INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR

ENGINEERING (MENB403)
Topic 1.3 – IAEA & Malaysian Nuclear Energy
Stakeholders

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INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
(IAEA)

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THE "ATOMS FOR PEACE" AGENCY

The IAEA is the world's center of cooperation in the nuclear

field. It was set up as the world´s "Atoms for Peace"
organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. The
Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners
worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear
technologies.
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HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC
ENERGY AGENCY ( IAEA)
The IAEA was proposed to set up by the US President. Dwight Eisenhower in his famous
speech, “Atoms for Peace” on 8 December 1953 and established in Vienna, Austria on
29 July 1957 when the Statute of the IAEA was in effect.

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 THE IAEA AT A GLANCE (1)
144 Member States

49 years of international service, since 1957

2307professional and support staff

67 agreements with intergovernmental organizations and

NGOs

Around 130 Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs)

performed annually

About 200 publications and newsletters issued annually

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 THE IAEA AT A GLANCE (2)
262 million Euro regular budget for 2006, supplemented by extra-
budgetary contributions in 2006 amount to 29 million Euro.
$77.5 million Technical Cooperation Fund, voluntary contribution
in 2006 to supporting T/C projects for 3041 expert and lecturer
assignment; 3229 meeting and workshop participants; 2477
participants in training courses; and 1697 fellows and visiting
scientists.
Offices :
 Headquarter in Vienna; 2 liaison offices (in New York and Geneva); and 2
safeguards regional offices (in Tokyo, Japan and in Toronto, Canada).
237 safeguards agreements in force in 162 States (and with
Taiwan, China), involving about 2142 safeguards inspections
performed in 2006.
- Safeguards costs in 2006 amounted to 92 million Euro in regular budget
and 8.4 million Euro in extra-budgetary resources.

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IAEA MANAGEMENT TEAM (1)

DIRECTOR GENERAL
Yukiya Amano

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

Janice Dunn Lee
Head, Department of Management

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IAEA MANAGEMENT TEAM (2)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL
Kwaku Aning
Head, Department of Technical Cooperaton

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

Tero Varjoranta
Head, Department of Safeguards

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

Alexander Bychkov
Head, Department of Nuclear Energy

DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL

Denis Flory
Head, Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
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DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

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Department of Technical
Cooperation

DG

DDG-MT DDG-NA DDG-SG DDG-TC DDG-NE DDG-NS

Dir. Dir. Dir. Dir.

Africa (36) Asia (28) Europe (32) L.A. (21)

SH- SH- SH-

West Asia East Asia+ Pacific Exp. & Training

RCA
Coordinator
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 IAEA REGULAR PROGRAMS

Program Structure
 Major Program (MP)
 Program
 Sub-Program
 Projects
 Activities
Result Based, Biennial Program
 Objective
 Performance Indicator
 Outcome

•Based on Medium Term Strategy (MTS) since 2001

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 THREE PILLARS
Promoting Sciences and Technology
 Radioactive Isotopes (RI) applications in food, agriculture, water
 Nuclear power / non-power
 Nuclear fuel cycle
 Nuclear knowledge management
 Technical cooperation
Promoting Safety and Security
 International safety conventions
 International safety standards / guides
 Radiation protection
Promoting Safeguards & Verification
 World’s nuclear inspectorate
 Verification by inspectors
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 IAEA REPORTS & REVIEWS
Annual Report
Nuclear Safety Review
Safeguards Implementation Summary
Nuclear Technology Review
Technical Cooperation Report

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4. 1997 – 2009
• Mohamed ElBaradei
(EGYPT)
5. 2009 - Present
• Yukiya Amano
(JAPAN)

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EMPLOYEES & STAFF: STRENGTH THROUGH
DIVERSITY

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MAIN PLAYERS OF MALAYSIA NPP

• Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB )

• Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)
• Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuklear Malaysia)
• Malaysian Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)

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BRIEF HISTORY OF MALAYSIA NPP (1)
1949: Establishment of CEB (later LLN, TNB)

1972: Establishment of CRANE (later PUSPATI, MINT, Nuklear

Malaysia)

1973 – 1980: 1st Attempt

 Spearheaded by LLN
 Aborted for PETRONAS’s discovery of abundant gas reserve
offshore Terengganu

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BRIEF HISTORY OF MALAYSIA NPP (2)

1981: Four-fuel diversification policy

 Oil
 Hydro
 Natural gas
 Coal

1981 - 1982: Construction of the ONLY nuclear research

reactor in Malaysia

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BRIEF HISTORY OF MALAYSIA NPP (3)

