Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
and Roaches
By:
Sherlene A. Gesim
May 2016
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I
This chapter explains the background of the study, the problems to be answered,
the formulated hypotheses, the significance of the study and the scope and limitations of
the study.
Introduction
The chili pepper was known for its frequent use to add spice and zest to dishes. It
is also become a part of human diet of many countries and other cooking tradition. For
instance; in India, they use kashmiri chili to their dry sauce-based dish vindaloo; in
Thailand, corn cake that served with sweet chili sauce, in Philippines, the famous spicy
dish known in the country is the Bicol express and many other countries that used to add
a chili to their favorite dish like in Mexico, Indonesia, Sri lanka, China, Korea, etc.
The chili pepper’s popularity had seen across different cuisines of the world. But chili
pepper is not only for food. It also used as medicine. Many researchers who conducted a
study found out that the chili pepper contains possible benefit for health including
fighting cancer and providing pain relief. The active ingredient of chili pepper that can
fight against cancer cells and to relieve pain that has powerful antioxidants properties is
capsaicin, the compound responsible for chili heat and may use as a dietary addition.
Moreover, the chili pepper or the Capsicum annuum has shown a particular potential
substance and become a natural insecticide to prevent or lessen the negative effect of the
insects. Nowadays, insects can cause unfavorable effects to people who affected by these
pests.
The main purpose of the study is to determine the Capsicum annuum (Chili pepper)
pod extract can be effective against ants and roaches and to understand the use of natural
insecticide does have advantage especially in all living organism on the earth. Even
though synthetic insecticide are widely used nowadays and can be bought at the online
shop, supermarket or to the organic garden stores, the natural insecticide can easily be
done at home are much cheaper and has less harmful effect on human, animals and to the
environment.
The study has a great significant to the researcher to understand the used of the
natural insecticide has a vast difference to the synthetic insecticide. The study also
assisted the researcher to the appropriate procedure of controlling the pest insect that has
an adverse effect to the environment or community and to the living organism. Moreover,
the researcher learned to generate and develop a formulation that can use as alternative
Furthermore, the study has a benefit to the following people; first is to the seller
of sweet foods. It helps them to lessen the loss obtain made by pest and assurance of
having a safe way of prevention. Second, is to the home owners who are currently
affected by ants and roaches. It will provide them a natural insecticide that control and
prevent pest from damaging their property as well as to minimize their expenses and
health risk. Third, is to the seller of chili pepper that will help them gaining more
additional income to their business. Lastly, is to the environment and society. As the
product of the study, it will decrease the problem in our ozone layer, air/water pollution,
production.
This study aimed to determine the insecticidal property of Capsicum annuum pod
1. What are the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants and
Hypothesis
To answer the queries mentioned, the researcher hypothesized that there are no
extract (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches.
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Different
Concentration of
the Chili Pepper Mortality Rate of
Ants and
Pod Extract
Roaches
The model depicted in the diagram shows the different variables present in the
study. The extract could have an effect on the mortality of the subject animals. The
researcher assumed that the concentration of the extract is directly proportional to the
mortality rates of the insects. As the concentration of the extract increases, the mortality
rates increases too. The researcher is expecting to have a good result in the highest
concentration.
Definition of Terms
The following definitions of words are made for the better understanding of the
Aerosol - is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.
Capsaicin – is the active ingredient of the chili peppers that are responsible of the heat of
the pepper and has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that has
shown some promise for cancer treatment (Mercola 2014). And use this extract
from the Capsicum annuum as insecticide against ants and roaches in the study.
Capsicum annuum - is the scientific name of chili pepper used in the study.
formula.
Natural insecticide – can be chemical, mineral, or biological. The common goal of all
Negative Control – served as control group in the experimental unit that received no
Pesticide –is a chemical substance that used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of
Spray - water or other liquid broken up into minute droplets and blown, ejected into, or
falling through the air. The spray was use in the study to have insecticide
company.
Scope and Limitation of the study
This study mainly focused on the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract (1:10,
1:20, and 1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches. The chili pepper was bought in
Guiguinto, Bulacan, were exactly the sample specimen was brought to National Museum
to verified and used for the study. The researcher gathered one hundred twenty common
red ants as the subject of the study. The set-up was comprised of three replicates
containing ten samples for each set-up. Ants were exposed to different concentration of
the prepared solution. Observation was done at the point that ants were subjected to the
solution until it took two hours. The number of dead ants from each concentration and
replicate were counted. There was a negative control in the experimental set-up that
determined that death of ants was caused by the prepared solution and not by extraneous
variables. After which, twenty roaches were gathered. Each set-up contained five
roaches. And the same processed were done to the roaches. The said study was conducted
Materials used for the formulation of the insecticide are available at the
researcher’s house and other related equipment needed was provided by the university
laboratory.
CHAPTER II
This chapter offers a synopsis of knowledge and prior studies about the
researcher’s topic. It includes the types of insecticide as well as the beneficial effects and
harmfulness of insecticide.
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Capsicum
Species: Capsicum annuum
Common Name: Chili pepper/ Hot or Red Pepper
family of Solanaceae (Shook, 2011). Genus Capsicum has five species that are commonly
chinense, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum pubescens (Al-Snafi, 2015). And the
complete taxonomic classification was taken from the United States Department of
Agriculture Classification.
The Capsicum annuum L. is a small herb that can grow up to 1 m tall. Leaves are
flowers are small, white or tinged purple. The fruits are mostly red, but can be green,
orange, yellow, and can grow up to 15 cm. And seeds are pale yellow, discoid or
reniform and 3–5 mm Capsicum annuum was used traditionally to treat toothache. The
fruits are used to stimulate gastric activities and increase blood circulation. It is also a
stimulant, carminative, and used locally for neuralgia and for rheumatism. Uterine pain
associated with childbirth is treated with soup containing the fruit (Al-Snafi, 2015).
