1. What is CMRR?

The CMRR is defined as the ratio of the powers of the differential gain over the
common-mode gain, measured in positive decibels (thus using the 20 log rule)

2. What is slew rate?

The output slew-rate of an amplifier or other electronic circuit is defined as the
maximum rate of change of the output voltage for all possible input signals.
3. What is off set voltage?
Offset voltage (Vos) is the differential DC voltage required between the inputs of
an amplifier, especially an operational amplifier, to make the output zero.

4. What is feedback amplifier?

Feedback amplifier is an amplifier which uses negative feedback to improve
performance and reduce sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or
environmental uncertainties.
5. Give few characteristics of instrumentation amplifier.
 High gain
 High input impedance
6. How the action potential is generated?
In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical
membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls. Action potentials occur in several
types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and
endocrine cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication.
7. What is ECG?
ECG is a quasi-periodical, rhythmically repeating signal synchronized by the
function of the heart which acts as a generator of bioelectric events
8. Give the amplitude and frequency of ECG wave.
Amplitude: 1mV
Frequency: 1-100Hz
9. What is 1st degree AV block?
 .First-degree AV block, or PR prolongation, is a disease of the electrical
conduction system of the heart in which the PR interval is lengthened beyond 0.20
seconds
10. What are the different types of electrodes used to measure ECG?
 Surface electrode
 Needle electrode
 Micro electrodes, etc…

11. What is audiometer?

Acuity of hearing can be measured with the help of audiometer

12. List the types of audiometer.

A. Subjective audiometry
1. Pure tone audiometry
2. Speech audiometry
B. Objective audiometry
1. Electronic response audiometry
13. Give the normal audible range.
The human ear responds to vibration ranging from 20Hz-20KHz.
14. What is pure tone audiometer?
Pure tone audiometer is used to obtained air and bone conduction thersholds of hearing.
It measures hearing acuity (i.e. how perfectly the subject can hear) and tells us
whether is deafness is conductive (disorder in external auditory meatus and / or middle
ear)
15. What is air conduction?
Air conduction is atmospheric transmission of sound to the inner ear through the external
auditory canal and via structures of the middle ear..
16. What is bone conduction?
Bone conduction is the conduction of sound to the inner ear through the bones of the
skull

17. What is EMG?

 The contraction of the skeletal muscle results in the generations of action potential in the
individual muscle fiber, a record of which is known as electromyogram
18. Mention Duration and amplitude of EMG wave.
Amplitude: 50µV to 5 mV and
Duration from 2 to 15 mS.
19. Which type of electrode is used to measure the EMG?
Needle electrode
20. What is the function of hypo thalamus?
 Loss of sense of smell.
 Agitation, loss of control of emotion. Loss of recent memory.
21. What is EEG?
EEG is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of
neurons within the brain.
22. Define Epilepsy.
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent
unprovoked seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal,
excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
23. What is 10-20 electrode system?
The 10-20 system or International 10-20 system is an internationally recognized method
to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes in the context of an EEG test or
experiment
24. What is REM?
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid
movement of the eyes.

25. What is ERG?

Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina,
including the photoreceptors (rods and cones), inner retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine
cells), and the ganglion cells
26. What is EOG?
 Electrooculography (EOG/E.O.G.) is a technique for measuring the resting potential of
the retina
27. What is the function of retina & cornea?
The vertebrate retina is a light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye.
28. Explain the principle of EOG.
Principle: Principle of electrooculography. The eye acts as a dipole in which the anterior
pole is positive and the posterior pole is negative.
29. What is systolic pressure?
Systole is a phase of the cardiac cycle where the myocardium is contracting in a
coordinated manner in response to an endogenous electrical stimulus, and pressure is being
generated within the chambers of the heart driving blood flow.
30. What is SpO2 ?
SpO2 Is a measurement of the amount of oxygen attached to the haemoglobin cell in the
circulatory system

31. What is Heart Rate?

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time
32. What is Cardiac output?
Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a
ventricle in a minute.
33. What is BP?
BP is a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the
principal vital signs.

34. What is pulse?

Pulse is the arterial palpation of a heartbeat
35. What is respiration Rate?
The number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes within a certain amount of
time (frequently given in breaths per minute).

36. What is transducer?

A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another.
37. What is the difference between sensor & transducer?
 A sensor is used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another form of energy
but transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to anothe
38. Define modulation.
Combine both carrier and modulating wave.
39. Mention different types of biopotential electrodes.
• Surface electrode
• Needle electrode, etc..
40. Define demodulation.
Demodulator to separate the signal from the carrier wave
41. What is recorder?
Device is used to record data, alphanumerical data, graphics , etc.,
42. What is telecommunication?
Telecommunication is the transmission of messages over significant distances for the
purpose of communication
43. Mention the pH scale.
The pH value is measuredon a scale of 0-14
44. What is alkalosis?
pH value is greater than 7 the sampler is said to be alkalosis.
45. What is acidosis?
pH value is less than 7 the sample is said to be acidosis.
46. What is non polarisable electrode?
Non-polarizable electrode An electrode whose potential is not affected by the current
passing through it,
47. Mention the Nerst equation.

(total cell potential)

48. Mention the pH scale.

The pH value is measuredon a scale of 0-14
49. What is alkalosis?
pH value is greater than 7 the sampler is said to be alkalosis.
50. What is acidosis?
pH value is less than 7 the sample is said to be acidosis.
51. What is non polarisable electrode?
Non-polarizable electrode An electrode whose potential is not affected by the current
passing through it,
52. Mention the Nerst equation.

(total cell potential)

53. What is pulse?

Pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of a heartbe
54. Mention the normal pulse rate.
60 to 100 beats per minute (BPM)
55. Mention the sites of pulse.
• Upper Limb
• Lower Limb
• Head And neck.
56. What is Asculation?
Auscultation is the technical term for listening to the internal sounds of the body.
57. What is sensor?
Sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which
can be read by an observer or by an instrument
58. What is Phonocardiogram?
. The graphical records of heart sound is known as phonocardiogram.
59. What is phonocardiography?
The device is used to measure heart sound is known as phonocardiography.
60. What is asculation?
Auscultation is the technical term for listening to the internal sounds of the body
61. What is murmur?
Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood, which may occur inside or
outside the heart. Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or pathological (abnormal).
62. What are the types of heart sounds?
• Valve closure sound
• Ventricular filling sound
• Valve opening sound
• Extra cardiac sound
63. What is mitral stenosis?
Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice of
the mitral valve of the heart
64. What is pulse?
Pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of a heartbeat
65. What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs
66. What is pulse pressure?
The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of
the cardiac output, i.e. the heartbeat

67. What is MAP?

Mean arterial pressure
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined
by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure
(CVP),

68.
69. What is korotkoff Sound?
Korotkoff are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood
pressure using a non-invasive procedure
70. What are the types of measurement?
• Invasive
• Non invasive measurement.