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ABSTRACT
This application report describes the implementation of a single-phase electronic electricity meter using
the Texas Instruments MSP430F673x(A) metering processor. It also includes the necessary information
with regard to metrology software and hardware procedures for this single-chip implementation.
WARNING
Failure to adhere to these steps and/or not heed the safety
requirements at each step may lead to shock, injury, and damage
to the hardware.
The MSP430F6736 source code that is described in this application report can be downloaded from
www.ti.com/lit/zip/slaa517.
The MSP430F6736A source code along with the EVM430-F6736 design files that are described in this
application report can be downloaded from www.ti.com/tool/TIDM-1PHMTR-ESD.
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
2 System Diagrams ............................................................................................................ 3
3 Hardware Implementation .................................................................................................. 4
4 Software Implementation ................................................................................................... 7
5 Energy Meter Demo........................................................................................................ 14
6 Results and Calibration .................................................................................................... 20
7 References .................................................................................................................. 25
8 Schematics .................................................................................................................. 26
List of Figures
1 Typical Connections Inside Electronic Meters ........................................................................... 3
2 1-Phase 2-Wire Star Connection Using MSP430F6736(A) ............................................................ 4
3 A Simple Capacitive Power Supply for the MSP430 Energy Meter ................................................... 5
4 Analog Front End for Voltage Inputs ...................................................................................... 6
5 Analog Front End for Current Inputs ...................................................................................... 6
6 Foreground Process ......................................................................................................... 8
7 Background Process ....................................................................................................... 10
8 Phase Compensation Using PRELOAD Register...................................................................... 11
9 Frequency Measurement .................................................................................................. 12
10 Pulse Generation for Energy Indication ................................................................................. 13
11 Top View of the Single Phase Energy Meter EVM .................................................................... 14
12 Top View of the EVM With Blocks and Jumpers ....................................................................... 15
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List of Tables
1 Header Names and Jumper Settings on the F6736(A) EVM ......................................................... 17
2 Energy Measurement Accuracy With Error in (%) Calibrated at 230 V, 15 A, 50 Hz ............................. 25
Trademarks
MSP430 is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
1 Introduction
The MSP430F6736(A) device is the latest metering system-on-chip (SoC), that belongs to the
MSP430F67xx family of devices. This family of devices belongs to the powerful 16-bit MSP430F6xxx
platform and includes new features and flexibility to support robust 1-phase, 2-phase, and 3-phase
metrology solutions. This application report, however, discusses the implementation of a 1-phase solution
only. These devices find their application in energy measurement and have the necessary architecture to
support them.
The F6736(A) has a powerful 25-MHz CPU with MSP430CPUX architecture. The analog front end
consists of up to three 24-bit ΣΔ analog-to-digital converters (ADC) based on a second-order sigma-delta
architecture that supports differential inputs. The sigma-delta ADCs (ΣΔ24) operate independently and can
output 24-bit results. They can be grouped together for simultaneous sampling of voltage and currents on
the same trigger. In addition, the ADCs have an integrated gain stage that supports gains up to 128 for
amplification of low-output sensors. A 32-bit x 32-bit hardware multiplier on this chip can be used to further
accelerate math-intensive operations during energy computation. The software supports calculation of
various parameters for 1-phase energy measurement. The key parameters calculated during energy
measurements are: RMS current and voltage, active and reactive power, active and reactive energy,
power factor, and frequency.
Complete metrology source code is provided and can be downloaded from www.ti.com/lit/zip/slaa517 for
the MSP430F6736-based software and from www.ti.com/tool/TIDM-1PHMTR-ESD for the
MSP430F6736A software.
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2 System Diagrams
Figure 1 shows typical connections of electronic electricity meters (also called energy meters or e-meters)
in real-life applications. The supported ac voltages and associated currents are 230 V or 120 V at 50 Hz or
60 Hz. The labels LINE and NEUTRAL indicate low-voltage ac coming from the utilities.
More information on the current and voltage sensors, ADCs, and other hardware is provided in the
following sections.
Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the high-level interface that is used for a single-phase energy meter
application using the F6736(A). A single-phase two-wire star connection to the mains is shown with
tamper detection. Current sensors are connected to each of the current channels, and a simple voltage
divider is used to measure the corresponding voltages. The CT has an associated burden resistor that
must be connected at all times to protect the measuring device. The choice of the CT and the burden
resistor is done based on the manufacturer and current range required for energy measurements. The
choice of the shunt resistor value is determined by the current range, gain settings of the SD24, and the
power dissipation at the sensors. The voltage divider resistors for the voltage channel are selected to
make sure that the mains voltage is divided down to the normal input ranges that are valid for the
MSP430™ SD24. For these values, see the MSP430x5xx and MSP430x6xx Family User's Guide
(SLAU208) and the device-specific data sheet (SLAS731 for the MSP430F6736 and SLASE46 for the
MSP430F6736A).
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From utility A
B
N(L) L(N)
xxxxxx
C
TEST REAC MAX kW kWh
xxxxxx
VCC
xxxxxx
RST
MSP430F6736(A)
Sx,COMx
xxxxxx
VSS PULSE2
24-bit SD
xxxxxx
Analog to
I1+ PULSE1
Digital
xxxxxx
CT I In
I1-
XIN
xxxxxx
I2- LF Crystal 32kHz
I2+
XOUT
xxxxxx
V1+
Application interfaces
V In V1-/
V1-
xxxxxx
Vref(O) USCIA0 UART or SPI
Vref(I)
VREF USCIA1 UART or SPI
LOAD USCIA2 UART or SPI
USCIB0 I2C or SPI
L and N refer to the line and neutral voltages, respectively, and are interchangeable as long as the device
is subject to only one voltage and not both simultaneously at its pins. The other signals of interest are the
PULSE1 and PULSE2. They are used to transmit active and reactive energy pulses used for accuracy
measurement and calibration.
3 Hardware Implementation
This section describes the hardware for the design of a working 1-phase energy meter using the
F6736(A).
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Figure 3. A Simple Capacitive Power Supply for the MSP430 Energy Meter
Appropriate values of resistor R20 and capacitor C28 are chosen based on the required output current
drive of the power supply. Voltage from mains is directly fed to a RC-based circuit followed by rectification
circuitry to provide a dc voltage for the operation of the MSP430. This dc voltage is regulated to 3.3 V for
full-speed operation of the MSP430. For the circuit in Figure 3, the drive provides approximately 12 mA.
The design equations for the power supply are shown in the Capacitor Power Supplies section of MSP430
Family Mixed-Signal Microcontroller Application Reports (SLAA024). If there is a need to slightly increase
the current drive (up to 20 mA), the capacitor values of C28 can be increased. If drive higher than 20 mA
is required, especially to drive RF technology, additional drive can be used either with an NPN output
buffer or a transformer and switching-based power supply.
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3.0K
Figure 4. Analog Front End for Voltage Inputs
It is important to note that the anti-alias resistors on the positive and negative sides are different, because
the input impedance to the positive terminal is much higher and, therefore, a lower value resistor is used
for the anti-alias filter. If this is not maintained, a relatively large phase shift of several degrees would
result.
13ohm
13ohm
Resistors R14 and R18 are the burden resistors that would be selected based on the current range used
and the turns-ratio specification of the CT (not required for shunt). The value of the burden resistor for this
design is around 13 Ω. The anti-aliasing circuitry consisting of R and C follows the burden resistor. The
input signal to the converter is a fully differential input with a voltage swing of ±920 mV maximum with gain
of the converter set to 1. Similar to the voltage channels, the common mode voltage is selectable to either
analog ground (GND) or internal reference on channels connected to LSP3 and LSP4.
