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Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265

© 2008 The Author(s)


ORIGINAL PAPER Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion
DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.01138.x

Characterization and comparison of bone marrow and


Blackwell Publishing Ltd

peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for cellular therapy


in critical leg ischaemia: towards a new cellular product
J.-C. Capiod,1 C. Tournois,2,3 F. Vitry,4 M.-A. Sevestre,5 S. Daliphard,2 T. Reix,5 P. Nguyen,2,3 J.-J. Lefrère1 & B. Pignon3,6
1
Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France
2
Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
3
EA3801, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 53, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Reims, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Reims Cedex, France
4
Department of Methodology, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
5
Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Amiens, Amiens, France
6
Department of Cell Therapy, University Hospital Reims, Reims, France

Background and Objectives Autologous transplantation of either bone marrow (BM)


or peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MNC) induces therapeutic angiogenesis in
patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Yet, the precise nature of the cellular
product obtained from BM or PB and used in these therapeutic strategies remains unclear.
Materials and Methods We have analysed the characteristics of BM-MNC and PB-MNC
collected without mobilization and implanted in patients with critical limb ischaemia
in a clinical trial of cellular therapy including 16 individuals treated by BM-MNC and
eight by PB-MNC. These MNCs were characterized by cell counts, viability assessment
and enumeration of leucocyte subsets, CD34 stem and endothelial progenitor cells
(EPCs) (CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+) by flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence intensity
ratios were determined for CD34, CD133 and VEGF-R2 markers. All analyses were
simultaneously performed in two laboratories.
Results Accuracy and reliability between both laboratories were achieved. BM-MNCs
and PB-MNCs were quantitatively and qualitatively heterogeneous and quite different
from each other. Stem cells and EPCs were significantly more present in BM- compared
to PB-cell products, but with similar mean fluorescence intensity ratios. A weakly positive
correlation was observed between CD34+ cell counts and EPCs levels, confirming the
specificity of cell identification.
Conclusion A great variability was observed in cell product characteristics according
to their origin and also between individuals. These data stress the necessity of optimal
Received: 11 August 2008,
characterization of cell products especially in multicentric clinical trials.
revised 28 October 2008,
accepted 12 November 2008, Key words: cellular therapy, cellular product, critical leg ischaemia, endothelial
published online 15 December 2008 progenitor cells, therapeutic angiogenesis.

Correspondence: Claire Tournois, EA3801, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 53, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Reims, Hôpital
Robert-Debré, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
E-mail: claire.tournois@univ-reims.fr
Statement of equal author contribution: Jean-Claude Capiod and Claire Tournois contributed equally to this study.
Conflict of interest: all authors disclose conflict of interest of any kind related to this manuscript. Authors had full access to the data.
Abbreviations: 7-AAD, 7-aminoactinomycin; BM, bone marrow; BMI, body mass index; CLI, critical limb ischaemia; ECD, phycoerythrin-texas red;
ECs, endothelial cells; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; FC, flow cytometry; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, modification of diet in renal disease;
Med, median; MGG, May Grünwald Giemsa; PB, peripheral blood; PCy5, phycocyanin 5; PCy7, phycocyanin7; VEGF-R2, vascular endothelial growth
factor receptor 2.