1985: Establishment of AELB

1984 – 1991: 2nd Attempt

 Spearheaded by LLN and UTN-JPM
 Aborted for Tun Dr M’s decision for nuclear as the last
energy option

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BRIEF HISTORY OF MALAYSIA NPP (3)

 2000: Five-fuel diversification policy (all of the above + 5%

target of RE)

 2001: Establishment of Suruhanjaya Tenaga (EC)

 2008 – present: Third Attempt

Target COD @ 2021
PEMANDU identified Nuclear Energy as one of 12 Entry
Point Projects (EPP) in 2020

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TO HAVE NUCLEAR BY 2021, THE GOVERNMENT
MUST LAUNCH TODAY

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 If developed, nuclear would be cost competitive This requires for the government to start today
but it takes 10-11 years to build with the preparatory phase
Comparative cost of energy & CO2 emission indicator
Public ▪ Promote public
Levelised cost of energy, RM sen/kWh acceptance
education
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19 19 21 Int’l ▪ Sign/ratify
governance relevant treaties &
conventions
Coal Nuclear Gas Gas Solar
CCGT OCGT (centrally
generated) Regulatory ▪ Put in place
context detailed
Fastest timeline supported by all stakeholders regulations
Months
Plant Site ▪ Acquire approval
Construction & Acquisition for plant sites
commissioning ▪ Obtain public
44 30 60 134 Vendor procurement support in locality
Pre-project activities
2020 Total
Assumptions: General: WACC 7.6%, 1USD = RM3.2 new jobs:
Coal: CAPEX USD1530/kWe, plant efficiency 46%, coal cost 5 USD/mmbtu, O&M cost of 6.16USD/MWh, load factor 85%
Gas CCGT: CAPEX USD1000/KWe, plant efficiency 53%, gas price 8 USD/mmbtu, O&M cost of 5USD/MWh load factor 85% 2,600
Gas OCGT: CAPEX USD700/KWe, plant efficiency 30%, gas price 8 USD/mmbtu, O&M cost of 5USD/MWh load factor 15%
Solar centrally generated : CAPEX 2812USD/Kw O&M 1% of CAPEX, lifetime: 20 years, hours utilization 1,300/year 26
SOURCE: OGE lab; TNB data; IAEA data
 Atomic Energy Licensing Board

Nuclear Regulatory Authority

Ensuring Safety, Security & Safeguarding Peaceful Nuclear Activities

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AELB HEADQUARTERS

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 AELB HQ AND BRANCHES

North Branch

East Branch

East Malaysia Branch

AELB HQ South Branch

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RADIATION AND NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES IN MALAYSIA
Research Reactor
Irradiators (Sterilization)
Industrial Radiography
Radiation Gauges
Oil and Gas Industry
Mineral Processing
Education and Research
Traders
Maintenance

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 Atomic Energy Licensing Board
GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK
Ministry of International
Trade & Industry
• To provide for the
regulation and (ST Controller)
control of atomic
energy technology &
Atomic Energy its trade. Minister of Science, Ministry of Science,
Licensing Act 1984 • For the establishment Technology & Innovation Technology & Innovation
(Act 304) of standards on (Secretary General)
& liability for nuclear
damage. AELB (Board)
Strategic Trade Act • For matters
2010 [1 Chairman + 4 Members]
connected therewith
(Act 708) or related thereto.
Executive AELB Department
Secretary Director General

• Atomic Energy Nuclear Policy, Code &

Licensing Board Sub- Installation Standards
(AELB) was Standing Division Division
standing
established under Safety
Safety
Section 3 of the Act Committee
Regulatory Body Committee Technical Support Licensing
& ST Relevant 304. Division Division
Authority • Ensuring safety,
security and
safeguarding peaceful Enforcement
Nuclear Activities. Administrative
Services Division Division

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ACT 304

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PROPOSED MODEL FOR NUCLEAR REGULATORY GOVERNANCE
Non-proliferation
Existing Model New Model

1S
Minister of Science,
Technology & Innovation MOFA MITI

Ministry of Science,
Safety
Technology & Innovation

Safety (Non Security & Strategic

Medical – Trade
Safety delegated power)
Safeguards
2S
AELB (Board) Control
(Medical)
1S
1S AELB (Department)
Executive Director General
DG Health
Secretary
3S
1S

Health & Non-health Licensees Licensees

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 KEY RATIONALE

The Board as a Single Regulatory Authority for

Safety (IAEA requirements)

