Prepositional Phrases

A Com plete the blanks with the prepositions in, on or at.

on a farm on the right/left in prison in a queue

at work in the North at/°n the back of at school

in town at 17 W alkley Road at the door in the suburbs

at university on the outskirts in the m ountains in rows/a row

in the country on an island at the crossroads in/on Park Avenue

B Read the sentences and com plete them with the prepositions in, on or at.
1 My brother is working part-time at the hospital.

2 There is a TV set in the corner of the room.

3 Jam es sits at the front of the class.

4 They went on a boat ride on the river.

5 Hom eless people sleep in/ ° n the streets of most m ajor cities.

6 He had to stay in hospital for a w eek after his operation.

7 My girlfriend is waiting for me at/on the corner.

8 The robbers parked their car in front of the bank.

C Read the sentences and com plete them with the prepositions in, on, at, by, for, from or out.
1 You can hand in your assignm ents on Tuesday at the very latest.

2 A tattoo is for life. So, think carefully before deciding on having one done.

3 Kick-off is in tw enty m inutes, so in the meantime, do your warm-up exercises.

4 ln the beginning, I didn’t want to have a party on/for my birthday, but now I’ve changed my mind.

5 Typew riters are already out of date.

6 You should read the introduction at the beginning of the book.

7 From now on, no one is allowed to enter the school building during the lunch break.

8 I haven’t seen Michael for aaes. so I’m going to visit him at the weekend.

9 It’s a pity I have to remain indoors on such a nice day.

10 I can ’t talk to you at the moment. Ring me back in______ a while.

11 It’s difficult to see the moon in the sky by day.

12 I’m really worried about Sam. He should have been here by now.

MB&
 unit 0 2

Read the sentences on the left and match the phrasal verbs with their definitions on the right by w riting the

correct number in the box next to each definition.

A GET
1 Joe was a fussy person and difficult to get on / along with.
2 escape
2 The police surrounded the building, making it difficult for the criminals
5 overcome
to get away.
4 manage to live
3 He always gets away with his bad behaviour.
1 have a good relationship
4 A large percentage of the population get by on very little money.
3 avoid being punished
5 It took Betty months to get over her father’s death.

B PULL, THROW
1 The authorities declared the building unsafe and had it pulled down
3 get rid of sth unwanted
immediately. 1 demolish
2 A strange rattling noise forced the driver to pull over onto the hard 2 move closer to the side
shoulder. of the road and stop (for
vehicles)
3 It was time I threw out / away my old trainers. They were torn.

Words with Prepositions

A Complete the blanks with prepositions.

Adjectives Nouns Verbs

a m a zed at/by a d e scrip tio n of d istin a u ish betw een rem in d sb of/about sth

carefu l with/of/about a fa ilu re in e x p e rim e n t with s th (=tell sb again to do sth)

cro w d ed with a s e a rc h for q la n c e at rem in d sb of sb/sth

fed up with a so lu tio n to hear about/of sb /sth (= see m sim ilar to sb/sth)

ready for (=have inform ation about) smile at/t0

sa tisfied with hear from sb SD ecia lise in

(=have n ew s from ) sta re at

ioin in vo te for/against

reaard sb/sth as

B Read the follo w in g sentences and com plete them with prepositions.

1 Must I always remind you a b o u t/o f neecj t0 follow the proper procedure?
2 I haven’t heard from Lisa for over two weeks now.
3 The police released a description of the wanted man.
4 The park was crowded w ith enthusiastic teenagers celebrating the end of the school year.
5 There must be a solution_______ t0 your problem.
6 “I’m a failure in_____ life,” declared the famous actor to his adoring fans.

7 In some cultures staring at_____ people is considered offensive.

unit0 2
8 Have you heard about the latest medical discovery?