256
Cell therapy in critical limb ischaemia 257

Table 1 Patient’s characteristics


Introduction
Several studies have shown that autologous transplantation BM cell products PB cell products
of either bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) mono- group (n = 16) group (n = 8)
nuclear cells (MNC) could be effective in inducing angiogenesis
Age (years) 71 [45–84] 60 [37–84]
in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease [1–6].
Gender
Experimental studies have shown that circulating BM-
Male 14 (87·5%) 6 (75%)
derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can be mobilized Female 2 (12·5%) 2 (25%)
and incorporated into sites of active ischaemia to increase BMI (kg/m2) 24·8 [20·8–30·8] 22·7 [18·5–31·0]
postnatal neovascularization [7,8], and that circulating BM- Smoking one current, 12 past, two current, 4 past,
derived EPCs are able to differentiate into mature endothelial 3 never 2 never
cells (ECs) [9]. The mechanisms regulating the differentiation Disorders
of BM-derived EPCs, their mobilization and their homing to Arterial hypertension 11 (69%) 6 (75%)
ischaemic sites remain partially unknown [10], but the Hypercholesterolemia 12 (75%) 3 (37·5%)
implantation of BM-MNC [11] and of PB-MNC [12] into Diabetes mellitus 6 (37·5%) 1 (12·5%)
GFR (ml/min/1·73 m2)a 59 [30–86] 81 [59–172]
ischaemic tissues (through the intramuscular local transplan-
Haemoglobin (g/l) 132 [104–154] 124 [100–141]
tation of these cells) induces collateral vessel formation in
White blood cells (109/l) 7·2 [5·0–10·4] 7·4 [5·6–8·9]
animals, suggesting that this cell therapy could constitute a
new strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis. Quantitative variables were expressed as median and range [min–max].
The questions of which cells and which optimal effective a
GFR, Glomerular filtration rate (MDRD or modification of diet in renal
quantity to implant are crucial as long as the precise neovas- disease).
cularization mechanisms are not completely elucidated.
However, in most clinical trials, the exact composition of the
cellular product used remains elusive and is obviously highly unilateral CLI and were not suitable candidates for surgery,
variable. In fact, several parameters such as the origin of the non-surgical acts or revascularization. Patients with poorly
MNC (BM or PB), the health status of the donor and the controlled diabetes mellitus or with a history of malignant
preparation procedures [13] may lead to major differences in disorder were excluded. The ethical committee of each
this cellular product, which is perhaps destined to become a participating centre approved the protocol. Written informed
new ‘transfusion product’. For this reason, it is important to consent was obtained from all patients. Twenty-four patients
try to characterize most precisely such a product before the were included: 16 treated with BM-MNC and eight with
implementation of future multicentre clinical trials aiming to PB-MNC (Table 1). Patients were consecutively included as
fully demonstrate the efficacy and safety of this cellular soon as they presented with appropriate criteria and were not
therapy in critical limb ischaemia (CLI). Such an approach selected to receive one or another type of cells. The first 16
would allow choosing the ‘best’ cell product in terms of selected patients were treated with BM-MNC; the following
efficacy, to standardize this product by cell characterization ones were treated with PB-MNC. Cells were implanted 1–3 h
methods easy to perform, and to contribute to the best knowledge after preparation by 30 intramuscular injections into the
of involved mechanisms. We report here our results in gastrocnemius of the ischaemic leg. Total injection volume
characterizing BM-MNC and PB-MNC implanted in patients was 30 ml. In this article, we focalized on the two types
with CLI in a French clinical trial. This trial was an open cellular products used.
bicentric prospective study performed in two academic
centres of vascular surgery and tested the safety and efficacy
Bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear
of BM-MNC or non-mobilized PB-MNC implanted in individuals
cell samples
with CLI. The clinical results will be presented as soon as all
patients will have achieved sufficient follow-up. However, an For the preparation of BM-MNC, 500 ml of bone marrow was
interim analysis was performed that confirmed the safety and collected under general anaesthesia through multiple
was in favour of similar efficacy for both cell products. punctures of the posterior iliac crest using a Jamshidi needle.
MNC were isolated using a blood cell separator (Cobe Spectra,
version 4, Bone Marrow Processing Program, Gambro BCT,
Materials and methods Lakewood, CO, USA). PB-MNC were collected by cytapheresis
A prospective clinical trial was initiated in two French academic of one blood mass (5·1 ± 1·1 l) during 90 min with the
hospitals in order to establish whether intramuscular same blood cell separator (Cobe Spectra, version 6, auto-
implantation of BM-MNC or PB-MNC can induce clinical PBSC program, Gambro BCT). In both cases, the blood cell
improvement in patients with CLI. Enrolled patients had separator was programmed to obtain a final volume of 40 ml

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
258 J.-C. Capiod et al.

