾'
tys wdrïNh wNspdrd;aul wfmalaIdjla fia ie,flhs' fojkq j l,d udOHhla yd u;l ;nd
.ekSfï l%uhla jifhka Ñ;% rEm fhdod .efkkakg we;' th ikaksfõok l%uhla njg m;a
ùu f,aLkfha wdrïNh hs'
Ñ;% u`.ska flreKq ikaksfõokh f,aLkh kñka fkd j zÑ;% f,aLkhZ (pictography) kñka
ye|skafjhs'

 fuf;la wkdjrKh ù we;s wdÈ u zÑ;% f,aLkhZ (pictography) iqfïßhdkq YsIagdpdrfhka yuq
fjhs' ta l%sia;= mQ¾j 5000 ;rï w;S;fha oS h' wk;=re j ñirfha yd Ökfha o zÑ;% f,aLkhZ
Ndú; ù ;sfí' fï Ñ;% f,aLkh wikaÈ.aO w¾: m%ldYk l%uhla fia ye|skaùu wiSre h'
ksoiqka jifhka fmkajd Èh yelafla ziQ¾hhdZ oelafjk zÑ;% f,aLHhZ (pictogram)
zwdf,dalhZ" z;dmhZ fuka u zn,hZ hk woyia oelaùug fhdod .ekqKq nj hs' tmßoafoka u
zmhZ oelafjk zÑ;% f,aLHhZ (pictogram) zhEuZ" zkej;S isàuZ" zf.k tauZ oelaùug fhdod
f.k ;sfí'
 wo o wms we;eï wjia:djkays oS zÑ;% f,aLHZ (pictograms) Ndú; lruq'

isx' 1101 - NdId m%fõYh $wlaIr ud,dj$ 2009'11'08 1

r;akisß wrx.," isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh pradeepa33@hotmail.com; 0777 277155.
  zÑ;% f,aLkhZ (pictography) f,aLkfha úldikfhys ó <`. wjêh jk zjpkdlaIr f,aLkhZ
(logography) njg úldikh úh' fuys oS hï rEmhlska w¾:hla fuka u Yíohla o ksfhdackh
lsrSu isÿ fjhs' f,aLkfha m%Njhg uq,a jQ ixisoaêh fuh hs' fuys oS Ñ;%rEmhla u`.ska fkd j ta
weiqßka ilia jQ ixfla; lsysmhla (grapheme) u`.ska w¾: m%ldY flf¾' kQ;k Ök" cmka
^lkað&" fldßhdkq f,aLk l%uhkays Ndú; jkafka wl=re fkd j jpkdlaIr hs' j¾;udkfha
jHjydr flfrk .Ks; ixfla; o jpkdlaIr l%uhg wh;a h' tl u ixfla;h fjka fjka
NdIdj,ska fjkia j WÉpdrKh fj;;a w¾:h tlls'

 
 f,aLkfha úldikfha ó <`. wjêh zYíodY%s; f,aLkhZ (phonography) fyj;a zwlaIr
f,aLkhZ hs' wo f,dj m%p,s; j we;af;a Ñ;% f,aLkh fyda jpkdlaIr f,aLkh fyda fkd j
fï wlaIr f,aLkh hs'
 tys o l%u folls'
 m<uq jekak isxy," fou<" yskaoS jeks wdishdkq NdIdjkays Ndú; flfrk l%uh'
tkï wdÈ iajrh tu iajrfha uq,a rEmfhkq;a fiiq ia:dkhkays iajr uq,a rEmfhka fkd olajd
jH[ackdlaIrhg wE|k ,o ixfla; u`.skq;a oelaùfï l%uh fyj;a iuia; YíodlaIr l%uh
(syllabic writing system) hs'
 fojekak iajr yd jH[ack ieu úg u fjka fjka j ,sùu fyj;a jHia; YíodlaIr l%uh
(alphabetic writing system) hs' fï l%uh hqfrdamSh NdIdjkays jHjydr fjhs'

fï l%u foflys u Ndú; jk ixfla; zwlaIrZ hkqfjka ye|skafõ' (letter, character)

tu wlaIr ta ta NdIdjkays oS lsishï rgdjlg fyda wkqms<sfj<lg fyda fm< .iajd ;sfí' tfia
fm< .eiajQ wlaIr iuQyh zwlaIr ud,djZ" zfydaähZ" zwlaIr iudïkdhZ" zwldrdÈhZ" zwwdÈhZ
hkqfjka kï flf¾'
alphabet = Alpha ^we,a*d& + Beta ^îgd& ^.%Sl fydaäfha uq,a wl=re fol&
= A^ta& B ^î& ^frdaudkq fydaäj, uq,a wl=re&
= aleph ^wf,*a& beth ^fn;a& ^ySírE fydaäfha uq,a wl=re fol&