The pepper are used fresh, cooked, or dried in an enormous variety of dishes
complex. According to Hunt (2008) the hot chilli peppers are used extensively as
flavoring in several cuisines including Indian, Thai, Korean and Chinese as well as in
many Latin American and African dishes. The fresh or dried fruits are used in curries,
marinades, soups and salads and also as a component in stir fry dishes.
The peppers are also one of the important agricultural crops, not only because of
its economic importance, but also due to nutritional and medicinal value of the fruits.
Mercola (2014), said that chilies can be used for treatment of health like pain relief, may
help kill the cancer cells and may be effective for weight loss.
Insecticides
biological origin that control insects. Control may result from killing the insect or
be natural or synthetic and are applied to target pests in a myriad of formulations and
biotechnology has, in recent years, even incorporated bacterial genes coding for
insecticidal proteins into various crop plants that deal death to unsuspecting pests that
feed on them.
occurring and man-made substances which are used to control destructive pests such as
insects, plant disease organisms, and weeds, including many other living organisms such
as nematodes, arthropods other than insects, and vertebrates that endanger our food
supply, health, or comfort. In particular, the term pesticide refers to chemical substances
that are biologically active and interfere with normal biological processes of living
organisms deemed to be pests, whether these are insects, mold or fungi, weeds or noxious
plants. Pesticides are widely used in most areas of crop production to minimize
infestations by pests and thus protect crops from potential yield losses and reduction of
product quality.
Types of Insecticides
Insecticides play an important role especially in food production and used for
controlling pests in residential and workplace settings. Insects which are capable of
destroying the crop, and food production as parasite in our livestock, or being a nuisance
and health threat to humans and animals there is a solution to control this problem by
producing the insecticide. The products are either natural or chemical. These include the
The type of insecticide which is the synthetic was used in the US began in the
1930’s and has been known after World War II. By 1950, pesticide was found to increase
farm yield far beyond pre-World War II levels. Farmers depend heavily on synthetic
pesticides to control insects in their crops and it is one of the most commonly used
methods in controlling insects (Glare & O’Callaghan, 2000). And the other type which is
the natural insecticides according to Murray (2013) that it can be chemical, mineral, or
biological. The common goal of all three is to kill, repel, or otherwise interfere with the
damaging behavior of insect pests. Because this purpose corresponds with the legal
definition of a pesticide, all natural insecticide products must comply with federal and
state regulations for registration, sales, transport, use, storage, and disposal.
For further information about synthetic and natural insecticide from the study of
Mr. Joel R. Coats (1994) entitled “Risks from Natural Versus Synthetic Insecticides”; he
The synthetic contact insecticides are now the primary agents of insect controls.
In general they penetrate insects readily and are toxic to a wide range of species. The
was used for mosquito control, in dairy in barns and on crops including fruits and
vegetables. Residues of organochlorines are quite persistent in the environment, having a
half-life of about 10 years in soil. They are virtually insoluble in water, but are highly
soluble in fats and lipids and it can affect the animals especially in reproductive,
endocrine and immune system. The Organophosphates were design as nerve gases during
World War II and they are not very persistent in the environment, but most are extremely
toxic to arthropods and also to non-target fish, birds, and mammals and damage their
central nervous system. The Carbamate insecticides they have a moderate persistence in
the environment, but are highly toxic to arthropods and in some cases to vertebrates and it
The natural insecticide includes nicotine extracted from tobacco (usually applied
as nicotine sulphate). The pyrethrum extracted from daisy-like plants, and the rotenone
from several tropical shrubs as botanical insecticides. They also include abamectin that
against some thrips, ivermectin for veterinary use and spinosad against larvae and thrips
are use as antibiotic insecticides and Horticultural oil that work by disrupting insect
feeding and egg laying when the pest is entirely coated. Eggs covered with oils are
prevented from gas exchange, which suffocates the developing pest is use as mineral oil.
thuringiensis. According to Glare & O’Callaghan (2000), this Bacillus thuringiensis has
been used for decades by organic farmers to control crop-eating insects and by the World
Health Organization to kill mosquitoes without using dangerous chemical pesticide. The
stages of insect pests such as Colorado potato beetles, and cabbage loopers. Bt. var.
vegetables and fruit. Under natural conditions when a caterpillar ingests Bacillus
thuringiensis the bacterium releases a toxin within the insect’s gut, and the toxin degrades
The synthetic compounds include both very hazardous and very safe chemicals.
The hazardous examples exhibit acute or chronic toxicity and have residue problems. On
the other hand, the safe compounds often have little or no toxicity to mammals. Some are
extremely selective, and some pose no residue problems at all. While, the properties of
the naturally occurring chemicals that help protect plants vary greatly. Some chemicals
are quite hazardous, while others are very safe. Their toxicities can be acute or chronic,
Insecticides Formulations
Insecticides are not normally applied as a pure chemical. Instead, insecticides use
various formulations that are referring to the form a specific product that you use; it can
be gas, liquid or dry formulation. According to Ware & Whitacre (2004), along with the
additives or adjuvants are typically consisting of an active ingredient and several inactive
materials that are mixed with inert ingredients to make it convenient and effective to use.
formulation that can be packaged in various forms including sprays, dust, gels and baits.
The first is the liquid formulations that are generally mixed with water, but in
some instances labels may permit the use of crop oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, or some other
pressurized spray. The aerosol is easy to use and apply, designed for application of
residual sprays for crawling insects as well as for aerosol fogs for flying insects,
depending on product. Commonly sold for ant and roach control, or flying insect control..
contain the correct amount of solvent when you buy them. No further dilution is required
solution, these must be further diluted with a liquid solvent before you apply them.