MNC concentrate (30 ml for autologous re-injection and CD34+ cell enumeration was also ensured during the first
10 ml for controls and analyses). There was no previous step of EPCs quantification with phycocyanin 5 (PCy5)-
mobilization by any haematopoietic growth factor. Blood cell CD34.
separator was centralized in one centre (Reims Hospital).
Samples of the end-product were collected and diluted Endothelial progenitor cells. Endothelial progenitor cells
1 : 2 in citrate–citric acid–dextrose to avoid cellular aggregates were defined as CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ cells [15–17].
(ACDA, Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, IL, USA). A final volume Four-colour labelling was used to assess the co-expression of
of 2 ml was dispatched at stable ambient temperature in the CD34, CD133 and VEGF-R2. This allowed the concomitant
laboratories of the two participating centres (laboratory A for enumeration of CD34+, CD34+/CD133+ [18], CD34+/
Amiens Hospital; laboratory B for Reims Hospital). Cell VEGF-R2+ cells, and CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ cells. After a
analyses were simultaneously performed in these laboratories, 10-min incubation at room temperature of 2 × 106 BM or PB-
within 3 h after preparation of the cell product. MNC per tube with 5 μl of FcR Blocking Reagent (Miltenyi
Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), the cells were processed
for four-colour FC analysis. Filters and photodetectors were
Mononuclear cell characterization
similar in both laboratories for measuring light emitted by
Cell counts FITC, PE and PCy5, and different for the fourth fluorescence
Mononuclear cell counts were performed with an XE-2100™ that was phycoerythrin-texas red (ECD) in laboratory A and
Sysmex counter (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) in phycocyanin7 (PCy7) in laboratory B. The following anti-
laboratory A, and a Gen’s® counter (Beckman Coulter, human monoclonal antibodies were used: ECD-CD45 (Clone
Villepinte, France) in laboratory B. Cytospins were prepared J33, Beckman Coulter) in laboratory A and PCy7-CD45
using Cytospin 3 Shandon® cytocentrifuge with a volume of (Clone J33, Beckman Coulter) in laboratory B, PCy5-CD34
50 μl cells adjusted at a concentration of 1 · 109/l, dried and (Clone 581, epitope class III, Beckman Coulter), and PE-
stained with May Grünwald Giemsa before examination in VEGF-R2 (R&D System, Wiesbaden, Germany). To identify
light microscopy. Cell count was used to calculate positive CD133+ cells, an indirect method was used with a first
cell quantification from the percentage of positive cells incubation with biotinylated CD133 (Clone AC133, epitope 1,
obtained by flow cytometry (FC) analysis. Miltenyi Biotec) followed by a second with FITC-antibiotin
(Miltenyi Biotec). For each sample, seven tubes were prepared
Characterization of mononuclear cell in flow cytometry with, respectively, four isotopic controls (one for each
A three-colour FC analysis was performed by both laboratories fluorescence wavelength), one for autofluorescence assess-
on Epics XL® analysers (Beckman Coulter) to determine the ment and two test tubes for positive cell analysis. Two 30-min
proportion of CD2+ cells (T lymphocytes and natural killer incubation periods were performed at 4°C in the dark: first
cells), CD19+ cells (B lymphocytes), and CD14+ (monocytes) with CD45, CD34, CD133 and/or VEGF-R2, then with
cells in the cell products. PE-CD2/FITC-CD45, PE-CD19/ antibiotin-FITC. After each incubation, the cells were washed
FITC-CD45 and PE-CD14/FITC-CD45 (Beckman Coulter) at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS;
were used. Cell suspensions adjusted at 5 × 105 per tube were Dulbecco ohne Ca/Mg, Biochrom AG seromed®, Berlin,
incubated for 10 min, at room temperature, in the dark, with Germany) by centrifugation for 5 min at 200 g. Cell suspensions
10 μl monoclonal antibodies and 20 μl 7-AAD (7-aminoac- were then incubated with Versalyse Lysing Solution® and
tinomycin) viability dye (Beckman Coulter). After red cell IOTest 3® Fixative Solution (Beckman Coulter) following
lysis with Versalyse Lysing Solution® (Beckman Coulter), a the manufacturer’s instructions. After a final wash with 5 ml
count was performed for each relevant marker among PBS and centrifugation for 5 min at 200 g, the cells were
20 × 103 viable (7-AAD negative), CD45+ cells. resuspended in 1 ml PBS with 25 μl IOTest 3® Fixative
Solution (Beckman Coulter). The gating strategy included
Characterization of stem and progenitor cells in flow exclusion of platelets, debris, nude nuclei (megakaryocytic and
cytometry erythroblastic cells) and non-viable cells, and positive selection
of CD34+/CD133+, CD34+/VEGF-R2+ and CD34+/CD133+/
CD34+ stem cells. CD34+ stem cell analysis was performed VEGF-R2+ cells among 400 000 relevant cells (more than
according to the reference method [14] using PE-CD34 500 000 total events).
(Clone 581, epitope class III, Beckman Coulter) and Positive cells quantification was calculated from cell
FITC-CD45 anti-human monoclonal antibodies, the 7-AAD counts and percentages of cells identified by FC.
viability dye (Beckman Coulter), PE-IgG1 and FITC-IgG1 Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratios were established
(Beckman Coulter) as isotypic controls, and StatusFlow using the MFI of each labelled peak vs. that of the peak of
Pro™ control as target values. The same protocol as for non-specific labelling obtained with the relevant isotypic
quantifying MNC was used among 75 × 103 viable cells. control [19]. Fluorospheres (Flowset®, Beckman Coulter)