9 A final search for evidence at the scene of the crim e proved fruitless.

10 You remind me of m yself when I was yo ur age.

Grammar Revision (Relative Clauses - Clauses of Time)

See G r a m m a r R e v ie w p a g e 148

A R ea d th e t e x t b e lo w a n d c o m p le te e a c h b la n k w it h o n e w o rd . A l l th e m is s in g w o r d s a re r e la tiv e p ro n o u n :
o r a d v e rb s .

M arilyn Monroe, (1) ___________who___________ was one of the w o rld ’s m ost fam ous film stars, was born in 1926.

M arilyn, ( 2 ) __________whose__________ real name was Norma Jean Baker, had a m iserable childhood. She grew up

in Los Angeles, ( 3 ) __________ where__________ she spent m ost of her early years in foster homes. T hat’s

( 4 ) ____________why__________ she still fe lt lonely even when she became famous. She w orked as a m odel and also

played m inor roles in various film s before m aking "Niagara”, the film ( 5 ) ________ w hich/that________ made her very

popular. In 1954 she m arried Joe di Maggio, w ith (6) __________ whom__________ She entertained Am erican troops

fig h tin g in Korea. She w ent on to make m any film s, some o f ( 7 ) __________ which__________ were very successful sue

as “Some Like it H ot”, “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” and “ Bus Stop”. Her film career ended tra g ica lly in 1962,

( 8 ) __________ when__________ she died at the age of th irty six.

B C h o o se A, B, C o r D to c o m p le te th e f o llo w in g s e n te n c e s .

1 As____________ Celia was d riving to the a irpo rt, she realised th a t she had left her passport at home.

A As soon as C§)As C During D Until

2 I w ill have finished s tu d y in g ________ by the tim e________the film starts.

A u ntil B w hile © b y the tim e D once

3 The audience started c la p p in g _______ the moment________the singer came on stage.

A by the tim e (JB)the m om ent C w hile D just

4 Peter w on’t le a ve __________ until___________ he has finished all his work.

(^A) until B by C ju s t as D when

5 I haven’t heard fro m h im __________ since__________ we finished school.

A before B as soon as C after © s in c e

6 Jane was w orking as a jo u rn a lis t__________ while___________she was w ritin g her firs t book.

A during © w h il e C ju s t as D once

7 My m other used to c r y ________ whenever________ she heard this song.

A by the tim e B the m om ent th a t © w henever D until

8 The police o ffice r returned my d rivin g lic e n c e ___________ after__________ he had checked it.

A ju st as B until C w hile (D )a fte r

9 She burst o u t la u g h in g ________ as soon as________ she saw the clown.

© assoonas B since C u ntil D w hile

10 ________By the tim e________ we g ot back to the hotel, it was already dark.

A The m om ent th a t B As soon as © B y the tim e D Once

& My brother, who j^fis a chemical engineer, works
for a multinational company, (subject: who)
Jennifer’s brother, who you met at her party last
week, is an engineer, (ob je ct: who)
(Have o n ly one w ord fo r the subject o r the object o f
the relative clause.)
€> Ann’s father, who/whom we met last week, is ill. /
Ann-’s father, that w e -meHastweekris-rtl-. -..
(That is n o t used in non -d efin ing relative clauses.)
& The man with whom she is talking is her
husband. /
(preposition + w ho m /w h ich)
Theraan w ith who/tha»-3hetstaftcingTSiter-^
husbandr-
The man (who(m)/that) she is talking with is her
husband. /
(w h o /w h o m /w h ich /th a t + pre po sition s)
& The room where he works is small. /
The room in which he works is small. /
Key Transformations
& Students who wish to go on the day-trip should
write their names on this list.
Students wishing to go on the day-trip should write
their names on this list.
@ She always did her homework first and then she
watched TV.
She never watched TV until she did /had done her
homework.
She never watched TV before doing / having done
her homework.
She would never watch TV before she did /had
done her homework.
She always watched TV after doing /having done
her homework.
The room (which/that) he works in is small./
The-foem-in w here he-works is-smaB.--
T-he-foem where he-works-in is-smalt. -
Tke-i©©in-in-that- fre-works-fe small.— »
P I have 3,000 stamps, some of which are valuable. /
I-haw-3^€>©sta¥»psrS©me-©Hhat:'are'va±uabie.'
(expressions o f q u a ntity+ w h o m /w h ich /w h ose )
>When I grow up, I want to become a dentist. /
Wherrf-will grow -u-pi-f-warrt-iaberomeadenttst:^
He said he would call as soon as he returned. /
Iie-said-ii*.would^ail»aS'-se©H-a-ske-wouklretuFH,
(Never use will a nd would afte r tim e words)
>I visited two museums while I was on holiday. /
I visited two museums during my holiday. /
Ivisite^frwe-m-Hsettms-dwingl-wasonh-olid-ay:- —
(during + noun)
She always watched TV after she did /had done her
homework.
& I will sign the document when I read /have read it.
I will sign the document after I read /have read it.
I won’t sign the document before I read /have read
it.
I won’t sign the document until I read /have read it.
<
q Andrew left after/before breakfast.
Andrew left after/before having (had) breakfast.
Andrew left after/before he (had) had breakfast.
unit 0 2