Occasionally the solvent is water, but more often the solvent is a specially refined oil or
petroleum-based solvent. Some uses include livestock and poultry pest control, space
sprays in barns and warehouses, shade tree pest control, as well as mosquito control.
The second is the dry formulations that can be dusts, that are made up of a finely
ground mixture of active ingredient combined with clay, talc, or other powdered
materials and commonly used for interior wall void and perimeter treatments, as well as
for crop-dusting; Bait is an active ingredient mixed with food or another attractive
substance. The bait either attracts the pests or is placed where the pests will find it;
Granules that are hard, dry particles made up of porous materials and active ingredient
and used most often for soil treatments. Dry formulation also includes the wettable or
successful in controlling pests. However, consumers have to be aware of the positive and
The benefits from pesticides of increased yields from sufficient pest control may
Other negative effects are human health problems and lower prices because of consumers'
The insecticide contains chemical that are very hazardous substance that can
There are many kinds of benefits that may be attributed to pesticides but often
these benefits go unnoticed by the public. The most obvious and easiest benefits to
calculate are economic benefits for the farmers derived from the protection of commodity
yield and quality and the reduction of other costly inputs such as labor and fuel because
without pesticides, food production would drop and food prices would soar. With lower
production and higher prices, farmers would be less competitive in global markets for
CropLife study” (2009) reported that a three-year study by the Crop Protection Research
Institute has found that for every dollar spent by farmers on insecticides, $19 is returned.
And the Value of Insecticides in U.S. Crop Production was also claims that without
insecticides 31 of the 50 crops surveyed would see yields drop 40 percent, or more.
Seven of the crops would experience yield losses of over 70 percent. The reported in their
study also says that “without insecticides and the higher yields and quality of crops they
provide to consumers would pay higher prices for the staples they and their families rely
on. Annually, billions of pounds of apples, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes and countless
other U.S. crops would be lost if not for these frontline weapons of technology farmers
The other benefit of the insecticide are the protection of human health from
disease-carrying organisms, the suppression of nuisance causing pests, and the protection
carrying organism using insecticide was reported by Times Staff and Wire Reports from
Long Angeles Times article in 1991 that the use of mosquito netting dipped in a
In the study the children in 17 Gambian villages where bed nets soaked in the insecticide
permethrin were tested and showed that malaria deaths of young children were reduced
by 70%. The nets work by stopping and killing mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite
before they can bite the children. The study found that the insecticide did no harm to
people using the nets and there are planning a program to distribute nets to all villages.
Times Staff and Wire Reports from Long Angeles Times (1988) article also
reports that researchers at the University of Illinois, develop an insecticide that turns
sunlight into a death ray against bugs. The researches employs a simple amino acid that
its designers that will be harmless to man and animals, and be biodegradable as well. Its
potential targets range from houseflies and cockroaches to agricultural pests. The amino
chemicals, in the cells of the insects. When exposed to sunlight, the overbalance of
biochemicals triggers a chain reaction that destroys insect cell membranes, causing the
The benefit of using insecticide as the protection to the other organisms from
pests, the Philippine star news (2005) reported that there are 13 botanical insecticides
found effective in Mindanao. The plants are lagundi, wild sunflower, madre de cacao,
tubli, makabuhay, luyang dilaw, neem, tobacco, hot pepper, eucalyptus, adelfa, and atis.
Those 13 plants were done by Tatoy et al., and monitored by the Philippine Council for
Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD). The
whitefly because the whitefly has become a major problem when potato was grown in
screen houses since 2000. As they conducted "The botanical insecticides were effective,
(Brassica spp.) farmers may suffer economically by using insecticides as they get more
damage by the main pest diamondback moth. The effect of using insecticides against
diamondback moth were found for the density of parasitoids and generalist predatory
wasps, and tended to affect spiders negatively. They observed the increased leaf damages
the pest, and of lower predation and parasitization rates from naturally occurring
predators that are suppressed by the insecticide applications. As the results they indicate
something that may be particularly relevant for the production of cash crops in tropical
Improvement of the quality of human life is one of the benefits of insecticides and
the environment can be protected at the same time. The insecticides are intended to harm
only the target insect however it cannot be denied that chemicals also have harmful
The exposure to the use of insecticide has a great impact on health of the human
and animals. According to Aktar et al. (2009), the high risk groups exposed to pesticides
include production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers, loaders and agricultural farm
workers since they handle various toxic chemicals. During manufacture and formulation,
the possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free.
Dawe et al. (2006) mentioned that the excessive pesticide use has damaged the
health of the farmers and consumers is worse because of poor training and lack of money
for buying proper pesticide application equipment, farmers are directly exposed to
chemicals that injure their eye, skin, respiratory tract, and nervous system.
In the United States according to Lorenz (2009), the use of insecticides cause the
greatest number of pesticide poisoning. The most serious pesticide poisoning usually
In the year 2000, Glare & O’Callaghan stated that the acute effects are injuries or
illnesses that appear immediately after the exposure of using the insecticide and they also
identify the other effect of the insecticide on human which can also be the delayed effect
and the allergic effect. The delayed effects which are illness or injuries that do not appear
immediately and this include cancer. While the allergic effects are the reaction to the
substance that may develop to the some people that are exposed to the insecticide.
Andersson et al. (2014) stated that the different risks associated with pesticides
are often classified based on whether they have short‐term effects such as diarrhea,
abdominal pain, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. or long‐term effects such as skin
death.
Group (2010) explains that the people who use chemical pesticides regularly are
at greatest risk for achieving toxic levels in their bodies and the danger of pesticide are
can carried on the wind, leave residues on produce, remain inside produce & animals, and
run off into open water, contaminating public water supply as well as fish and other
seafood and pesticide can enter the body through skin, eyes, mouth and nose.