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
Cell therapy in critical limb ischaemia 259

were also used in both laboratories to check for the absence Table 2 Laboratory reliability study (laboratory A–laboratory B) of flow
of significant differences between the two instruments in the cytometry (FC) quantification of stem and progenitor cells using the Bland
comparable channels. The software for list mode analysis and Altman summarized representation
was XL System 2® (Beckman Coulter) and CXP™ (Beckman
BM and PB cell products
Coulter).
(laboratory A–laboratory B)

Cell controls. Two types of cell controls were tested with the Mean Limits of
same protocol. First, PB-MNC were purified from three difference biasa agreement CI 95%b
samples obtained from healthy patients by density gradient
centrifugation (d = 1·077, Lymphocyte Separation Medium, PE-CD34+ (109/l) –0·037 [–0·154; +0·079]
PCy5-CD34+ (109/l) –0·030 [–0·095; +0·036]
Eurobio, Les Ulis, France) and provided a control for
CD34+/CD133+(109/l) +0·022 [–0·080; +0·124]
non-specific labelling. Second, the HEL7 erythroblast cells
CD34+/VEGF-R2+ (109/l) –0·00024 [–0·0031; +0·0024]
(ATCC® number: TIB-180TM) [20] were used as positive
CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ (109/l) –0·000149 [–0·0034; +0·0031]
control for VEGF-R2 and CD34 labelling, respectively, and
the HT29 cell line (ATCC® number: HTB-38) for CD133 a
Bias correspond to the mean difference between laboratory A and
labelling [21]. laboratory B. This represents the systematic bias observed between
laboratory A and laboratory B for a measure.
b
Intra- and interlaboratory variation. Intralaboratory evaluation Limit of agreement correspond to the confidence interval (CI) 95% of the
of assay reproducibility was realized independently in the mean difference between laboratory A and laboratory B. This represents the
range of value obtained, with 95% CI, by laboratory B for a given value
two centres. Each laboratory tested 20 samples (11 BM-cell
measured by laboratory A.
products and nine PB-cell products) from healthy or CLI
patients for CD34+, CD34+/CD133+, CD34+/VEGF-R2+ and
CD34+/VEGF-R2+ cell counts. A coefficient of variation was
calculated from n repetitive measurements for each assay
Reliability
(n = 4 or 5 for PCy5-CD34+ cell counts; n = 3 for CD34+/
CD133+ cell counts; and n = 2 for CD34+/VEGF-R2+ and PCy5-CD34 labelling being the first step in the characterization
CD34+/VEGF-R2+ cell counts). of CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ EPCs, we compared PCy5-
Laboratory reliability was determined using the Bland and CD34+ cell enumeration to PE-CD34+ cell enumeration: the
Altman representation [22]. This method led to the determi- mean difference and 95% confidence interval between these
nation of a laboratory A and laboratory B mean difference. enumerations were +0·013% [–0·53; +0·56] and +0·006%
This difference is considered as the systematic bias a laboratory [–0·25; +0·26] in laboratory A and laboratory B, respectively.
has compared to the other laboratory. In a second step, the Enumeration of stem and endothelial progenitor cells by FC
Bland and Altman representation allowed us to determine the in both laboratories appeared highly reproducible (Table 2).
limit of agreement (95% confidence interval of mean difference) A slightly larger difference was noted for immature EPCs in
observed between laboratory A and laboratory B. PB-MNC products, which was found to have a frequency of
about 1 × 10–5.