Examination Practice

A Choose the correct answer.

1 The Smiths b u ilt a huge house on the o utskirts 6 The e le c tric ity w ill be reconnected when you pay

o f the town. the bill.

a. in Vb; on a. when you w ill pay b. when you pay
c. at d. to c. when you are paying d. during you pay
2 Once th ey come w e’ll ta lk to them about it. 7 There are people w ho manage to get by
a. came b. w ill come on very little money.
( c jc o m e d. are com ing a. w ith b. over
3 The man who is sitting jn the fro n t row is c. round (d )b y
Mrs Davidson's nephew. 8 The hotel in which we stayed was perfect,

(a.) w ho is sittin g b. w here is sitting a. in w here ( b ) in which

c. w ho sittin g d. th a t sitting c. which d. that
4 ■■ From now 0 n, yOU w on't be allowed to use 9 The students left as soon as they finished the test,

your m obile phones at school!" the headm aster warned (a ) as soon as b. as

the students. c. w hile d. until
a. By b. For 10 "What did you do on Saturday?"
c. At ( d. From "We visited the tow n where our grandfather
the sleeves
5 My gra nd m o th er knitted me a jum per of which grew up.
are to o long, a. w hich b. that
a. w hich the sleeves b. th a t the sleeves ( c ) w here d. when
c. the sleeves of th a t d )th e sleeves o f which

B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given
unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

1 Here’s the house w here I lived as a child.

in Here’s the h o u se _____________________ in which I lived_____________________ as a child.

2 I don’t know w hat made her q u it her job.

reason I don’t __________________ know the reason why__________________ she q u it her job.

3 Passengers w ishing to get up can do so a fte r the seat belt lig h t has gone off.
who Passengers_________________who wish to get up__________________can do so after the seat belt light has gone i

4 He d id n ’t study enough fo r his exams, so he failed tw o of them.

caused He didn’t study enough fo r his exams________________ which caused him to fail_______________ t wo o f them .

5 He always checked his car tyres before setting o ff on a journey.

until He never set o ff on a jo u rn e y ____________ until he (had) checked___________ his car tyres.

6 I’ve read all o f Jane Austen’s novels and there were o nly a couple th a t I did n ’t enjoy.
most I’ve read all of Jane Austen’s nove ls,______________________most of which_____________________ I enjoyed.

7 Dr W illiam s is a ca rd io log ist and has his surgery on the second floor.
whose Dr W illiam s,____________________ whose surgery is____________________ on t he second floor, is a cardiologist.

