SPEECH ACT USED BY HIRO AS ONE OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN BIG

HERO 6 MOVIE SCRIPT

By: Supriyanti (2018002103)

A. Background of study
Language is system communication that uses a signal, such as a voice sounds,

gesture, or written symbols, (Jendra, 2012:2). Human produce and use them to deliver

message. Process of human to deliver message is by communication. By

communication, human being to express his thought, ideas and emotion. To avoid

misunderstanding the message in the communication, the speaker and the listener

must mutually catch the meaning of the speech, so that the communication runs

cooperatively. The communication does not require only the contextual knowledge, in

which role is very important to understand the meaning of the speech that being

uttered. In linguistics, utterances which have something to do with others and require

them to do what the speaker says are called speech act.

Speech act is one of pragmatic filed that shows a human activity in a language

and the way people act through their speech. Speech act represent real-life interaction

and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that

language within a given culture (Imam Ghozali, 2019:3). It means that when someone

tells something, she also does something accordance with the existing culture. For an

example in Indonesia when someone walks in front of an older person, we have to say

“excuse me”. This is a speech act because when she says something she also does

something.

Speech act has three types included, according to Austin in Imam Ghozali

(2019:5), they are propositional meaning or locutionary meaning, illocutionary

meaning and perlocutionary force. Locutioanry meaning is literal meaning of the

utterances, illocutionary meaning is the action behind the utterances and

perlocutionary force is the effect of utterances to hearer. Speech act theory attempts to

explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers

infer intended meaning from what is said (Austin in Ghozali Imam, 2019:5). It means

speech act is the action performed by language to modify the state of the object on

which the action performed. Sometimes, people use the utterances with implied

meaning in their life communication. To guess that meaning, they should know where

and when the utterance is stated or what the context of the speech in order to achieve

the goal of utterances itself. That is called how the addressee's interpretations of what

speakers really want to the addressees. The context is also important to help the

addressee to interpret the meaning of the utterances because context can stimulate and

contribute to hearer in interpreting the meaning. In many aspect of life, speech acts

can surely always be found. One of them it can be found in the movie.
Movie is one of the ways which used by the speaker to convey the utterance. This

study conducted to give evidence that in a cartoon movie is not only about the syntax

and semantics that can be analysed. But also, the existence of linguistic expertise that

can be analysed deeper based on speech acts theory. In addition, movie is entertain

equip thing which is very interesting that could bring the influence to viewer and also

we get moral values of the movie which can be applied in the real life. Therefore, it is

interesting to observe kinds of speech acts uttered by the characters in a cartoon

movie.
One of the cartoon movies which contain speech act is Big Hero 6 movie. This

movie sowed the story of Hiro Hamada is a 14-year-old high school graduate and

robotics genius. He spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights.

To redirect Hiro, his older brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San

Fransokyo Institute of Technology. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the university.

 To enrol, he signs up for the school's science fair and presents his project: microbots.

But, an exploded building makes his brother died and his microbot stolen. Hiro, his

brother’s robot called Baymax and his friends look for someone which stole his

microbot. Besides this film has a popular and iconic robot called Baymax, it also has

many utterances which indicating any kind of speech acts and its function. In this

movie contains dialogues which attractive to be analyse into illocutionary act of

speech acts, just like the example "Megabot, destroy!" Base on the context that

utterance is classified into command of directive of illocutionary act, because the

speaker attempts to get his robot to destroy his enemy in the robot fighting and the

perlocutionary act of its directive act is the hearer doing the thing like the speaker

want. It would be very interesting for the researcher to look for analysing classify into

illocutionary act and what are the perlocutionary act of utterances used by one of the

main character in the Big Hero 6 movie script.

B. Identification of study
From background of the study above, the writer would like to identify this study

as follows:
1. To identify what types of illocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character

in the Big Hero 6 movie script.

2. To describe what the perlocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character in

the Big Hero 6 movie script.

C. Limitation of the study

In order to make the analysis does not go far from the topic, the researcher limits

the analysis focus to what being focused. This study will be focused on utterances of

Hiro as one of main characters shows speech act in the Big Hero 6 movie script. This

research deals with kinds of illocutionary act of Searle's classification and the

perlocutionary act of Hiro as one of the main characters in Big Hero 6 movie script.