Statistical analysis
Viability and cell counts in bone marrow and
Quantitative variables were expressed as median (Med) and
peripheral blood cell products
range [min–max]. Comparisons between cell products were
performed using the Mann–Whitney test. Paired comparisons The median viability of BM cell products (n = 16) and PB
used the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. Significance was set cell products (n = 8) was 95% [91–99] and 98% [94–99],
as P < 0·05. The correlation between the different subtypes respectively, without any difference between both laboratories.
of stem and progenitor cells used the non-parametric Spearman Cell counts of BM and PB cell products are presented in
test. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software Table 3. Red blood cells, platelets, total nucleated cells,
v 8·0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). lymphocytes and monocytes were in significantly higher
concentration in PB than in BM cell products. The proportion
of remaining mature granulocytes was low, with median
Results values below 12·7% [2·0–47·5] and without any difference
Owing to the fact that we were dealing with very rare events, between BM and PB cell products. As shown in Table 4, FC
the reliability in both laboratories was assessed. Then, using analysis confirmed that CD2+ cells (T lymphocytes and
this validated strategy of analysis, we characterized the cell natural killer cells), CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD14+ mono-
therapy products. cytes were significantly more frequent in PB cell products.

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
260 J.-C. Capiod et al.

Table 3 Cell counts of BM- and PB-cell productsa (ii) raw MFI values to quantify the cells. As the cell products
were concentrated after collection on a cell separator,
BM cell products PB cell products platelets, debris, nude nuclei (megakaryocytic and erythroblastic
Med [min–max] Med [min–max] Pb cells) and non-viable cells were numerous and excluded by
gating (Fig. 1a, histogram 1). These events represented a
Haematocrit (%) 4·4 [2·4–12·6] 10·0 [6·4–21·0] 0·0012
median of 25·0% (range: 6·9–49·6) of total events, with no
Platelets (109/l) 729 [461–1214] 1491 [916–1756] 0·0002
difference between BM and PB cell products.
Total nucleated cells (109/l) 37·8 [18·1–71·5] 122·9 [67·7–165·9] 0·0001
Total MNCs (109/l) 32·4 [10·9–52·2] 108·6 [63·1–162·6] 0·0001
Lymphocytes (109/l) 18·0 [6·2–36·5] 57·9 [23·1–125·8] 0·0002 Cell differential and count in bone marrow- and
Monocytes (109/l) 5·7 [2·1–12·4] 42·0 [21·2–61·7] 0·0001 peripheral blood-derived products
Erythroblasts (109/l) 2·9 [0·4–13·6] – – The population of EPCs (CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+) was a
Other cellsc (109/l) 2·2 [0–4·1] – – highly discrete subset with small size and homogenous
Mature granulocytes (109/l) 6·2 [1·9–33·9] 8·8 [3·3–31·6] 0·32 structure [forward scatter and side scatter low in FC]: median
values observed for 4 × 105 analysed cells were 56 [6–295]
a
For each sample, the value of each parameter was calculated as the mean of
and 4 [1–10] in BM and PB cell products, respectively (gate
results from laboratory A and laboratory B; then median, min and max were
D in histogram 5, Fig. 1a). These subsets were identified as
calculated from the 16 BM- and the eight PB-cell products. Data were
small clusters, clearly separable from the background and
obtained by combining total cell counts and differentials performed after
counting of 400 cells on May Grünwald Giemsa-stained cytospins. absent in the relevant isotypic control. Results of stem and
b
Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test. progenitor endothelial cell quantification are presented in
c
Other cells: blasts, immature granulocytes and plasma cells. Table 4. EPCs as well as CD34+, CD34+/CD133+ and CD34+/
VEGF-R2+ cells were significantly higher in BM cell products
than in PB cell products. Among CD34+ cells, 55% [27–68]
and 49% [21–82], co-expressed CD133+ in BM and PB cell
Quantification of stem and progenitor endothelial
products, respectively, without any difference between both
cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood cell
products (P = 0·39). EPCs represented 1·2% [0·2–8·5] and
products
1·4% [0·3–8·0] of CD34+/CD133+ cells in BM MNC and PB
Stem and progenitor endothelial cells being very rare events MNC products, respectively (P = 0·50). The frequency of
(CD34+ cells coexpressing CD133 and VEGF-R2 was only CD34+ cells expressing CD133+ and VEGF-R2+ was only
0·002% of total peripheral blood mononuclear cells [15]), we 0·7% [0·1–3·6] and 0·8% [0·1–3·9] of the total CD34+ in BM
used two methods for FC characterization: (i) determination of and PB cell products, respectively (P = 0·52). Among CD34+
the percentage of nucleated cells and quantification of the cells, 0·6% [0·1–3·8] and 1·9% [0·2–3·9] co-expressed
absolute number of each category of cells in the cell products; VEGF-R2+ in BM and PB cell products, respectively