8 Last week Phil to o k part in a spelling co m p etitio n and won firs t prize,
in Phil won first prize in a spelling com petition (that/which) he took part in/in which he took part |ast week.
 unit0 2

.Vords easily confused

. se th e c o rr e c t fo r m o f th e w o r d s in th e b o x e s to c o m p le te th e s e n te n c e s in e a c h g ro u p A-G b e lo w . Y o u m a y
. s e so m e o f th e w o r d s m o re th a n o n ce . In s o m e cases, m o re th a n o n e w o r d m a y b e c o rre c t.

look see w atch notice regard stare glance observe

11 .Ve spent weeks in A fr ic a _______ observing_______ the way lions catch th e ir prey.

; Did y o u _______ see/notice_______ the tie he was wearing? It had pink elephants on it!

3 "h e students regarded/watched/observed the new teacher w ith curiosity.

4 - w a y s __________look__________left and then rig h t before crossing the road.

5 Don’t _________ stare__________at people like that! It’s really rude.

■ saw/watched______a great science fictio n film last night.

~ Before I bought the magazine, I glanced/looked th rough it quickly.

IB I couldn’t h e lp ________ noticing________ the big red spots on his face.

glanced/looked at his watch and started running. He was late fo r school.

find out invent discover detect

Many serious illnesses may be cured if they a r e ________ detected_______ early enough.

2 We m u s t ________ find out________ as m uch as we can about the gang,” said the detective.
3 Was it Captain Cook w h o _______ discovered______ Australia?

■t The firs t camera, the Kodak 1, w a s ________ invented_______ by G. Eastman in 1888.

explore investigate look for look up (do) research

• The police came t o _______ investigate_______the m urder im m ediately.

2 I still h a v e ________ research________to do fo r my p roject on sharks.

3 I m u s t________ look up________ this w ord in the dictionary, because I don’t rem em ber w hat it means.

4 Mum, I’m _______ looking for______ m y trainers. Have you seen them?

5 As soon as the five friends g ot to the cave, they decided t o ________ explore________ it.

a tte m p t e ffo rt tria l experim ent

1 It takes a lot o f _________ effort_________ and patience to learn how to play a m usical instrum ent.

2 John’s case came t o __________ trial__________and in the end he was found innocent.

3 The athlete failed in his la s t ________ attem pt_______ to break the w orld record.

4 Many cosm etic com panies claim they don’t carry o u t ______ experiments______ on animals.

5 I w orked fo r the com pany fo r a ( n ) __________ tna]__________ period of tw o weeks before I was fu lly em ployed.
unit 0 2

audience spectators view ers sightseers onlookers witnesses

1 T h e _______spectators_______ disagreed w ith the referee’s decision and interru pted the fo otba ll match.

2 The tw o teenagers claim ed they were j u s t _____ onlookers_________and had nothing to do w ith the fig ht.

3 Paris attracts thousands o f ______ sightseers________all year round.

4 At the end of the play, t h e _______ audience_______ applauded enthusiastically.

5 T h e _______ witnesses_______ were asked to give a detailed description o f the accident.

6 The concert was broadcast on TV and attracted one b illio n ________ viewers________ w orldw ide.

F m em orise rem ind recall recognise

1 I did n ’t _______ recognise________her at first. She had changed a lot.

2 I had t o _______ memorise_______ his phone num ber because I d id n't have a pen to w rite it down.

3 I’ll ring Dad t o ________ remind_________him to buy coffee, otherw ise he’ll forget.

4 My grandfather can s t i l l _________ recall_________ scenes of World War II.

G view sight image vision scene

1 The sun affects m y ______ vision/sight______ when I’m driving, so I always wear sunglasses.

2 We have a s u p e rb _________ view__________0f the sea from our balcony.

3 The child started to cry at t h e _________ sight_________ of the dogs.

4 The television show was about t h e _________ sights_________ you can visit in Rome.

5 The police arrived at t h e ________ scene_________ of the accident w ith in minutes.

6 An a c to r 's _________ image________ js im p o rta n t fo r his career.

7 I ran o ut of paint, so I co uldn ’t finish the sky fo r the b a c k g ro u n d ________ scene__________jn the play.

8 When we were leaving the flow er show, we were asked to fill in a questionnaire to give o u r _________ views

on w hat we had seen.

