Landmarks in Panoramic Radiography

33 16
22 17 12
18 13
20 19 14
3 21 24 11
25
4 1 15 10
2 35
23
30
31
8
5

32 27
6 9
29

34
28
26
7

1. Coronoid Process 14. Zygomatic Arch 27. Cervical Vertebrae 1- 4

2. Sigmoid Notch/ coronoid notch 15. Pterygoid Plates 28. Epiglottis
3. Mandibular Condyle 16. Pterygomaxillary Fissure 29. Soft Tissues of Neck (Look
4. Condylar Neck 17. Orbit Vertically For Corotid Artery
5. Mandibular Ramus 18. Inferior Orbital Rim Calcifications Here)
6. Angle of Mandible 19. Infraorbital Canal 30. Auricle
7. Inferior Border of Mandible 20. Nasal Septum 31. Styloid Process
8. Lingula 21. Inferior Turbinate 32. Oropharyngeal Air Space
9. Mandibular Canal 22. Medial Wall of Max. Sinus 33. Nasal Air Space
10. Mastoid Process 23. Inferior Border of Max. Sinus 34. Mental Foramen
11. External Auditory Meatus 24. Posterolateral Wall of Max. Sinus 35. Hard Palate
12. Glenoid Fossa 25. Malar Process
13. Articular Eminence 26. Hyoid Bone
ZONE 4 – TMJ STRUCTURES GLENOID FOSSA

MASTOID PROCESS
- Bulbous, diffused radiopacity superimposing
the cervical vertebra distal to the condyle.

ARTICULAR EMINENCE
- anterior to the glenoid fossa

EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

- Round radiolucency distal to the condyle.

LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE

- bilateral; bean-shaped radiopacity found
distal to the lateral border of the maxillary
sinus

STYLOID PROCESS
ON THE TEMPORAL BONE
- elongated area of radiopacity below the
mastoid process
 CONDYLE ZONE 2 – NOSE

NASAL SEPTUM
- radiopacity found between the nasal cavities
& superior to the central incisors.

CORONOID
- Not seen clearly because a lot of structure
superimposes FLOOR OF THE NASAL CAVITY

SIGMOID/CORONOID NOTCH
- Depression in between the condyle and
coronoid MEDIAN PALATINE SUTURE
ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE
- v-shaped radiopacity vaguely continuous - Space of the maxilla and lateral pterygoid
with the nasal septum. - Inverted teardrop, elongated, bilateral, end
of maxillary sinus

ORBIT

INCISIVE FORAMEN

ZYGOMA
- Diffused area of radiolucency posterior to
the Zygomatic Process

NASAL FOSSA / NASAL CAVITY

 MAXILLA
MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY
- posterior to the last molar
HARD PALATE
- seems interrupted because of the nasal
septum

FLOOR OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS

- Inferiorly to the zygomatic process

ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
- C/J shaped radiopacity, near the lateral wall
of the maxillary sinus (posterior & distal)

HAMULUS
- Hook-like, more posterior/distal, superior

MAXILLARY SINUS
 MANDIBULAR INFERIOR BORDER OF MANDIBLE

MENTAL RIDGE
- Conical area
- Very radiopaque

EXTERNAL OBLIQUE RIDGE

GENIAL TUBERCLE - Line that is more radiopaque that the body
- Radiopacity at the midline of the mandible of the mandible

LINGUAL FORAMEN
- Radiolucency found at the center of the
genial tubercle
 MANDIBULAR CANAL MENTAL FORAMEN
- At the end becomes wider forming - Bilateral structure that may be found
mandibular foramen between the premolars, at the apex of the 2nd
PM or between the 2nd PM and the 1st M

MANDIBULAR FORAMEN
MISCELLANEOUS
HYOID BONE
- Not the clavicle. Found in Zone 6.

SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
- Found in Zone 5
 AIR SPACES SOFT TISSUE
NASOPHARYNGEAL BORDER OF THE TONGUE
- More superior

SOFT PALATE
PALATOPHARYNGEAL - Radiopaque

EARLOBES
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
- Where nasopharyngeal and
palatopharyngeal meet
 POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL PANORAMIC ARTIFACTS
- Near the cervical vertebrae
- Or GHOST IMAGES
These are seen on the opposite side as
larger, more superior, and more blurred.

RAMUS

OUTLINE OF THE NOSE

EARRINGS

NASOLABIAL FOLD
CERVICAL SPINE

HYOID BONE