Table 4 Flow cytometry characterization of BM- and PB-cell productsa

BM cell products PB cell products


Med [min–max] Med [min–max] Pb

CD2+ (109/l) 14·8 [4·6–29·2] 54·2 [21·7–111·8] 0·0001


CD19+ (109/l) 2·8 [1·1–8·0] 7·0 [0·9–20·2] 0·032
CD14+ (109/l) 4·6 [2·0–10·5] 37·4 [12·1–54·0] 0·0001
PCy5-CD34+ %c 2·27 [0·86–4·53] 0·09 [0·06–0·15] –
(109/l) 0·78 [0·20–3·04] 0·10 [0·04–0·24] 0·0001
CD34+/CD133+ %c 1·21 [0·23–2·11] 0·04 [0·02–0·11] –
(109/l) 0·47 [0·05–1·48] 0·05 [0·02–0·16] 0·0002
CD34+/VEGF-R2+ %c 0·017 [0·002–0·077] 0·002 [0·0003–0·004] –
(109/l) 0·0057 [0·0014–0·0335] 0·0023 [0·0004–0·0046] 0·0234
CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ %c 0·014 [0·002–0·074] 0·001 [0·0003–0·002] –
(109/l) 0·0047 [0·0009–0·0276] 0·0011 [0·0002–0·0034] 0·0022

a
For each sample, the value of each parameter was calculated as the mean of results from laboratory A and laboratory B; then median, min and max were
calculated for the 16 BM-MNC and the eight PB-MNC products.
b
Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test.
c
Percentage of nucleated cells.

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
Cell therapy in critical limb ischaemia 261

Fig. 1 (a) Quantification of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by a four-colour flow cytometry (FC) analysis in mononuclear cells (MNC). (1) Morphometry
analysis with side scatter (SS) vs. forward (FS); platelets and broken cells are excluded and relevant MNC were selected in gate K. (2) SS vs. ECD- or PCy7-CD45;
relevant MNC were selected by counting 400 000 CD45+/– cells in gate A. (3) Among relevant MNC (AK), total CD34+ cells were selected in gate B. (4) CD34+/
CD133+ cells were selected in gate C. (5) CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ cells were selected in gate D. (6) and (7) To complete this analysing strategy, two histograms
in fluorescence bi-parametric mode were used to show CD34+/VEGF-R2+ cells (histogram 6, gate H2) and CD34+/CD133+/–/VEGF-R2+/– cells (histogram 7).
(b) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression. The mean fluorescence intensity and the MFI ratio (test/isotypic control) were calculated from 100% positive
and negative cells [19].

(P = 0·086). In BM cell products, 87% [67–96] of CD34+/ CD34+/CD133+ cell quantifications (r = 0·98, P < 0·0001).
VEGF-R2+ cells co-expressed CD133+ as compared to 50% The correlation between CD34+/VEGF-R2+ and CD34+/
[21–86] in PB cell products (P = 0·0009). CD133+/VEGF-R2+ cell concentrations was also high
The individual distribution of stem and progenitor cells in (r = 0·94, P < 0·0001). In contrast, the correlation between
the 24 cell products is presented on Fig. 2. A large dispersion CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ cell concentrations
of values was observed in both BM and PB cell products. was only weakly positive (r = 0·52, P < 0·01) (Fig. 2a,b).
Consequently, in some BM cell products, stem and progenitor
cell concentrations were in the range of PB cell products (see, Cell quantification using mean fluorescence intensity
for example, the cell product from patient no. 8 for stem cells values
and from patient no. 24 for EPCs concentrations) (Fig. 2a,b). When the quantification of the different subsets was
Whatever the origin of cell products (BM or PB), a strong expressed as MFI ratios (Fig. 1b), the results were as indicated
positive correlation was observed between CD34+ and in Table 5. No significant differences were observed in MFI

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
262 J.-C. Capiod et al.

Table 5 Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression of BM and PB cell


productsa

BM-cell products PB-cell products


Med [min–max] Med [min–max] Pb

PCy5-CD34+ MFI ratio 24·8 [6·8–64·9] 31·3 [27·0–41·5] 0·46


CD34+/CD133+ MFI ratio 3·5 [1·7–16·1] 3·9 [2·1–9·4] 0·80
CD34+/CD133+/ MFI ratio 15·7 [5·7–39·5] 18·1 [13·0–51·1] 0·35
VEGF-R2+

a
For each sample, the value of each parameter was calculated as the mean of
results from laboratory A and laboratory B; then median, min and max were
calculated for the 16 BM-MNC and the eight PB-MNC products.
b
Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test.

of the three markers (observed in 14 BM MNC samples and in


three PB MNC samples), cell products could be classified in
three clusters: low, medium or bright (Fig. 2c).
Using MFI expression, the correlation between CD34+ and
CD34+/CD133+ was weakly positive according to Spearman’s
test (r = 0·46, P < 0·03). However, the correlation between
CD34+ vs. CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ MFI expression was
moderately positive (r = 0·61, P < 0·01) (Fig. 2c).