Derivatives are formed from noun roots, adjective roots and verb roots. In this unit we will deal with
adjectives, adverbs and nouns which derive from certain noun roots.

Noun Root Adjective = Noun + -ful Adjective = Noun + -less

Describing a q uality or Having enough of th a t q uality or Not having th a t q u a lity or
characteristic (often abstract nouns) characteristic characteristic
care careful careless
Adverbs Noun + -fully t Adverb = Noun + -lessly
carefully carelessly

• Some o the r com m on nouns th a t form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: colour, harm,
hope, meaning, pain, p o w e r and use.
• The noun doubt form s the adjective in -ful and the adverb in -fully and in -less.
d o u b t 4 d o u b tfu l 4 d o u b tfu lly - doubtless
• In some cases o nly one o f the tw o adjectives - and corresponding adverbs ■derives from the noun root,
not both.
beauty b e a u tifu l - begs&tess / b e a u tifu lly - b e ^ fig $ s ly end - endless / e nitM T y - endlessly
In the same way: delightful, d utiful, grateful, aimless, effortless, heartless, homeless, nameless, pointless
and shapeless.
• The opposite of some adjectives in -ful is un + noun root + ful, not noun root + less.
success 4 successful * unsuccessful skill 4 s k ilfu l t u n skilfu l tru th 4 tru th fu l * u n tru th fu l
• Sometimes both adjective form s (noun root + less and un + noun root + ful) derive from the same noun.
In such cases the tw o adjectives have d ifferen t meanings. The adjective form un + noun root + ful is the
opposite o f the adjective in -ful.
h e lp - } h e lp fu l (= sb who gives help) * u n h e lp fu l (= sb who doesn't give help)
helpless (= sb w ho needs help)
• The opposite of some adjectives in -less is noun root + -y or noun root + -b le , not noun root + -ful.
g u ilt guiltless g u ilty sleep -4 sleepless * sleepy
sense 4 senseless * sensible value -4 valueless * valuable (note the changes in spelling)
• Be careful w ith the m eaning of the adjectives derived from price.
price -4 p rice y (=expensive)
4 priceless (= too valuable to have a p rice)

Noun Root Noun = Noun + -ship

1 Som ebody in a certain position / occupation 1 State of being in certain position / occupation

author authorship
2 Som ebody having a relationship w ith sb else 2 Relationship between tw o people
friend friendship

• Some com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way as a u th o r are: citizen, leader, m em ber and owner.
• Some com m on nouns th a t form nouns in the same way as frie n d are: com panion, p a rtn e r and relation.
• Some nouns form nouns in - ship w ith a d ifferen t m eaning: champion, scholar and sponsor.

[ J I J J 3 When you are asked to com plete a sentence w ith a suitable w ord deriving from a given root, read
the sentence carefully to decide: 1) w hat part o f speech the m issing w ord is (noun, verb, adjective or
adverb), 2) if the missing w ord has the same m eaning as the given roo t (e.g. success-successful) or the
opposite m eaning (e.g. success-unsuccessful).
unit 0 2
C o m p lete th e sentences w ith th e c o rre c t fo rm of th e w o rd s in c ap itals.

1 The top m odel w a s ________ beautifully_________ dressed in an elegant evening gown. BEAUTY

2 My street i s _________ peaceful__________ because it’s far from any main roads. PEACE

3 Our fo otba ll team won the ______ championship________ at the end o f the season and received CHAMPION

_______ sponsorship_________ from a large company. SPONSOR

4 There are thousands o f _________homeless__________ people sleeping in the streets. HOME

5 I b ought a colourful . dress but its colours faded after I washed it. COLOUR

6 I was fined because I was d riving carelessly__________ . CARE

7 The directions you gave us were rather ________unhelpful___________ as we still got lost. HELP

8 I am feeling q u it e __________ sleepy because I d id n ’t get enough sleep last night. SLEEP

9 I g ot into a b u s in e s s ______ partnership __ w ith my cousin but it ended up PARTNER

being unsuccessful SUCCESS

10 The m usical perform ance was so powerful . th a t the audience gave POWER

the orchestra a standing ovation.