D. Focus of the study

 From the limitation above, the writer list the problem to solve. The focuses of the

research are as follows:

1. What types of illocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character in the Big

Hero 6 movie script?

2. What are perlocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character in the Big Hero

6 movie script?

E. Objectives of the study

In accordance with the focus of the study, the objectives of this research are as

follows:
1. To identify what types of illocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character

in the Big Hero 6 movie script.

2. To describe what the perlocutionary act used by Hiro as one of mine character in

the Big Hero 6 movie script.

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Theory of Speech Act

Language is one of the most important parts in social environment. It is the

particular tool of communication to convey thought, opinion, message, etc. In the

study of language, what people do by saying words is called speech act. Speech act

was originally by philosopher J. L. Austin and developed by John R. Searle. Austin

observed that people do things with words and stated that words have meaning

(Ghozali, 2019:2). Yule said in Zamzani (2016:27) that speech act is actions

performed via utterance. It means that the word have the some functions when people

something using physical action.

From the definition of speech act of the experts above, it can be concluded that

speech act is doing action used utterances. When we state utterances, it is not just we

convey sentence without any purpose. But it's also has got meaning inside utterance

itself. In uttering sentence at the same time we perform action, as the hearer must

clarify in what ways the utterance said to be performing actions.

B. Types of Speech Acts

 According to Austin, there are three basic kinds of acts perform in speech;

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

1. Locutionary Act
Locutionaty act is literal meaning. Austin state in Ghozali (2019:7) locutionary

meaning or propositional meaning is the basic literal meaning of the utterance

which is conveys the particular words and structures that the utterance contains.

Yule in zamzani (2016:28) also defined locutionary act, which is the basic act of

utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression.

It can be concluding that locutionary act is the original meaning of the

sentence without context influences; it means context hasn’t got connection

between the meanings and where/when the utterance is stated. For example The

black car, the meaning of that utterance is The black car of the literal meaning.

2. Illocutionary Act
Illocution is what the speaker is doing by uttering those words: commanding,

offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc (Peccei in Zamzani 2016:28).

Austin also defines in Ghozali (2019:7) illocutionary meaning is the real meaning

the speaker intends to express. It can be conclude that illocutionary act is what

speaker meant from what he say base on the context. For example “The black car

is nice”, the meaning of utterance to interpret what speaker intent to the hearer

should know the context.

Searle in Zamzani (2016:28) proposed that speech act could be grouped into

general categories based on the relation of word and world. There are five basic

kinds of actions that one can perform on utterance, by means of the following

types: Commissives, declaratives, directives, representatives, and expressive.

a. Commissive
Ghozali (2019:9) state commissive is a speech act that commits the

speaker to doing something in the future, such as a promise, or threat. For

example: I'll think about it. The meaning of the utterance is he promise to

think about his school.

 b. Declaratives
Declarative is a speech act which changes the state of affairs in the world.

For example: That was my first fight. The meaning of utterance Hiro had never

follows robot fighting before. It is change the situation, from never being ever.
c. Directive
Directive is speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do

something, such as suggesting, a request, or a command. For example: Mega-

bot, destroy. The meaning of utterance Hiro commands his robot to destroy his

enemy.
d. Expressive
Expressing is a speech act in which the speaker expresses feeling and

attitudes about something, such as apology, a complaint, to thanks someone, to

congratulate someone. For example: Sorry. The meaning of the utterance is

Hiro apologizing to audience about the microphone sound.

e. Representative
Representative is speech act which describes the state or event in the

world, such as an assertion, claim and report. For example: I've got more

money. The meaning of the utterance is Hiro describes he has much money.

3. Perlocutionary Act
Austin in Ghozali (2019:7) define perlocutionary act is an effect on the

feelings, thoughts or actions of either the speaker or the listener because of speech

act. Yule in Zamzani (2016:30) on his book stated assumption that the hearer will

recognize the effect you intended. It means speaker assumes that the hearer would

recognize the effect through the uttering of speaker. Cutting (2002:16) support this

by saying the perlocutionary effect, what is done by uttering the words; it is the

effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. It can be concluded that the

perlocutionary act is the effect or reaction of the utterance trough addressee's

feeling after speaker uttering or illocutionary force. For example: He's dead,
 Baymax. The utterance conveys Tadashi is dead and it makes effect to Baymax.