wo f,dj ljr NdIdjla jqj ,sùfï oS fhdod .efkk ixfla;dj,sh ye|skafjkqfha

zwlaIr ud,djZ" zfydaähZ" alphabet hkqfjks'
ieu NdIdjlg u ksYaÑ; wlaIr ud,djla ke;$ ;sìh hq;= fkd fõ' ksoiqkla kï md,s
NdIdj hs' isxy, fn!oaOhka isxy, wl=ßka o ;dhs yd nqreu fn!oaOhka ;dhs yd nqreu
wl=rej,ska o md,s ,sùu oS¾>ld,Sk iïm%odhhls' hqfrdamSh W.;a;= frdauka wl=ßka md,s ,sh;s'
wlaIr ud,dj fya;=fjka NdIdj fjkia fkd jk njg fuh idOlhls' wmaßldkq yd wdishdkq
NdId .Kkdjla wo ,shkqfha frdauka wlaIr ud,dfjks' ^uef,aishdkq yd úhÜkdï NdId wmg
ióm ksoiqka h' 19 jk ishjfia oS isxy,h i|yd frdauka wlaIr Ndú;hg .ekSfï fhdackdjla
bÈßm;a jqj o th hgm;a j .sfha h'&

3' isxy, wlaIr ud,dj = isxy,h ,sùug .kakd ixfla;dj,sh'

,laÈj f,aLkfha wdÈ u wjêh l%sia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishji fia y÷kd .efka'
tl, Ndú; jQ wl=re zisxy, wl=reZ fia ye|skaúh fkd yels h' iuld,Sk bkaÈhdfõ Ndú; jQ
wl=re hs' = zzn%dyaóZZ fydaäh'
ful, fuys Ndú;hg f.k we;af;a      hk iajr my iy
                   < hk
jH[ack 20 muKs'
l%ufhka úldikh jQ fï wl=re l%sia;= j¾I 7$8 ishjia jk úg zisxy, wl=reZ fia
ye|skaúh yels ;;a;ajhg m;a ù ;sìKs' 15 jk ishji jk úg th w¾;udkfha oelafjk
iajrEmh f.k ;sìKs' uqøK Ys,amh fya;=fjka fï wl=rej, úldikh kej;S we;ehs lsh yels
h'

úúO wjëkays w¨;ska wl=re we;s ùfuka yd ixialD;" md,s hk NdIdjkays wl=re tla
lr .ksñka fï wlaIr ud,dj j¾Okh ù we;' we" wE" `." `c" `v" `|" U fuys we;s jQ wl=re
h' uydm%dK wlaIr oyh;a" Y" I yd úi¾.h;a ixialD; yd md,s NdIdj,ska f.k ;sfí' ta
ish,a, we;=<;a j wlaIr rEm 59lska hq;a wlaIr ud,djla 10 jk ishjfia muK isg isxy,h
,sùug fhdod f.k ;sfí' fuh zñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,djZ kñka ye|skafjhs'