11 The w itness’ statem ent d id n ’t help the police in the investigation, so it proved to

be ________ valueless__________ . VALUE

12 The man was found __________ guilty___________ of s h op liftin g and sentenced GUILT

to one m onth in prison.

13 He has ______ successfully__________com pleted his postgraduate studies. SUCCESS

14 The new lazer trea tm en t can extract teeth ________ painlessly__________ . PAIN

15 It’s ju st a harmless . dog. There is no need to panic. HARM

Examination Practice

A R ead th e te x t b e lo w a n d d ec id e w h ic h a n s w e r A, B, C o r D best fits e ach space.

A NIGHT AT THE THEATRE

Going to the theatre brings back happy m em ories, as it (1)________ reminds . me of m y very firs t perform ance on

stage, (2 )_________ which_________ was th irty years ago. Parts o f th a t p articula r n ig ht are so vivid th a t I can still picture

m yself as th ough it were yesterday. The excitem ent am ongst the actors, the (3 )_______ audience's______ applause and

the party after the opening n ig h t are m em ories which w ill rem ain w ith me fo r (4) _ life

I don’t know how we m anaged to do so well. The rehearsals were far from satisfactory because we th o u g h t th a t

we could ju s t have tw o rehearsals a week (5 )_________ when_________ in fa ct we needed more. The background

( 6 ) _________scenes________ to the last act w eren’t ready u ntil an hour before the beginning o f the play despite the set

b u ild e r’s best (7 )_________efforts_________. The director was not satisfied ( 8 )__________ with__________ anything and he

d id n ’t even w ant to show up on the firs t night. Adm ittedly, I w o u ld n ’t have wanted to either.

( 9 ) _________ When_________ the n ig ht fin a lly arrived, we were all a b it w orried. I rem em ber (1 0 )_____ glancing

th ro ug h the curtain ten m inutes before the s ta rt and being amazed (11)___________at___________ the

(12) _ sight . of a fu ll house. Finally, it was tim e fo r the curta in to go up. In the end, we proved the d irector

w rong and everythin g w ent like clockw ork.

 unit 0 2

1 A recognises (B )reminds C recalls D m em orises

2 A w hich B when C w here D w ho

3 A onlookers’ B view ers’ C audience’s D spectators’

4 A life B ages C a w hile D tim e

5 A where B when C which D w henever

6 A images B visions C scenes D sights

7 A attem pts B efforts C trials D tries

8 A by B in C at i D )w ith

9 A When B After C While D Until

10 :A )glancing B noticing C staring D w atching

A in © at C on D fo r
11

A view B vision © s ig h t D image

12

E Complete the text below with the correct form of the words in capitals.

FRIENDS
Many people consider (1)_______ friendship_______ to be the FRIEND

m ost im p o rta n t (2 )______ relationship______ th ey can have. RELATION

It is (3 )_______ wonderful_______to have a frien d you can talk WONDER

to and share (4) ________ valuable________ experiences w ith. VALUE

However, it is im p o rta n t to choose friends

(5 ) ________ carefully_______ . CARE

I
An ideal friend should be ( 6 ) _______ thoughtful_______ THOUGHT
m
and when any d ifficu ltie s arise, hopefully be there fo r us.

Of course, there w ill be tim es w hen we m ig ht be

(7 )________ doubtful_______ of our friends. But, we should DOUBT

always ta lk things through in a ( 8 ) ________ sensible________ SENSE

way and find a solution to our problems. Moreover,

we should be careful not to be ( 9 ) _______ untruthful_______. TRUTH

W ithout honesty, the bond between friends is

(1 0 )_________useless________ and not w o rth anything at all. USE