Because Baymax is robot was made by Tadashi.

C. Movie
Movie is defined as a motion picture considered especially as a source of

entertainment. The development of the movie is very amaze starting of technology

expansion. People build the movie factory in many countries. Furthermore people

watch the movie is not just for entertainment only but also we can get the lesson from

movie.

D. Synopsis of Big Hero 6 Movie

Hiro Hamada is a 14-year-old high school graduate and robotics genius living in

the futuristic city of San Fransokyo who spends much of his free time participating in

illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his older brother Tadashi takes him to the

research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi's

friends, Go Go, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert

Callaghan, the head of the university's robotics program. Amazed, Hiro decides to

apply to the university.

To enrol, he signs up for the school's science fair and presents his project:

microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable

using a neurocranial transmitter. At the fair, Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei,

CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the

school. At the end of the day, a fire breaks out among the exhibits and Tadashi rushes

in to save Callaghan, the only person left inside. The building explodes moments later,

killing Tadashi.
Weeks later, a depressed Hiro, in mourning for Callaghan's and Tadashi's death,

inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created;

the two find Hiro's only remaining microbot and follow it to an abandoned

warehouse. There they discover that someone has been mass-producing the microbots,
and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they

escape, Hiro suspects that the fire that claimed his brother may not have been

accidental and in fact started by the man in the kabuki mask to cover the theft of the

microbots; seeking vengeance, Hiro equips Baymax with armour and a battle chip

containing various karate moves, and they track the masked man to the docks. Go Go,

Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred arrive, responding to a call from Baymax, and the

masked man chases the group. They escape to Fred's mansion, where they decide to

form a high-tech superhero team to combat the villain.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the finding and the analysis of the

finding and analysis data used the theories which have been reviewed before. The data

are presented answer the research questions, (1) the types of illocutionary act used by

Hiro as one of the main characters in the Big hero 6 movie script, (2) the

perlocutionary act of illocutionary act used by Hiro as one of the main characters in

Big hero 6 movie script.

The researcher uses descriptive analysis. Firstly, the researcher downloads the

movie that related to this study. Then the researcher writes the part of subtitle movie.

After write the transcription, the researcher categorizes some utterances in the movie

based on Austin and Searle’s theories of speech acts. The next step is analysing speech

act in movie based on the context. In this section, the writer will present, analyse, and

explain the data taken from the movie. The researcher will utilize those
Searle’s (1976) five categories of illocution act point for analysing each utterance.

Finally, the research concludes findings of the result and discussion.

A. First Analysis of Functions of Speech Act by Searle
Searle (1976) suggested a number a dimensions of variation to classify speech

act categories referring to a number of basic things we can do with language. The

dimensions are based on the purpose of illocutionary point (Tira Nur Fitria: 17).

The five categories of illocutionary act are representatives, commissives,

directives, declaratives, and expressive.

1. Representatives
Based on Yule representatives are kinds of speech acts that state what the

speaker believes (Tira Nur Fitria: 18). The representatives keywords are:

affirming, believing, concluding, denying, and reporting. For example:

No Utterance Function
1. I have a robot. Reporting
2. I built it myself. Reporting
3. There's a fight across town. Affirming
4. I appreciate the offer, Mr. Krei, but they're not Denying
for sale.
5. Callaghan blames Krei. Concluding

In (1) and (2) utterance, the speaker said about the fact if he have a robot

and built it by himself. It is fact and can be proven by the others. In utterance

(3), the speaker affirms that there's a fight across town, it is a fact and can be

proved by the hearer. In utterance (4) the speaker said denying to hearer’s

offer and the speaker said the fact if the robot not for sale. And in (5), the

speaker concluded that Callaghan blames Krei after he saw the video, it is fact

and can be proven by the others.