Powers on Safety of All Activities Remain

Within a Single Nuclear Safety Authority to
Avoid Conflicts of Interest Where an Authority
Self-regulates its Activities (Violation of IAEA
requirements)

Clear Safety, Security, Safeguards And

Strategic Trade Control Implementation by a
Single Entity 34
 REGULATORY ACTIVITIES (2010-2021)

National and International

Nuclear Legislation and
Regulations Assessment
Study 2010-2012
Assessment studies and Implementation of
Strategies and Action Plan 2013-2021

45 international treaties, conventions and

agreements (regulatory instruments) for
consideration by a State

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 23 NOVEMBER 2010
B OA R D A P P R OVA L O F N U C L E A R R E G U L ATO RY STAT E M E N T

NUCLEAR REGULATORY STATEMENT

5 Principles
Effective Independence
Openness
Transparency
Efficiency
Reliability

6 Key Strategies
enhancement of an effective legal governmental framework for radiation and
nuclear safety, security and safeguards
effective co-operation and active participation at national and international levels
enhancement of supervision mechanism towards licensees’ compliance to the
regulatory requirements
enhancement of effective arrangements for emergency preparedness and
response
Building capacity and capability of regulatory infrastructure and human capital.
Protection and assurance of the inalienable rights to develop nuclear technology
safely and securely for peaceful purposes in Malaysia and to foster public
confidence in peaceful uses of radiation and nuclear technology

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NUCLEAR REGULATORY STATEMENT:

An affirmation that the assurance of nuclear

safety, security and safeguards is the highest
priority of the regulatory authority and that such
an important role is performed dutifully to
ensure nuclear safety, security and safeguards
to protect the public and the environment.

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EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

The March 11, 2011Fukushima incident-heightened

public concern
National Radiological Emergency Response Centre
24 hours daily monitoring
An important role in public communication and in
handling technical queries
Coordinates mitigation to ensure impact of incident
does not cause radiological risk to Malaysia .

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 NATIONAL RADIATION ACCIDENT PLAN

Directive 20 of National Security Council (Prime

Minister’s Department) stipulates that in the event
of any radiological and nuclear incident/accident:
AELB - lead agency
First Responders – Royal Malaysian Police, Fire &
Rescue Department and Medical Services
Department.

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 AELB - NATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY CENTRE
DATA SEAPORT
AELB HQ
TRANSMISSION TO
AELB HQ

AIRPORT

BORDERS
 Will respond to the detection alarm and environmental
monitoring; preview and interpret data
 Response team
 Search, locate and identify material
ERMS
 Recover and remove material

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 EMERGENCY/MONITORING VEHICLES

 Search and identification monitors

 Air/water monitoring and sampling
 Communication systems

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 SECURING NUCLEAR MATERIALS

In co-operation with international partners, state and

local governments and the private sector
Installation of Radiation Portal Monitors (RPM) at
major ports- online monitoring system that enables
real data monitoring
Installation of radiation detection systems at entry
points
Establishment of AELB Nuclear Security Support
Centre (NSSC)

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 THE IAEA & MALAYSIA

• Malaysia joined IAEA in 1969

• Enforcing nuclear safeguards under NPT
• Malaysia signed Comprehensive Safeguards
Agreement in 1972
• Signed Additional Protocol to the CSA in
November, 2005
• Safety standards, security guidelines

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MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY (1)
• The establishment of Malaysian Nuclear Agency
(Nuclear Malaysia) was mooted from idea of the then
Malaysia’s Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Ismail Dato’
Abdul Rahman, that Malaysia should play a role in the
development of nuclear science and technology for
peaceful purposes.
• The Centre for Application of Nuclear Energy (CRANE)
was the entity to mark the of Malaysia’s nuclear
programme, focussing on manpower development for
a nuclear power programme to provide an option for
energy source, following the worldwide oil crisis of the
early 1970’s.

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MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY (2)
• The Cabinet officially approved the establishment of
the Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (PUSPATI),
under the Ministry of Science, Technology and the
environment on 19 September 1972.
• The era of nuclear research in Malaysia began with
the historic event signified by the Reaktor TRIGA
PUSPATI reaching its first criticality on 28 June 1982.
• The institute was name Malaysian Institute for Nuclear
Technology Research (MINT) on 10 August 1994.
• To reflect its vision, mission, objectives and activities
in the challenging world, a new identity was
established, and was officially named as
Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) on 28
September 2006. 45
MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY PUBLICATIONS

ANNUAL REPORT GENERAL REPORT JOURNAL

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 MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION

• The government is studying the possibility of deploying

nuclear energy to meet future demand and diversify
the energy mix for Peninsular Malaysia.
• To spearhead the initiative, the Malaysia Nuclear
Power Corporation has been formed to lead the
planning based on the current development timeline of
11 to 12 years, from pre-project to commissioning.
• Dr Mohd Zamzam bin Jaafar has been appointed the
Chief Executive Officer of this newly established entity.