isx' 1101 - NdId m%fõYh $wlaIr ud,dj$ 2009'11'08 2

r;akisß wrx.," isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh pradeepa33@hotmail.com; 0777 277155.
 ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dj
1' iajr
y%iaj iajr
w we b W R Ì t T
oS¾> iajr
wd wE B W! RD Ì! ta ´
oaúc
ikaOHlaIr ft T!
 iajr hkq iajdëk j WÉpdrKh l< yels Yío hs' tkï YífodaÉpdrKfha oS
fmKy¨j,ska ksl=;a jk jdhq Odrdj lKaGfha oS fyda uqL l=yrfha oS fyda ndOdjlg
$ >¾IKhlg ,la fkd ù ckkh jk Yío hs'
 ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ iajr Yío i|yd jk ixfla; 18la fjhs' tfy;a isxy,
iajNdIlhkaf.a NdIKfhys yuq jkafka iajr Yío 13la muKs' R" RD" Ì" Ì!" ft"
T! hk ixfla;j,ska oelafjk Yío isxy, iajNdIlhkaf.a WÉpdrKfhys ke;'
ixialD; NdIdfjka .;a jpk ,sùu i|yd muKla tajd f,aLkhg tla fldg f.k
;sfí'
 isxy, NdIKfhys yuq jk zixjD; wZ Yíoh ^ ksoiqka( zuuZ hkafkys wjidk zwZ
Yíoh$ zlrkjdZ hkafkys uq, we;s zwZ Yíoh& ,shd oelaùu i|yd ixfla;hla lsis
l, Ndú; ù ke;' iajNdIlfhda tu Yíoh zwZ Yíoh u fia i,l;s'
 hqfrdamSh NdIdjkaf.ka .;a ia:dk kdu$ mqoa., kdu wdÈfhys jQ fï Yíoh i|yd
fhdod .efkkafka o zwZ iajrh hs' we;eï iajNdIlfhda th zt $ taZ fyda zT $ ´Z
fyda hkqfjka WÉpdrKh lr;s' hqfrdamSh NdIdjkays fuys y%iaj yd oS¾> Yío folla
fjhs'
 kQ;k wOHdmk wjYH;d u; isxy, jHjydrhg meñKs hqfrdamSh NdId fhÿï
iïnkaOfhka fï Yíoh i|yd fjk u ixfla;hla Ndú;hg .; hq;= hehs NdId{fhda
f,aLlfhda mji;s' tfia fhdackd flfrk$ Ndú;hg .efkk ixfla; úê ;=kls'
 1' y%iaj ixjD; w ldrh i|yd zwZ wlaIr rEmh by<ska ;s;la o tys u oS¾>h i|yd zwZ
wlaIr rEmh by<ska fo;s;la o ;eîfï l%uh

 2' y%iaj ixjD; w ldrh i|yd zwZ wlaIr rEmh by<ska fldud ,l=Kla o tys u oS¾>h
i|yd zwZ wlaIr rEmh by<ska fldud ,l=Kq folla o ;eîfï l%uh

 3' y%iaj ixjD; w ldrh i|yd zwZ wlaIr rEmfhys by< ol=Kq miska flá biams,s
ixfla;h o tys u oS¾>h i|yd zwZ wlaIr rEmfhys by< ol=Kq miska oS¾> biams,s
ixfla;h o ;eîfï l%uh'
^fuh uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhlf.a kQ;k isxy, f,aLk jHdlrKh 1( wlaIr
úkHdih kï .%ka:fhys oS y÷kajd fok ,È' tys oelafjk zfydaähgZ o fï ixfla;
fol we;=<;a fldg we;' &
ws wS
óg wu;r j" fï Yío oelafjk ia:dk ksy`v z¾Z u`.ska oelaùfï ms<sfj<la o fjhs'
ksoiqka( w¾kiaÜ fyñxfõ" w¾úka msialefgda¾" fmdgEishï m¾uex.fkaÜ" ú,shï
j¾âiaj¾;a

bx.sßis nfiys o fï Yío i|yd ksYaÑ; ixfla; fkdue;' y%iajh i|yd úê 11la o oS¾>h
i|yd 10la o jHjydr fjhs' ^wod< ixfla; úêh f,dl= we, wl=ßka olajd we;'&
y%iaj ixjD; w Yíoh( along, forward, the, modern, horrible, method, cupboard, error,
minimum, famous, picture
oS¾> ixjD; w Yíoh( her, girl, fur, myrtle, work, earth, colnel, amateur, journey, were

isx' 1101 - NdId m%fõYh $wlaIr ud,dj$ 2009'11'08 3

r;akisß wrx.," isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh pradeepa33@hotmail.com; 0777 277155.
 ñY% isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

2' jH[ack
Yío W;am;a;s wf>daI f>daI kdislH j¾.dka; mQ¾j wf>daI f>daI wka;#ia:
ia:dkh wkqj j¾.dka; ^wiam¾Y& kdislH$ W!Iau W!Iau $ w¾O
flfrk w,amm%dK uydm%dK w,amm%dK uydm%dK ^iam¾Y& i[a[l ^>¾I& ^>¾I& iajr$
j¾.SlrKh ^w¾O md¾Yaùh
wkqkdisl& wlaIr
lKaGc la Ä .a >a Ù ^w&x `. ^w&# ya
;d¨c É þ Ê Cè [a `c Ya ha
uQ¾Oc Ü Ga â Va Ka `v Ia ¾$<a
oka;c ;a :a oa è ka | ia ,a
´IaGc ma Ma í Na ï U õ