2. Commisive
Yule states that commissives are those kinds of acts that speakers

commit themselves to do some in the future (Tira Nur Fitria: 18). Similarly, by

performing commissives speech act, the speaker commits to the course of

 action, announcing the intention. Commissive keywords are: pledging,

promising, swearing, warranting. For example:

No Utterance Function
1. I have to go here. Promising
2. I'll think about it. Promising
3. They'll get sucked up into the portal. Promising

In the (1, 2, and 3) utterances above, it show about plan/promise/commit

(signed in the word “Will”), as a commisive speech act that something (action)

will be done or realized later/ as soon as.

3. Directives
Yule states that directives are speech act which speaker attempts to get

hearer to do something (Tira Nur Fitria: 19). The directive keywords are: ask,

order, command, request, advice, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, dare,

challenge. For example:

No Utterance Function
1. Can I try again? Asking
2. Mega-bot, destroy. Commanding
3. What are we doing at your nerd school? Asking
4. Fine, just keep it down. Ordering
5. Kick it down! Commanding
6. Try to keep it together. Ordering
7. Hammerfist! Commanding
8. Knifehand! Commanding
9. Don't scan me. Ordering/forbidding
10. Baymax, get him! Commanding
11. Baymax, palm-heel strike! Commanding
12. Stop the car! Commanding
13. Does this symbol mean anything to you guys? Asking
15. Arms up. Ordering
16. Focus. Commanding
17. Baymax, wings. Commanding
18. Look, let's just take this slow. Ordering
19. Guys, Shh. Ordering
20. Fly! Commanding
 The most dominant function of utterance (speech act) above shows as

directive speech acts such as a command, order and ask. The function is order

to the hearer (addressees) to do something, give response to the speaker or

follow the speaker what to do. The directive speech act usually is signed by

the first word (for example imperative) used in the sentence, which is an

imperative word. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit

the words (via utterance). The directives can be positive or negative (don’t)

like in some utterance (see table above).

4. Declaratives
Declarations are words and expression of the speaker that change the

worlds by his utterance, for example appointing, declaring. According to Yule

to perform a declaration act appropriately, the speaker has to have a special

position in a specific context (Tira Nur Fitria: 20). For example:

No Utterance Function
1. We love you, Aunt Cass. Declaring
2. Tadashi's gone. Declaring
3. I'd like to introduce, Baymax 2.0. Declaring

From the utterances above show as declaratives speech acts as a

declaring. The function is declares something hasn’t happened before became

happen. In uterance (1), the speaker declared he love to his aunt. Speaker

declared his feeling to hearer. It makes the hearer did not know before

becoming know. In (2) utterance, the speaker declared his brother gone. This

utterance can make change the world of hearer because someone who stays

with the hearer before was not stay with now. In (3) utterance, the speaker

declared his robot invention. The speaker introduced his robot with upgrade

programming and called Baymax 2.0 as its name.

5. Expressive
 According to Yule, expressive are speech acts that state what the speaker

feels. It can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow,

apology, gratitude, congratulation, thank and greeting (Tira Nur Fitria: 20).

For example:

No Utterance Function
1. Ow! Expression pain
2. Well then, I'm satisfied with my care. Expression satisfied
3. Thanks, Aunt Cass. Thanking
4. I'm so sorry. Appology

In utterance (1) The utterance above as expressive speech act as showing

the speaker’s feeling of pain because it is a function of expressive speech act

to express what the speaker feels. The speaker expressed pain because his

robot fall on his toe. In (2) uterance the speaker expresses pleasant/joy because

he was satisfied the robot has take care of him. In utterance (3) the speaker

expresse thanks to the hearer. In (4) utterance the speaker is making an

apology to the addressee because making trouble. The utterance above as

expressive speech act as showing the speaker’s feeling of sorrow because it is

a function of expressive speech act to express what the speaker feels (regret).

B. Second Analysis of Perlocutionary Act

Cutting (2002:16) state the perlocutionary effect, what is done by uttering the

words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then, the researcher

directly analyses the data as follows:

Utterance 1
TADASHI : Yeah, going for a non-threatening, huggable kind of thing.
HIRO : Looks like a walking marshmallow. No offense.
BAYMAX : I am a robot. I cannot be offended.