Discussion
Precise characterization of cell products used is essential in
clinical trials of cell therapy. We report here data on BM and
PB cell products implanted in patients with CLI included in
such a trial. Owing to the potential importance of EPCs, we
focused on enumeration of these cells.
Endothelial progenitor cells are rare events [23] and their
quantification by FC is challenging. Using strict technical
conditions and following published recommendations [24],
we showed that accuracy and reliability between laboratories
Fig. 2 Progenitor cells among bone marrow (BM)- and peripheral blood can be achieved. The results presented here are considerably
(PB) mononuclear cells (MNC). (a) Individual stem cell concentrations
strengthened by the fact that they were obtained concomitantly
(PCy5-CD34+ and CD34+/CD133+), (b) endothelial progenitor cell
in two different laboratories, demonstrating that sticking to
concentrations [CD34+/VEGF-R2+ cells and immature endothelial
rigorously established standard operating procedure [25] can
progenitor cells (EPCs)] and (c) their mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)
expression. For each sample, the values displayed are the mean of results
provide reliable results in multicentre studies. Furthermore,
obtained in laboratory A and laboratory B. BM cell products no. 6 and no. 8 the standard deviation for relatively rare populations is
came from the same patient. BM cell product no. 16 and PB cell product simply n–1/2 where ‘n’ does the number of events comprise
no. 19 came from the same patient. Numbers matched with the clinical trial the subset. Indeed, when one collects a million events,
patient’s inclusion numbers. finding a single event in a gate is not meaningful [26]. Such
standard operating procedures and new generation instruments
could further improve EPCs quantification, mainly by
shortening both preparation and analysis time by allowing
expressions between BM and PB cell products; and that for the use of a wider range of conjugates and a faster acquisition
either CD34+, CD34+/CD133+ or CD34+/CD133+/VEGF-R2+ of the large numbers of events necessary for reliable enumeration
cells. However, MFI ratio comparison showed the presence of of such rare events as EPCs [27].
two types of cell products: without and with a homogeneous Contrary to previously reported studies, PB MNC were
MFI ratio, that is, varying in the same way for CD34, CD133 collected in our trial without any previous mobilization (in
and VEGF-R2 markers. Among the homogeneous MFI ratios order to avoid possible side-effects reported with the use of

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
Cell therapy in critical limb ischaemia 263