According to O’Malley et al. (2015), the properties that make insecticides deadly
to insects can sometimes make them poisonous to humans. Most serious insecticide
being swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Some insecticides are odorless,
thus the person is unaware of being exposed to them. Organophosphate and carbamate
insecticides make certain nerves “fire” erratically, causing many organs to become
overactive and eventually to stop functioning. Pyrethrins can occasionally cause allergic
farm production in the past 30 years has been farmers widespread use of pesticides
insecticide to kill insect pests, natural predators such as spiders causing an ecological
imbalance that can actually contribute to pest outbreaks instead of preventing them.
to have a short-lived effect. However, the residues are found in the atmosphere,
waterways, and the ground. Over time, as people keep on using synthetic chemical
substances, the environment accumulates the residues that later on become pollutants.
assessment of the chemicals, the world’s most widely used insecticides have
contaminated the environment across the planet so pervasively that global food
spend $2.6 billion a year. The insecticides harm bee’s ability to navigate and learn,
damage their immune systems and cut colony growth. In worms, which provide a critical
role in aerating soil, exposure to the chemicals affects their ability to tunnel. Dragonflies,
which eat mosquitoes, and other creatures that live in water are also suffering, with some
studies showing that ditchwater has become so contaminated it could be used directly as a
lice-control pesticide. They concluded the “Overall, a compelling body of evidence has
accumulated that clearly demonstrates that the wide-scale use of these persistent, water-
soluble chemicals is having widespread, chronic impacts upon global biodiversity and is
likely to be having major negative effects on ecosystem services such as pollination that
Insect
Insects account for a great majority of the species of animals on earth. They are a
tremendously successful group. Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and
freshwater habitats, from the driest deserts to freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a
tropical rainforest to the arctic wastes. A few species are even in marine (Myers, 2001).
According to Malinoski (2004), the insect are member of one class of phylum arthropods
and all the member of phylum arthropoda, have rigid exoskeleton, jointed limbs and
body. Insect are distinguished from other arthropods by the fact that they are have six
legs in at least one development stage. They vary greatly in appearance and habit. Many
have wings and active fliers and other insects spend their lives under ground.
However, the insects that affect man directly or indirectly get more publicity as a pest and
those insects can cause serious crop losses, eat our food, feed on our blood and skin,
health problem or can cause severe complications and can even be life-threatening that
can find at home are the ants and roaches. The ants according to Armstrong (2013) they
are social insects in the family Formicidae and order Hymenoptera and they evolved
during 130 million years ago from wasp-like ancestor and more than 12,500 species out
of an estimated 22,000 species have been classified. Hahn & Pelliter (2004) said that the
ants have distinct body parts; the head, thorax and abdomen and they also divided into
three castes; the workers, males, and the queen. And the life span of the ants depends on
conditions and available food supply. Workers generally live for a few months to a year.
Rust and Choe (2014) said the ants are among the most prevalent pests in
households. Ants also invade restaurants, hospitals, offices, warehouses, and other
buildings where they can find food and water. Britton (2009) also said that ants generally
do not cause structural damage to buildings but few species will occasionally attack
electrical wiring for unknown reasons, and in these situations extensive damage can
occur. Some ants will build nests in walls and foundations, and that can result in soil
being deposited on gardens, around pots and between tiles and brickwork resulting in a
mess and some seed harvesting ant species can be a nuisance when attempting to grow
The cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea and sometimes considered a
suborder, Blattaria, of order Dictyoptera. The cockroach English name is derived from
Spanish “cucaracha”. They are 4,600 species worldwide with 500 genera of 7 families.
The best known cockroach species are the brown banded and oriental cockroaches (Blatta
cockroach (Blattella germanica), and the Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) (Eiseman
et al., 2009). The roaches according to Jacobs (2002), the fossil evidence indicates that
the cockroaches have been on earth for over 300 million years. They are considered one
of the most successful groups of animals. Because cockroaches are so adaptable, they
have successfully adjusted to living with humans. About 3,500 species of cockroaches
exist worldwide.
In year 2002, Jacob stated that the roaches produce odorous secretions that can
affect the flavor of various foods. The Disease-producing organisms such as bacteria,
protozoans, and viruses have been found on cockroach bodies. But according to
Rupavate (2014), that the roaches do not cause any disease hence, they are vectors or
carriers for millions of bacteria and infectious agents that can lead to an array of diseases
from diarrhea to food poisoning. And the diseases that transmitted by roaches is the
different forms of gastroenteritis like food poisoning, dysentery, diarrhea, and other
illnesses and because of the roaches excrement and cast skin that contains a number or
allergens that can cause of allergic responses of the person infected by roaches, such as
skin rashes, watery eyes and sneezing, congestion of nasal passages, and asthma by
This part presents the various related studies about chili pepper from other studies
completed by individuals. It also show the different kind of method used, their findings
The insecticide produced by Tropical Advisory Service (2000), said that the
insecticidal properties of the chili pepper are highest in the ripe fruit especially in the skin
and seed. Chili is acts as a stomach poison, anti-feedant and repellent to a number of
pests. The study prepared four kinds of Chili pepper spray. The first two Chili pepper
spray have same uses, it use as a spray or sprinkle using twigs or grass tied together to
form a whisk, against most insects including caterpillars, aphids, flies, ants and mealy
bugs. Apply once a week if there is no rain or two or three times a week if it rains. It is
important to use this solution as a preventive measure. Third is the chilies and garlic
spray, Use as a spray for caterpillars in fruit trees. Fourth is the chili, Mexican marigold
and onion spray, it use spray onto red spider mite infestations. And last is the chili dust, it
use to sprinkle the powder around the base of plants to repel ants, cutworms, slugs and
snails as well as many soil pests. The other uses of Chili based on their study it can be
inter-planted with crops to act as a repellent against many insects, fungi and viruses.