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4 Software Implementation
The software for the implementation of 1-phase metrology is discussed in this section. The first subsection
discusses the set up of various peripherals of the MSP430. Subsequently, the entire metrology software is
described as two major processes: foreground process and background process.
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RESET
HW setup
Clock, SD24_B, Port pins, Timer,
USCI, LCD
Y
Main Power OFF? Go to LPM0
Wake-up
N
1 second of Energy
accumulated? Wait for
acknowledgement from N
Background process
The initialization routines involves the set up of the analog to digital converter, clock system, general
purpose input/output (GPIO) port pins, timer, LCD and the USCI_A1 for universal Asynchronous
receiver/transmitter (UART) functionality. A check is made to see if the main power is OFF and the device
goes into LPM0. During normal operation, the background process notifies the foreground process
through a status flag every time a frame of data is available for processing. This data frame consists of
accumulation of energy for 1 second. This is equivalent to accumulation of 50 or 60 cycles of data
samples synchronized to the incoming voltage signal. In addition, a sample counter keeps track of how
many samples have been accumulated over the frame period. This count can vary as the software
synchronizes with the incoming mains frequency. The data samples set consist of processed current,
voltage, active and reactive energy. All values are accumulated in separate 48-bit registers to further
process and obtain the RMS and mean values.
4.2.1 Formulas
This section briefly describes the formulas used for the voltage, current, and energy calculations.
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Sample
count
2
å i (n )
n =1
IRMS = K i *
Sample count
Sample
count
å v (n ) ´ i (n )
n =1
PACT = K p
Sample count
Sample
count
å v 90 (n ) ´ i (n )
n =1
PREACT = K p
Sample count
For reactive energy, the 90° phase shift approach is used for two reasons:
• This allows us to measure the reactive power accurately down to very small currents.
• This conforms to international specified measurement method.
Since the frequency of the mains varies, it is important to first measure the mains frequency accurately
and then phase shift the voltage samples accordingly. This is discussed in Section 4.3.3.
The phase shift consists of an integer part and a fractional part, the integer part is realized by providing an
N samples delay. The fractional part is realized by a fractional delay filter (refer to: Phase compensation).
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SD24_B Interrupts @
4096/sec
Read Voltages V1
Read Currents I1, and I2
a. Remove residual DC
b. Accumulate samples for instantaneous Power
c. Accumulate for IRMS for both currents and VRMS
N 1 second of energy
calculated?
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The following sections discuss the various elements of electricity measurement in the background
process.
Channel 0
SD24SCSx=100b
PRE1 Conversion PRE1 Conversion Convers
SD24SNGL=1
SD24INTDLYx=11b
Set by GRP0SC
SD24PREx=PRE1 SD24SC Set by GRP0SC Set by SW
Auto-clear Auto-clear
The fractional delay resolution is a function of input line frequency (fIN), OSR and the sampling frequency
(fS).
360° ´ fIN 360° ´ fIN
Delay resolutionDeg = =
OSR ´ fS fM
In the current application for input frequency of 60 Hz, OSR of 256 and sampling frequency of 4096, the
resolution for every bit in the preload register is about 0.02° with a maximum of 5.25° (maximum of 255
steps). Since the sampling of the 3 channels are group triggered, an often method used is to apply 128
steps of delay to all channels and then increasing or decreasing from this base value. This allows ± delay
timing to compensate for phase lead or lag. This puts the practical limit in the current design to ± 2.62°.
When using CTs that provide a larger phase shift than this maximum, an entire sample delay along with
fractional delay must be provided. This phase compensation can also be modified on the fly to
accommodate temperature drifts in CTs.
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good samples
linear interpolation
Because noise spikes can also cause errors, therefore, the rate of change check to filter out the possible
erroneous signals is used and make sure that the two points interpolated from are genuine zero crossing
points. For example, if you have two negative samples, a noise spike can make one of them positive and
therefore making the negative and positive pair looks as if there is a zero crossing.
The resultant cycle to cycle timing goes through a weak low pass filter to further smooth out cycle to cycle
variations. This results in a stable and accurate frequency measurement tolerant of noise.