 isxy, f,aLkfhys jH[ackdlaIr 41la olakg ,efn;;a iajNdIlhl=f.a WÉpdrKfhys

yuq jkafka Yío 25la muKs' uydm%dKdlaIr 10" Ya - Ia hk W!IaudlaIr" l j¾.dka;h
fyj;a Ù ldrh" uQ¾Oc Ka ldrh" uQ¾Oc <a ldrh" úi¾.h hk ixfla;j,g wkqrEmS
Yío isxy, iajNdIlhkaf.a WÉpdrKfhys oel .; fkd yels h' fïjd md,s yd ixialD;
NdIdkqidrfhka isxy, f,aLkhg tla jQ tajd h'
 fï ixfla; w;=frka Ù ldrh yd `c ldrh o j¾;udk f,aLk jHjydrfhys fkd fhfoa'
Ka yd <a ixfla; ksYaÑ; j WÉpdrKh fkd flfrhs' uQ¾Oc Ia ldrh j¾;udk
jHjydrfhys Ya ldrfha WÉpdrKhg iudk fia ie,fla' tfia fyhska tlS ixfla;
wlaIr ud,dfjka bj;a l< hq;= hehs we;eïyq ;¾l lr;s'
 kQ;k hqfrdamSh NdIdjkaf.ka isxy,hg msúis we;eï ;;aiu mo f,aLk.; lsrSfï oS
bx.sßis fydaäfha f yd z hk ixfla;j,ska ksrEmKh flfrk Yíohkaf.a WÉpdrKh
ksYaÑ; j oelaùu i|yd wNskj ixfla; folla isxy, wlaIr ud,djg tla lsrSfï
wjYH;dj o fmkajd fokq ,efí'
 f i|yd z*Z hk kj ixfla;hla isxy, f,aLkhg uq,ska u y÷kajd ÿkafka 1894 oS ta' weï'
.=Kfialr hs' f wlaIrh fmrgq fldg fyda ueÈka fyda fhdod ,shQ m wlaIrhla o ta i|yd
Ndú;hg .eksKs' wo jk úg z*Z wlaIr rEmh we;=<;a kQ;k isxy, wlaIr ud,djla o
iïu; fldg f.k ;sfí'

4' wlaIr úkHdih

NdIdj f,aLk.; lsrSfï oS jpkhla ;=< tla tla wlaIrh wod< mßÈ msysgqùu iïnkaO
iïuq;s $ rS;s iuqodh wlaIr úkHdi rS;s kñka ye|skafjhs' ieu NdIK Yíohla i|yd u
ixfla;h ne.ska fkd ;sîu fuka u we;eï Yío i|yd ixfla; tllg jvd mej;Su o
fya;=fjka fun÷ iïuq;shla wjYH fjhs' f,dj ljr NdIdjla iïnkaOfhka fyda f,aLH
ixfla;h yd NdIK Yíoh w;r 1(1 wkqmd;hla fkdue;s neúka ieu NdIdjl u wlaIr
úkHdih iïnkaO rS;s yd iïuq;s f.dv ke`.S ;sfí'
wlaIr úkHdi iïuq;s ilia ùu flfrys n, mj;ajk fya;= w;ßka
1' ffkrela;sl idOl
2' jHdlrK idOl
hk wx. uq,a ;ek .kS'
ffkrela;sl fya;= fyda jHdlrK rS;shla fyda fkdue;s wjia:djkays f,aLk iïm%odh
wkqj we;s fldg .;a iïu; l%shd;aul jk nj fmkajd Èh yels h'
idfmalaI j i,lk l, isxy, wlaIr úkHdi iïm%odh ir, hehs lsj yels h' bx.sßisfha yd
fndfyda hqfrdamSh NdIdjkays fuka ;ks Yíohla i|yd ixfla; lsysmhla iïñY% lsrSula tys
fkdue; (think, ship, bread)' bx.sßis wdÈ NdIdjkays we;eï úg yuq jk ksYaYío ixfla; o tys
ke; (through, sign, give)' ;ks wl=rlska Yío lsysmhla oelaùula ^x wl=ßka ks/ gz Yío fuka& o
tys fkd fõ' tl u wlaIrh fjka fjka jpkj, fjka fjka wdldrfhka WÉpdrKh fkd
flf¾ (hot, bone, one)' tla Yíohla i|yd fjkia fjkia ixfla; Ndú;hla o ke; (rule, soup,
loop, to, chew, two)'

isx' 1101 - NdId m%fõYh $wlaIr ud,dj$ 2009'11'08 4

r;akisß wrx.," isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh pradeepa33@hotmail.com; 0777 277155.