According to Cutting (2002:16) the perlocutionary effect, what is done by

uttering the words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then based
on the theory above the effect of utterance 1: Baymax as hearer no problem with

Hiro statement.

Utterance 2
BAYMAX : You have been a good boy. Have a lollipop.
HIRO : Nice.
BAYMAX : I cannot deactivate until you say you are satisfied with your

care.

According to Cutting (2002:16) the perlocutionary effect, what is done by

uttering the words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then based

on the theory above the effect of utterance 2: Hiro as hearer felt very happy.

Utterance 3
BAYMAX : Crying is a natural response to pain.
HIRO : I'm not crying.
BAYMAX : I will scan you for injuries.

According to Cutting (2002:16) the perlocutionary effect, what is done by

uttering the words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then based

on the theory above the effect of utterance 3: Hiro as a hearer ignored Baymax’s

statement because he was not crying.

Utterance 4
BAYMAX : Tadashi.
HIRO : Tadashi's gone.
BAYMAX : When will he return?
HIRO : He's dead, Baymax.
BAYMAX : Tadashi was in excellent health. With a proper diet and

exercise, he should have lived a long life.

According to Cutting (2002:16) the perlocutionary effect, what is done by

uttering the words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then based

on the theory above the effect of utterance 4: Baymax as hearer felt sad.

Utterance 5
BAYMAX : "Fist bump" is not in my fighting database.
 HIRO : No, this isn't a fighting thing. It's what people do

sometimes when they're excited or pumped up.

BAYMAX : Ba-da-Ia-Ia-Ia-Ia.
HIRO : Hey, now you're getting it.
BAYMAX : I will add "fist bump" to my care-giving matrix.
HIRO : All right. Let's go get that guy.

According to Cutting (2002:16) the perlocutionary effect, what is done by

uttering the words, it is the effect on the hearer, the hearer’s reaction. Then based

on the theory above the effect of utterance 5: Hiro as hearer felt happy.

CONCLUSION

This chapter covers the conclusion based on the result of the analysis of

speech act of utterances of Hiro as one of main character in the dialogues of Big Hero

6 movie script,

A. Conclusion
In appropriate with the data which have been analyzed and interpreted in the

previous chapter, the researcher concludes some result below:

1) The utterances of Hiro as one of the main character found which contain

illocutionary act are below:

a. Representative
Representative means representing the thing by utterances that

appropriate with what the speaker believes. The researcher found at least 174

utterances of representative act like some example: There's a fight across

town. (act of affirming).

b. Commisives
 Commisives, which are concern with a speaker's commitment to the

future action. The researcher found at least 25 utterances of commisive act

like presented: I'll think about it. (act of promising).

c. Directives
Directive means speaker attempt to get the addressee to do something.

The researcher found at least 184 utterances of directives act like some

example: Don't scan me. (act of forbidding), Baymax, get him! (act of

commanding).
d. Declarative
Declarative, which are related with acts having immediately change. The

researcher found at least 15 utterance of declarative act like presented: I'd

like to introduce, Baymax 2.0. (act of declaring).

e. Expressive
Expressive, which deals with expression of psychological state. The

researcher found at least 126 utterances like example: I'm so sorry. (act of

apologizing), Thanks, Aunt Cass. (act of thanking)

2) Perlocutionary act of utterances of Hiro as one of the main characters in the Big

Hero 6 movie script which interpreted by researcher like example below: The

utterance of Hiro (He's dead, Baymax.), the perlocutionary act is the effect on

the hearer, then Baymax as the hearer felt sad as the effect of that utterance.

3) The most found illocutionary is directives act. It because Hiro always

commanding or ordering Baymax to do something.

REFERENCES

Cutting, Joan. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Rouledge 11 New Fetter Lane.
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University.
Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. SOCIOLINGUISTICS: The Study of Societies’ Language.

Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Fitria, Tira Nur. 2015. ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACT IN DORAEMON “STAND BY ME”

MOVIE. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Zamzani, Muhammad Khoirul. 2016. SPEECH ACT USED BY ELSA AS ONE OF THE

MAIN CHARACTERS IN FROZEN MOVIE SCRIPT. Tulungagung: IAIN

Tulungagung.