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Characterize and
classify conventional
& sustainable
resources of energy,
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Utilize energy efficiently,
economically for the
welfare of the society,
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industry with minimum Explore alternate
environmental impacts. resources of energy
by forecasting
futuristic needs.
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Sources of Energy
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Thermal Energy
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Chemical energy
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Chemical energy
Batteries
Petroleum
Wood
Explosives
Food
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Nuclear Energy
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Nuclear Energy
When the nucleus split/Combines (fission)/(fusion),
nuclear energy is released in the form of heat energy
and light energy.
Nuclear energy is also released when nuclei collide at
high speeds and join ( Ionic ).
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mechanical Energy
When work is done to an object
scientifically, it acquires energy.
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Energy Conversion
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Energy Conversion
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FUELS
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Recommended books
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Fuels
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Classification of Fuels
Chemical fuels:
Substances that react with other proximate substances to
release energy, through the process of combustion, are known as
chemical fuels.
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Classification of Fuels
Nuclear Fuels
Substances that can release nuclear energy by fission or
fusion, are known as nuclear fuels. i.e. the most common
nuclear fuels are the radioactive metals uranium-235 and
plutonium-239.
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Solid Fuels
Solid materials can be used as fuel to burn and release energy through
combustion, which provides heat and light. The most common
examples of solid fuels are:
Wood: Includes firewood, charcoal, woodchips, pellets, sawdust,
and so on.
Charcoal: Produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen.
Biomass: Natural plant materials, such as wheat, straw and other
fibrous material.
Peat: Organic matter and decayed vegetation that can be burned
when dry.
Coal: Combustible sedimentary rock.
Coke: High-carbon material derived from coal.
Waste: Everyday waste can be converted to a fuel source as long as
it does not contain toxic materials.
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liquid Fuels
Biodiesel
This is a diesel fuel based on vegetable oil or animal fat, although
it yields around 10% less energy than conventional diesel.
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liquid Fuels
Alcohols
The most common types of alcohol fuels are:
o Methanol: Produced from methane, methanol is the lightest and
simplest form of alcohol.
o Ethanol: Most commonly found in drinks, but can be combined
with gasoline for use as a fuel.
o Butanol: Usually produced by fermenting biomass using
bacteria, butanol has a high energy content.
Hydrogen
Liquefied hydrogen is commonly used as liquid rocket fuel. Large
volumes of hydrogen are required for successful combustion.
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Gas Fuels
Gaseous fuels are distributed through pipes from point of origin to point of
use, although some are liquefied for storage. Odorisers are often added to fuel
gases so that they can be detected, since an undetected build up of gas can lead
to an explosion.
Natural gas (composed mainly of methane) is the most commonly used type,
but there are numerous manufactured fuel gases, such as:
Coal gas: Derived from coal.
Water gas: A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from
synthetic gas.
Syngas: Synthetic gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and often
carbon dioxide.
Biogas: A mixture of gases derived from organic matter breaking down in
the absence of oxygen.
Blast furnace gas: Derived from the manufacture of metallic iron in blast
furnaces.
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Fundamental Definitions
Calorific value
Amount of heat liberated by the combustion of unit quantity of
fuel. kcal/ kg , kcal / m3.
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Determination of Calorific Value
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Fundamental Definitions
Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel gives
enough vapours in air which produce a momentary
flash when exposed to a flame.
Fire point
The lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel
vapours in air produces a continuous flame when
exposed to a flame.
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Fundamental Definitions
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Fundamental Definitions
Density
Specific gravity
Carbon Residue
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Fundamental Definitions
Viscosity Index
The viscosity index is an arbitrary number indicating
the effect of change of temperature on the kinematic
viscosity of an oil. A high viscosity index signifies a
relatively small change of kinematic viscosity with
temperature.
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Viscosity Index
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Viscosity Index
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Fundamental Definitions
Flue Gas
It is the gaseous product of combustion of fuel.
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combustion
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combustion
Fuel …?
Oxidizer …?
Products of Combustion …?
Incomplete Combustion …?
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combustion
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combustion
1 kg of C needs ? kg of O2
1 kg of H2 needs ? Kg of O2
1 kg of Sulphur needs ? kg of O2
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combustion
Problem:
A fuel contains by mass 88 % carbon, 8 % H2, 1% S
and 3% ash. Calculate the stoichiometric air/fuel
ratio.
Ans: ?
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Classification of Combustion
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Deflagration
The definition of deflagration, according to the Collins Dictionary
is "a fire in which a flame travels rapidly, but at subsonic speed,
through a gas. Deflagration is an explosion in which the speed of
burning is lower than the speed of sound in the surroundings."
The flame propagation velocity is less than 100 m/s (usually much
lower) and the overpressure is less than 0.5 bar. Because it is
controllable, deflagration can be harnessed to do work.
Examples :
‾ internal combustion engine (used in any vehicle that uses fossil
fuels such as gasoline, oil, or diesel fuel)
‾ gas stove (fueled with natural gas)
‾ fireworks and other pyrotechnics
‾ gunpowder in a firearm
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detonation
The word "detonation" means "to thunder down," or explode.
When a decomposition reaction or combination reaction releases a
lot of energy in a very short span of time, an explosion may occur.
A detonation is a dramatic, often destructive form of an explosion.
It is characterized by a supersonic exothermic front (in excess of
100 m/s up to 2000 m/s) and significant overpressure (20 bars).
Examples :
TNT (trinitrotoluene)
Nitro-glycerine
Dynamite
Picric acid
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Smouldering
Smouldering (or smoldering) is the slow, low temperature, flameless form
of combustion, sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen directly attacks
the surface of a condensed-phase fuel. Many solid materials can sustain a
smouldering reaction, including coal, cellulose, wood, cotton, synthetic
foams, charring polymers including polyurethane foam etc.
Examples of smouldering phenomena are the
‾ Cigarette
‾ short-circuited wire
‾ Cellulose
‾ Wood , Coal etc.
‾ Cotton
‾ Synthetic foams , charring polymers including polyurethane foam and
some types of dust etc. 45
DEFLAGRATION
SMOULDERING
DETONATION 46
Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment
systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of
waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the
waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates
carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of
gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into
the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by
incineration can be used to generate electric power.
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