According to Antonious et al. (2007), in their study entitled “Growing hot pepper
for cabbage looper, Trichopulsia ni (Hubner) and spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch)
control” is to determine the potential of using fruit extracts from Capsicum chinense, C.
frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. annuum as pesticide for controlling the cabbage looper,
differences in mortality and repellency between accessions. In the study, the extract from
the different species of Capsicum were prepared and tested, they dried the fruit in an oven
at 65° for 48h to a constant weight, ground using a mortar and pestle, and sieved to pass
through a No. 18 (1 mm) mesh screen. The study also prepared a two ways of pesticide
using the hot pepper fruit extracts first is by shaking 20g dried fruit powder of each
sulfosuccinate for 1hr. The mixture was passed through a double-layer of cheesecloth and
squeezed manually then the extracts were then vacuum filtered using Buchner funnels.
Second, the fruit extracts prepared by blending 50g fresh fruits of each accession with
100 ml of methanol for 2 min. and also filtered using Buchner funnels. The larvae of the
cabbage looper were sprayed with hot pepper water extract, and the other were sprayed
with distilled water as control group and their mortality use analysis of variance
(ANOVA) procedure and it was recorded at 6 and 24 hrs. The concentration of the
different fruit with methanol extracts was tested against gravid female spider mites.
According to the study of Tomita, and Endo (2009) entitled “Homemade Hot
pepper Spray for Organic Gardening” the content of the Capsicum annuum which is the
capsaicin as pest control material in plant cultivation. Capsaicin is the material that is
extracted from chili pepper and used as a botanical insecticide and the product contain are
primarily used to repel insects rather than to kill existing infestations. In the study, the
300g of medium-sized dry peppers were soaked for 1 month in 4000 ml of 80% ethanol
and the solution was filter used to soak new dry peppers again for 1 month and re-filter
again the solution to be diluted and used to the experiment. As the result the content of
the chili pepper extract was effective at decreasing the density of both spider mites and
aphids. The mixture of chili pepper extract with a low concentration of neem extract was
more effective and the study conclude that there is no negative effects on growth of
The Yvonie (2009) study, entitled “Makabuhai and Chili extract: A Household
Insecticide”, it investigates the potential makabuhai and chili extracts combine together
as a household insecticide against ants and cockroaches. The study prepared a solution of
chili fruit extract and makabuhai stem extract. The 300g of chili was pound with mortar
and pestle and add a 25ml of water and strain it; the 300g of makabuhai stems was
chopped into small pieces and also pound with mortar and pestle then soaked it in 25ml
of water for 25minutes then the only liquid extract was left. The chili and makabuhai
extract was mixed and add 25ml of water. The study was observed under 30minutes and
evaluated the number of ants and cockroaches killed by the extract and study concluded
that the commercial insecticide and homemade insecticide is almost the same.
In the study of Carmelle (2013), was all about a feasibility of the Capsicum
annuum, Moringa Oleifera (Malunggay leaves) and the Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Kamias) as
a natural pesticide. The study determine the effect of Malunggay leaves, Kamias and
Chili fruit against cockroach and evaluated the number of cockroaches survived and died
in different number of times spraying the insect in every minutes. The study used
experimental method of research and the purpose was to study the relative effect of
various set-ups given. It has four set up which are the first set-up; the extract of the
Malunggay leaves. Second was the extract of the chili fruit. Third were the extract of the
kamias and lastly the mixture of the extract of the Malunggay leaves, Kamias and Chili
fruit. The study also used the counting method to count the amount of cockroaches
unable to survive and die as well as the table used to shows the number of times spray,
number of cockroaches, number of cockroaches killed and time killed. It has five tables
to show and the result of the experiment was presented. In the first table, Malunggay
Pesticide was used by the researcher. There are two tables consisting of 3 cockroaches
and a constant number time of spray. The cockroach didn’t die in the 2 times number of
spray therefore it is less effective. In the second table, the cockroach was tested with
Chili fruit Pesticide. It is effective. In the third table, the cockroach was tested with
Kamias fruit Pesticide. It is less effective compared to the Chili fruit Pesticide. In the
fourth table, the Natural Pesticide was used by the researchers. It is more effective than
first three tables. In the fifth table, the Cockroach was tested with Commercial Pesticide.
All the cockroaches died in just a couple of seconds. Therefore, the study concludes that
it was feasible to used Malunggay leaves (Moringa Oleifere) and Chili fruit in making
pesticide in their experimentation. The study also recommends more study about the
Malunggay, Kamias and Chili as pesticide and accurate procedure and measures will be
used.
The Ashouri & Shayesteh (2010), study entitled “Insecticidal activities of two
powdered spices, Black pepper and Red pepper on adults of Rhyzopertha Dominica (F)
and Sitophilus Granarius (L)”. The experiments of their study were carried out in the
laboratory of the Department of Entomology, University of Urmia, Iran. The study was
conducted to investigate the insecticide potency of black pepper seed powder and red
pepper fruit powder, against wheat and corn weevil a stored-grain insects. The fruit
and red pepper were mixed in wheat grains in different rates to evaluate the mortality and
progeny production (adult emergence) of two the stored-grain insects. These powders
were mixed with 20 g wheat grains as direct admixtures at five different rates 0, 0.15, 0.2,
0.27, 0.37 and 0.5% for black pepper and 0, 0.5, 0.85, 1.5, 3 and 5% for red pepper to
assess for mortality and reduction of progeny. The treated grains were infested with 20
adults. All insects were removed after 14 days and the experiments were monitored for
the extra 36 days in order to count the number of emerged adults. The results revealed
that black pepper at 0.5% concentration caused 100% mortality of S. granarius in the first
five days, also R. dominica showed complete mortality at 5% level after 14 days, but red
pepper did not cause complete mortality on two insects after 14 days. Both plant
Also they significantly reduced progeny emergence of R. dominica. This plant powders
exhibited promising potential in protecting wheat grains against two species of insects.
