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Body Regions
 Head
 Neck
 Trunk (Torso)
 Thorax
 Abdomen
 Pelvis
 Upper Extremities
 Lower Extremities

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Body Regions
 Head
 Facial Region
 Eyes (Orbital)
 Nose (Nasal)
 Mouth (Oral)
 Ear (Auricular)
 Cranial Region
 Cranium (Skull)

 Neck
 Cervical Region

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Cardiovascular System
 Circulatory system
 Cardio Vascular System
 Lymphatic System
 Cardio Vascular System
 Heart
 Muscular Pumping Device

 Vessels
 Arteries

 Veins

 Capillaries

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Heart
 Four chambered muscular organ
 Cone shaped and about the size of a fist
 Starts beating early in 4th week
 Contracts 42 million times a year
 Pumps 700,000 gallons of blood
 Location of heart
 Human heart lies in the mediastinum1, or middle region of
thorax, just behind the body of sternum and extends obliquely
for 12-14 cm (5 inches) from 2nd rib to the 5th inter costal space.
 About two-third of heart is located to LEFT of midline
 One-third is to RIGHT.

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Heart
 Orientation
 Rests on superior surface of diaphragm
 Anteriorly -->
 Lies anterior to Vertebral Column against bodies of 5th to 8th
thoracic vertebrae
 Posteriorly --> It lies behind the sternum
 Laterally --> Lungs flank the heart and partially cover
it

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 Heart
 Base
 Broad superior end where the large vessels attach
 Just below the 2nd rib
 9cm (3.5 inches) wide and directed towards the right shoulder
 Apex
 A blunt point at lower end of the heart that lies on the
diaphragm pointing downwards
 PMI (Point of maximal Intensity)
 The space between the 5th and 6th rib, just below the left nipple,
where apex touches the chest wall
 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
 Rhythmic compression the heart with the heel of the hand

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Heart
 Weight, size and Shape of the Heart
 Weight
 Infants  1/130th of body weight
 Adults  1/300th of body weight
 Adults Range: 225-350g
 Male Avg: 310g
 Female Avg: 225g
 Heart attains full adult shape and weight between puberty and 25 years of age.
 Size
 Approximated Dimensions are;
 Length -- > 12 cm (4.75 inches)
 Width -- > 9 cm (3.5 inches)
 Depth -- > 6 cm (2.5 inches)

 Shape
 Tall, thin individuals
 Short individuals
 Average height individuals
Elongated (Greater length)
Transverse (Greater width)
Neither Long nor transverse
(intermediate) 10
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Coverings of the Heart

 Pericardium (Peri=around, cardi= heart)
 Double walled sac that encloses the heart
 Fibrous Pericardium
 Serous Pericardium
 Fibrous Pericardium
 Composed of dense connective tissue
 Tough, loose-fitting and inelastic covers heart
loosely.
 Functions
 Protects heart
 Anchors it to Surrounding structures
 Prevents overfilling of heart with blood

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 Coverings of the Heart
 Serous Pericardium
 A thin slippery, two layered membrane
 Parietal Layer
 Lines inner surface of the fibrous Pericardium
 Visceral layer (Epicardium)
 Adheres to the outside of the heart

 Pericardial Cavity:
 Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous
pericardium
 Contains few drops of fluid called PERICARDIAL Fluid.
 Provides lubrication
 Prevents from friction
 Pericarditis
 Inflammation of the pericardium

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Coverings of the Heart

Pericardium Viscseral pericardium 14

 Heart Wall
 The wall of the heart is composed of three distinct layers,
richly supplied with blood vessels.
 Epicardium
 Myocardium
 Endocardium
 Epicardium (on the heart)
 Superficial layer
 Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
 It is often infiltrated with fat, especially in older
people.

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Myocardium

 Middle Layer
 Forms the bulk of heart
 Thick, contractile, constructed
of cardiac muscles
 Layer that contracts
 In this layer, the branching cardiac muscle cells are
tethered to one another by crisscrossing connective
tissue fibers and arranged in spiral or circular bundles.

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 Endocardium
 Inner most Layer
 Delicate layer composed of endothelial tissue (resembels
simple squamous epithilium)
 Continuous with the endothelial linings of the blood
vessels leaving and entering the heart.
 Covers the beamlike projection of myocardial tissue
called trabeculae. 1

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