haematopoietic growth factors in patients with arterial the quantification of EPCs showed a large diversity of cellular
diseases) [28,29]. In these circumstances, significant differences subpopulations, but their characterization needs further studies.
were observed according to the origin of the MNC. As We did not observe any significant difference in the
expected, the proportions of both mature and immature cell percentage of CD34+ cells co-expressing CD133 or VEGF-R2
subsets were different: mature cells (including lymphocytes, and of CD34+/CD133+ cells co-expressing VEGF-R2 be-
monocytes and platelets) were in higher concentration in PB tween BM and PB cell products. Conversely, the percentage
cell products, while EPCs as well as CD34+, CD34+/CD133+, of CD34+/VEGF-R2+ cells co-expressing the CD133 marker
CD34+/VEGF-R2+ were significantly higher in BM cell was significantly higher in BM than in PB cell products. This
products. Nevertheless, a great interindividual heterogeneity can be explained by the fact that EPCs loose CD133 when
was observed: in some BM cell products, progenitor cell leaving BM and maturing [15]. Circulating CD34+/
concentration was as low as in PB cell products. This variability VEGF-R2+ cells could also include mature ECs after their
may be related to the patient’s cardiovascular status or the detachment from the vessel wall [40]. However, mature ECs
ongoing therapy [30,31]. All these data are to be interpreted cells have been characterized by their morphometry analysis
taking into consideration that the mechanisms by which in FC (high size and heterogeneous structure) [41]. We thus
MNCs can induce angiogenesis are not yet known. Experimental decided to exclude these cells in our gating strategy.
data suggest that implanted cells, especially EPCs, are With either cell product (BM or PB), the correlation
incorporated into vascular structures [32]. If this is true, the between CD34+ cells and EPCs concentrations was weakly
use of BM MNC, which are rich in stem/progenitor cells, positive. This has to be kept in mind when choosing the best
would be preferable. Other studies are in favour of an indirect parameter to characterize a cell product aimed at inducing
effect of implanted MNC that may secrete cytokines and/or angiogenesis. Quantification of CD34+ cells is easy and
growth factors [33]. PB MNC, even collected without any well-standardized. However, the CD34 marker is not specific
previous mobilization, would be as effective as BM MNC. The to angiogenic stem cells.
paracrine effect of monocytes has been reported [34]. In order to assess whether or not the epitope density on
Platelets are a source of growth factors [35], and products different cell types could influence the results when
obtained by apheresis are currently rich in platelets. expressed as a percentage of positive cells, we analysed raw
Lymphocytes could also play a role as they release numerous MFI. Using the ratio defined in the material and method
factors potentially involved in angiogenesis [36]. Finally, the section, similar MFI ratios for CD34, CD133 and VEGF-R2
quantity of MNC that should be implanted for optimal were observed when comparing BM and PB cell products.
efficacy is unknown. However, the MFI ratios were very different between cell
There is no consensus regarding the immunophenotype of products, whether the origin was BM or blood. This variability
EPCs. As CD45 expression on EPCs is controversial [37,38], may indicate differences between donors. Of interest, we
we chose to analyse CD45– and CD45+ cells. For this, noted that MFI ratios in two BM cell products that were
aggregated platelets and nude nuclei were excluded. In harvested in the same patient were similar. Besides, MFI
accordance to most previous reports, we defined EPCs by the should allow determining the level of expression of CD34,
co-expression of CD34+/CD133+/VEGFR-2+. However, it CD133, VEGF-R2 and possible other markers. The next step
has recently been reported that these cells, when isolated, are would be to correlate the epitope density of such markers
unable to generate endothelial cells in culture [23]. Subsequently, with the functional capacity of cells [42,43]. This approach
the co-expression of CD34+/VEGF-R2+ appears as the best should be challenged and validated by clinical trials.
combination to define EPCs [39]. In large multicentre trials that will be necessary to prove
In our study, the cellular therapy product obtained from the efficacy of cell therapy in CLI, it will be crucial to take
BM presents analogies with cellular therapy products used in into account the characterization of the cell products used.
CLI in other studies, in terms of total amount of implanted Owing to the fact that the involved mechanisms are not yet
BM MNC, of CD34+ cell amount, and of percentage of CD34+ known, mature as well as stem/progenitor cells have to be
cells among the BM-MNC [1,3,5]. The cellular therapy considered. If EPCs turned out to be the active cells, then, a
products obtained from PB in our study (without previous consensual definition of these cells should be proposed. Other
mobilization) was less concentrated, when compared to stem/progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells [44]
cellular therapy products used (after previous mobilization or multipotent adult progenitor cells [45], possibly present in
by granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor) in CLI in other cell products, may also be worthwhile to consider.
studies, in terms of total amount of implanted PB MNC, of
CD34+ cell amount, and of percentage of CD34+ cells among
the PB MNC [4,6]. In these studies, the characterization of Acknowledgements
cellular therapy products was limited to the quantification of The study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov under the number:
total MNC and of CD34+ cells. In our study, the MFI ratio and NCT00533104. Furthermore, the authors appreciated the

© 2008 The Author(s)


Journal compilation © 2008 International Society of Blood Transfusion, Vox Sanguinis (2009) 96, 256–265
264 J.-C. Capiod et al.

contribution of Sylvie Remy, Valérie Creuza, Catherine Massé, angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 2001;
and Jacques Vigne. This study was funded by a clinical 104:1046 –1052
research hospital programme grant (French ministry of 12 Iba O, Matsubara H, Nozawa Y, Fujiyama S, Amano K, Mori Y,
health, PHRC 2003). Kojima H, Iwasaka T: Angiogenesis by implantation of peripheral
blood mononuclear cells and platelets into ischemic limbs.
Circulation 2002; 106:2019 – 2025
13 Hernandez P, Cortina L, Artaza H, Pol N, Lam RM, Dorticos E,
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