As the result of their study, the fruit powder is very effective in causing mortality and
reducing adult emergence of both insects. The results revealed that black pepper seed
powder and red pepper fruit powder had significant insecticidal effects on the adults of R.
dominica and S. granarius as compared to the control. They were found to be very
effective in causing mortality and reducing adult emergence of both insects. A highly
significant difference was found among all the treatments. The study concluded that plant
powders pose potential in protecting wheat against two species of tested insects.
Regarding the side effects of synthetic pesticides, the study demonstrates that these plant
powders can play an important role in protection of wheat from insect invasion during
storage. This technology is cheap, safe, environmentally friendly and easy to adopt by
small-scale farmer.
from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp. microcarpum L.) And its use as an
against the green peach aphid, a pest that can cause decreased growth, shriveling of the
leaves and the death of various tissues in peach trees. The study aimed to examine the
character of the biopesticides, they are categorized into three major classes: microbial
substances made from herbal extracts or from pheromones from insects, which in the
control of the pests have no toxic effect. Capsaicin belongs to the third class of
biopesticides. In the study, the chili pepper can be used as a raw material for extraction of
capsaicin which is the active component of the red pepper and they revealed that the
capsaicin has lethal and anti-feedant effects on various invertebrates. It was evaluated for
acting as biopesticide and confirmed that the capsaicin extract of chili pepper can be used
as an effective biopesticide.
determine the effects of Piper guineense, Capsicum annum, Ginger, and Lippia adoensis
against German cockroach, yellow fever mosquito, wall fly, and the brown plant hoppers.
The study tested the mortality rates of the four insect and Phytopesticidal, insecticidal
property of the Piper guineense, Capsicum annum, Ginger, and Lippia adoensis. The
results from the insecticidal tests revealed that each of the materials tested have distinct
effects on the survival of the different insects. It was also observed in the course of the
study, that treatment with higher concentration of extracts resulted in higher mortality
rates. Moreover, the Piper guineense and the Capsicun annum possessed the highest
insecticidal abilities against yellow fever mosquito while Lippia adoensis and Ginger
possessed high insecticidal effects against wall fly. The study agrees with the high level
of insecticidal efficacy shown by Capsicum annum against the German cockroach and the
mosquito larva. On the other instance, according to their study of Piper guineense, Lippia
adoensis, Capsicum annum and Zingiber officinale are readily available to local farmers
in the said country which is Nigeria for use in protecting their crops against harmful
insects. These materials could be crushed on farms and the freshly prepared extracts then
applied by local farmers. They are safe to the workers and can be produced easily by the
small-scale limited resource farmers. The biodegradable nature of such materials also
minimizes the hazard to the environment. Repeated use of a single synthetic pesticidal
ingredient can result in resistance amongst the target populations where as natural
products in plants defense mechanism often consist of a variety of toxins which make
Bray (2014), stated that the chili peppers can be used as a natural bug repellent for
garden or indoor plants in the form of hot pepper wax and the study of Trantham (2014),
entitled that “Hot pepper Spray for Organic Gardening” proven that the use of hot pepper
as spray also can be a natural pest deterrent for garden against bug. The study used, 2 cups
chopped hot peppers, 1 tbsp cayenne pepper, 1 head of garlic, 3 tbsp dish soap, 4 gallons
of water. The chopped hot pepper together with the garlic gloves and cayenne pepper was
put in the food processor and adding some water as necessary to keep the food processor
working properly. After pureeing it, put them in a five gallon bucket and pours four
gallons of water then covers it and let the concoction sit for about 24 hours. The study
also prepared cheesecloth or a very small strainer to strain out the hot peppers and add
three tablespoons of dish soap to help the spray spread out over and stick to the plant
leaves. The hot pepper spray was applied twice a week in the evening.
In the study of Lascano and Tolentino (2016), entitled “Pepper and Madre Cacao
Spray”, they produce insecticide / pesticide from Chili pepper, Onion, Madre cacao
leaves and Alagaw leaves at a low cost. According to their study the substance that give
chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and several
related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. On the other hand, the ingredients
used in study were 250g of chili pepper, 100g alagaw leaves, 100g madre cacao leaves,
six onions bulbs and 250ml of H20. After cutting those ingredients into small pieces, the
blender with small amount of H20 and the onion were blended. Every one minute of
blending, chili pepper will added as well as the H20 and this procedure will be repeatedly
but using alagaw leaves and then madre cacao leaves and the finished product is ready to
use. It was proven and attested that this pesticide could last for 2-3 weeks, and since it
undergo fermentation the longer it lasts the more effective it become because of its
obnoxious odor. The study recommended to use the natural insecticide that are extracted
from chili pepper, onion, madre cacao leaves with alagaw leaves to get rid and to control
our economic problems such as the loss of the production of crops due to the damage
made by the killer insects. It is safe to use and easy to prepare as well as it contain natural
ingredients.