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 MALAYSIA NUCLEAR ENERGY PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATION (NEPIO) (1)
 On 26th June 2009, the Government decided for nuclear energy to be one of the
fuel options for electricity generation in post 2020, particularly for Peninsular
Malaysia.
CABINET COMMITTEE ON ENERGY

NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT STEERING COMMITTEE

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology & Water

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

WORKING COMMITTEE WORKING COMMITTEE
Malaysia Nuclear Agency Tenaga Nasional Bhd. (TNB)

REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION

WORKING COMMITTEE
Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB)
& Energy Commission (EC)
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Source: Nuclear Malaysia - TNBR Report, 2009
 MALAYSIA NEPIO (2)

NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT

STEERING COMMITTEE

NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM NUCLEAR POWER PROJECT

WORKING COMMITTEE WORKING COMMITTEE
• Educational Program and Public • Site Identification
Awareness • Nuclear Fuel Procurement Planning
• Human Capital Development • Nuclear Power Plant Conceptual
• Technology Assessment Design (including Project Management
and Quality Assurance)

REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION

WORKING COMMITTEE
• Regulation and Licensing of Electricity Generation
• Regulation and Licensing of Nuclear Power Plant
 Malaysia NEPIO (3) – Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC)

No. Preparatory Activities (2010-2012)

(i) Awareness and Capacity Building

(ii) Comprehensive Feasibility Study:

 Feasibility
 Public Acceptance
 National Industry Preparedness
 Technology Development Plan
 National Human Capital Readiness
 Determination of Nuclear Power Plant Location(s)
(ii) Dissemination of Public Information

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 IAEA MILESTONE
Nuclear power option
MILESTONE 1
Included within the national MILESTONE 2 MILESTONE 3
Ready to make a
Energy strategy Ready to invite bids Ready to commission and
knowledgeable commitment
for the first NPP Operate the first NPP
To a nuclear programme
Infrastructure development programme

Maintenance and continuous

Infrastructure improvement
PHASE 3

PHASE 2
Activities to implement
a first NPP
PHASE 1
Preparatory work for the
Construction of NPP after
A policy decision has
Consideration before a
been taken
Decision to launch a nuclear
power programme
is taken
1st NPP project

Pre-project Project decision making Construction Operation/decommissioning

Feasibility Study Bidding process Commissioning

?10-15 years

Source : IAEA – TECDOC – 1555 Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project. 51
 NUCLEAR ROADMAP FOR MALAYSIA
MILESTONE 0 MILESTONE 1 MILESTONE 3
Nuclear power is Ready to include MILESTONE 2
Ready to make Ready to
considered as a nuclear as realistic Ready to invite bids
commitment to a commission and
possible option national energy for the first NPP
nuclear operate first NPP
strategy option

PHASE 0 PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3

Infrastructure development programme

Maintenance and continuous

infrastructure improvement
Activities to
Preparatory
implement first
work for
NPP
construction
Consideration of a NPP after
s before a policy
decision to decision has
Readiness to been taken
launch nuclear
include
power
nuclear as a
program is
national
taken
energy
strategy
option
Pre- Pre- Constructio Op
Project definition
policy project n s

Policy Investment Procurement Commissionin

decision feasibility process g
study

2009 2013
Investment 2016 2018 2025
analyses
NPP Project Timeline 5252
Source: TNB,Nuclear Roadmap For Malaysia, 2009
 NUCLEAR POWER WORKING PLAN

Five step plan for the development of the nuclear power

option (based on recommendations in the Energy Master Plan 2010-2030 Study
by the Economic Planning Unit)

Pre-Policy
Pre-Project
Construction of Unit
Project 1
Definition
Operation

Construction of Unit
2
2020 2027

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 PROPOSED SPV STRUCTURE

B (other
TNB Government Inc EPC
interested parties)
Equity Investment

Equity Investment

O&M Agreement PMC Agreement

SPV (Operator) SPV (Developer) PMC
Technical Support

EPC Lenders TNB Authorities TNBF

Financing Agreement Power Purchase Agreement Licence & Fuel Supply

EPC Agreement &
Regulatory Requirement Agreement
Long Term Service
Agreement

Government
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Guarantee & Insurance Liabilities
Thank You

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