In Setiawati et al., (2016), study entitled “The effect of fruit characteristics of
of tolerant varieties of cayenne pepper and bio control agents (Trichoderma species and
conditions. This anthracnose disease is the most important constraint to cayenne pepper
or Capsicum frutescens production in most major chili pepper growing regions of the
world. In order to identify the effective control measure, the 4 varieties of cayenne pepper
with 2 different color of immature fruits green and yellow; and 2 type of fruit straight up
and decline; and used of 4 bio-control agents (Trichoderma species and azoxystrobin)
were measuring the effects on disease incidence and yield. Application of all bio control
agents on immature green cayenne pepper plus straight up type of fruit significantly
reduced the incidence of anthracnose diseases which ranged between 3.51– 6.81%. The
study revealed that in green immature straight up type fruit cayenne pepper application of
T. harzianum and azoxystrobin have good potential in controlling the anthracnose disease
peptides from chilli pepper seeds: Antimicrobial activities against pathogenic yeasts”.
The study was to isolate and characterize peptides present in the antimicrobial activities
of the use chili pepper seed and evaluate their toxic activities against pathogenic yeasts.
In the study, the proteins from seed flour were extracted in phosphate buffer, pH 5.4, for
3 h at 4 °C and the pellet obtained at 90% saturation with ammonium sulfate was heated
at 80 °C for 15 min. The resulting suspension was clarified by centrifugation and the
was performed to separate low molecular mass proteins. As the result of the study, the
fraction is rich in peptides, inhibited the growth of yeasts and it was also able to inhibit
In summary, many of the studies proven that the insecticide are very useful to
manage the pest insect to becoming more destructive and important for disease control
that carried by the insect. There are numerous cases showing that the use of insecticide
improved the quality of the human, animal, and plants life. And that can provide
significant in the agriculture, economic, and industrial. However, other studies revealed
the disagreement of the used of insecticide can affect the health of the human or to other
animals and plants because it has a hazardous chemical substance. In addition, other
studies showed that instead of using the very dangerous chemical, use the various
formulation that the specific product that are made as natural insecticide.
Furthermore, the different studies also revealed that there are an insecticidal
potential in the chili pepper and have an ability to be formulated as natural insecticide
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the kind of research and the research design that was used
in the study and the procedures that was performed in the study.
Kind of Research
research where in the researcher subjects the experimental units into a treatment to collect
response from the dependent variable. Also, the researcher manipulated and controlled
the independent variable for variation to the manipulation of the dependent variable. In
this type of research, a treatment was something to control the experimental units. In the
study, the independent variable were the different concentrations of Capsicum annuum
extract and the dependent variable were the effects on the life of ants whether they die or
not. The extraneous variable was the manner on how the ants were caught because it
might injure some parts of the ants. That variable was not related to the study but may
affect the dependent variable so they were controlled to make the samples as
homogenous as possible.
Research Design
independent random samples of experimental units are selected for each treatment. The
ants and roaches were subjected to experimental units that were completely randomized;
there were twelve sets of ants and four sets of roaches. The first ten ants served as the
negative control group and received no chili pepper insecticide. The second set of ants
that also consist of ten received 1:10 ratio of solution, while the third set of ants that has
the same number got 1:20 ratio of solution and the last set of ants got 1:30 ratio of
solution. These four sets of ants received different treatments as mentioned before and it
came in three replicates. The experimental treatments were done only once then the ants
were set aside for observation. At the end of two hours, the numbers of dead and alive
ants were evaluated. After testing the extracts to ants, the same thing has been done to
sets of roaches. The researcher intended to examine the extract to five roaches for each
experimental set-up. This instance was due to difficulty in finding for roaches as subject
to the study
Statistical Analysis
Verification of the Subject Species
The researcher gathered data about the popular chili pepper using internet
browser. One of the facts sited by the researcher chili pepper according to (Shook, 2011)
is a fruit of plant from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family,
Solanaceae. The researcher obtained the scientific name and also the given name written
from the website as well as the sample specimen of chili pepper that was brought in
Guiguinto, Bulacan. The sample of the specimen was presented directly to the National
Museum, Botany Division for verification of the chili and to gain certification. The name
of the sample specimen of the chili pepper was proved and verified as Capsicum annuum
by the National Museum researcher, John Rey C. Callado and acquired certificate.
After the verification of the Capsicum annuum, the researcher purchased again in
Guiguinto, Bulacan a fresh Capsicum annuum were exactly the specimen was brought to
National Museum and used for experiment. The process of pod extraction of solutions of
Capsicum annuum was performed and executed inside the laboratory of the university
with the assistance of the researcher’s adviser. Along with the researcher prepared
materials and equipments needed to extract the Capsicum annuum. Such as, laboratory
gown, mask and pair of gloves for proper safety, 300 grams of pods Capsicum annuum,
weighing scale, graduated cylinder, funnel, beakers, filter paper, hot plate, stirring rod,
reagent bottle and container. The 300 grams of Capsicum annuum pod peduncle was
removed and weighing only 266.1 grams. The every piece of 266.1 grams of Capsicum
annuum was sliced in half and placed under the sun to dried for three days and achieved
the brittleness texture of the Capsicum annuum. The researcher places it to the pestle and
mortar by pounding and to develop into a pulverized structure. The gram of the
pulverized Capsicum annuum was weighted again to the weighing scale and obtained the
amount of the weight that are necessary and used in the experiment. Based on the
randomized design of the study assigned in every experimental unit, the researcher
measured distilled water using the graduated cylinder and then prepared laboratory
containers for placing the mixture of pulverized Capsicum annuum and water. Then, the
researcher prepared the different concentration. To come up with 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 ratio of
concentration, mixed one gram pulverized chili pepper to 10 ml of water, for 1:20, 20mL
of water was added to one gram of powdered chili pepper, and to obtain 1:30 ratio
concentration, one gram of chili pepper powder was mixed to 30 ml of water. All of these
different experimental mixtures were placed in the laboratory containers for boiling. And
then, strained and filtered using the laboratory equipment. Subsequently, it was subjected
to refrigerator to cool.
The ants and roaches used as experimental units of the research study were
gathered in Malolos, Bulacan near from the residential place of the researcher. The
researcher constructed and prepared twelve boxes as the ants placed for experimentation.
Those twelve boxes have same size, and structure and there’s no variation at all. The box
used were sealed by acetate and by the used of needle were pierced through creating tiny
holes in four side of a box. For every hole pierced, space occupied diameter of one
centimeter. The research study needs one hundred twenty ants and the researcher divided
and distributed them evenly so that each of boxes received ten ants. The researcher
constructed again and prepared three boxes that also have same size, and structure and
there is no variation at all. The box used were sealed again by acetate and creating a
square holes in the four side of the box. For every squares holes, the space occupied one
centimeter and each side of the holes has 5sq. mm. The research study need fifteen
roaches and the researcher divided and distributed them evenly so that each of the boxes
The researcher prepared an arrangement set up in twelve boxes. The first set up
contains 30 ants place in 3 boxes, wherein each of the boxes contains 10 experimental
units. The study served as negative control group and received no concentrations of
Capsicum annuum and water. The second set up also contains the same number of ants
and will receive 1:10 ratio of solution. The third set consist the same number of
experimental units and acquire 1:20 ratio of solution. Then the last set of ants will be
given 1:30 ratio of solution. The same procedure was followed in testing the effects of
extracts to roaches.
The table shown on the next page presented the data observation and evaluation
of the experimental subject of ten ants per box, included in the said different
researcher set allotted period of time when the mixture of Capsicum annuum and water is
placed to the box. The researcher observed and evaluated the occurrence of the activity
done in each of the box. The researcher also analyzed the set allotted period of time to the
experimented subject. After the allotted period of time set, the counting of mortality on
experimented units began. The result had been listed down in the table. The process was
repeated exactly similar in every experimented subject per box. After that moment, the
A A A A
B B B B
C C C C
This chapter presents the results of the experiments that were conducted based on
the method described in the methodology of the study. The data gathered in one hundred
twenty overall of the ants and twenty roaches were observed and evaluated. The objective
is to determine if there is an effect and a significant of the Capsicum annuum pod extract
in different kind of solution in the mortality of ants and roaches. The result of the data
obtained was converted into percentages that are generally presented in tables to have a
Problem 1: What are the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants
Table 3.1 The effect of the 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod
2nd trial 0% 0% 0% 0%
3rd trial 0% 0% 0% 0%
Total: 0% 0% 0% 0%
From the result according to the table 3.1 the effect of mortality in 1:10, 1:20, and
1:30 concentration of the Capsicum annuum pod extract revealed that 0% of mortality
rate showed in every trial conducted in the study and total of 0% mortality rate effect on
the ants.
But, based on the observation in the mortality of the ants, the researcher observed
that there is other effect of the Capsicum annuum pod extract in different kind of solution
against ants. In 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod extract which is the smallest
or lowest concentration of the pod extract, found out that the ants were affected by the
solution only for just a moment and after the couple of minutes the ants recover
immediately, they still better and they are same before the treatments. In the 1:20
solution, the researcher observed and found out that there was a changed of the mobility
of the ants as they go around. They become weakened and slower compared to the 1:30
solution that they can easily moved around. While in the solution in the 1:10, the mobility
of the ants was also become weaker and slower than in the 1:20 solution. And all of the
According to
Table 3.2 The effect of the 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod
Total: 0% 0% 0% 0%
From the result according to the table 3.2 the effect of mortality in 1:10, 1:20, and
1:30 concentration of the Capsicum annuum pod extract showed that there is a small
The results obtained in this experiment, once again confirmed concentration of the
Capsicum annuum pod extract had no significant insecticidal effects on the ants in
different kind of concentration (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30) created the same as to the negative
control group. All the trials of the extracted plant showed poor insecticidal efficacy
against ants and were not effective in causing mortality and reducing the ants. While, in
This chapter presents the summary of the study, its conclusion and
effect of the formulated Capsicum annuum pod extract as natural insecticidal against to
the experimental units which are the ants and cockroaches. The study also covered if this
formulated Capsicum annuum pod extract as natural insecticidal will have the possibility
Summary of Findings
Conclusion
The study of the researcher conducted has yielded some conclusions based on the
hypothesis presented. The natural insecticidal effect of Capsicum annuum pod extract in
the ants and cockroaches were not fully succeeded. The result of the experimentation of
significant effect to the ants but a small amount of effectiveness to the cockroaches. No
mortality rate of experimental units resulted but instead it manifested the condition of
cockroaches and a small percentage of weak condition in the ants. The hypothesis of this
study that was formulated by the researcher that there “are no significant differences in
the effects of different concentration of Capsicum annuum pod extract (1:10, 1:20, and
1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches” was accepted, meaning the outcome of the
Capsicum annuum pod extract in different concentrations solution is failed to kill the pest
insect.
Recommendation
Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the following are recommended for
insecticidal against ants and cockroaches. The researcher would like to recommend the
following.
1. The given concentrations which are the solution of 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 formulated
by the researcher should level up the mixture of dried Capsicum annuum and
water to be able to increase the level of effectiveness of formulated concentration
2. The targeted experimental units of this study where the ants and cockroaches
should be changed into another kind of insect and used to test if the given
3. The dried Capsicum annuum which is not very effective, it may replace another
4. The researcher suggests that dried Capsicum annuum may apply and add another
mixture of plant to be extracted and this kind of plant should possess a special
significance to affect the mortality of the ants and cockroaches than the Capsicum
annuum itself.
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Appendices
Appendix A
Certification
Appendix B
Documentation
Removing the peduncle of chili pepper pods and sliced the pods in half