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SD interrupts @
4096 Hz
Energy
Accumulator+=
Average Power
Energy Accumulator -
=1KWh threshold?
Generate 1
pulse
Proceed to other
tasks
The average power is in units of 0.01 W, and the 1-kWh threshold is defined as:
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Energy Meter Demo www.ti.com
Figure 11. Top View of the Single Phase Energy Meter EVM
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Figure 12. Top View of the EVM With Blocks and Jumpers
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To read active energy pulses for accuracy measurements, there are several options available on the
board. The related pulse rate is 6400 pulses per kWh by default, but is configurable using the energy
library.
• Optical output via LED1.
• Non-isolated electrical pulse via ACT header. The left pin is the signal, and the right pin is GND.
• Isolated pulses through JP7. The opto-isolator that is used closes the circuit between these two pins
on an active pulse.
Figure 13 shows the various connections that need to be made to the test set up for proper functionality of
the EVM.
Figure 13. Top View of the EVM With Test Setup Connections
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If a test setup needs to be connected, the connections have to be made according to the EVM design.
Figure 13 shows the connections from the top view. L and N correspond to the voltage inputs from the test
setup. I+ and I- corresponds to one set of current inputs and I’+ and I’- corresponds to the second set of
current inputs. Although the EVM hardware and software supports measurement for the second current,
the EVM obtained from Texas Instruments do not have the second sensor and any current inputs must be
connected to I+ and I- only. If additional sensor needs to be placed, please use the two bottom left slots
close to terminals I’+ and I’-. Additional connections need to be made to connect the output of these
sensors to points CUR1+ and CUR1- on the PCB.
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Table 1. Header Names and Jumper Settings on the F6736(A) EVM (continued)
Header Name Main Functionality Valid Use-case Comments
Not isolated from ac voltage. Do not connect
Non-isolated reactive energy external equipment if external isolation is not
REACT Not a jumper header
pulses + GND present. The left pin is the signal, and the right
pin is GND.
The folder "emeter-ng" contains multiple project files. For this application, the emeter-6736.ewp project file
is to be used. The folder "emeter-toolkit" has corresponding project file emeter-toolkit-6736.ewp. Choose
only the projects that have the succeeding terms 6736 for this application. For first time use, it is
recommended that both the projects be completely rebuild.
1. Open IAR window.
2. find and load the project emeter-toolkit-6736.ewp.
3. Rebuild all.
4. Close the existing workspace and open the main project emeter-6736.ewp.
5. Rebuild all and load this on to the MSP430F6736, which is shown in Figure 15.
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Under correct connections, you should see the GREEN filled button under "Comms". If there are problems
with connections or if the code is not configured correctly, the button will be RED in color. Click on the
green button to see the meter results immediately on the GUI.
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The configuration of the meter can also be viewed by clicking on "Meter features" (Example only) to get
the screen shown in Figure 19.
Results can also be viewed as pulses fed back to any energy meter test setup. Energy pulses for total
active and total reactive energies are available at JP9 and JP12 (ACT) and JP14 and JP13 (REACT). In
addition, the pulses go through on-board opto-couplers that might be necessary for interface to any test
equipment. Look at Table 1 and choose the right header for energy pulses.
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4. The values that need to be entered are in % and these values are calculated by the formula in
Equation 1. For any particular voltage, the value will be:
% æV ö
VAL = ç Observed - 1÷ ´ 100
è Vdesired ø (1)
5. Negative values are accepted in the voltage and current fields and the same procedure is applicable
for other voltages and currents. For voltages, enter in field "Voltage" and for currents, enter in field
Current (low). After these values are entered, click on Update meter.
6. Gain correction for active power is done differently; the accuracy obtained from any test system when
pulses are fed from the meter is the most accurate method.
7. Measure accuracy in the reference meter of the test system. This gives the true accuracy of the meter
for active energy.
8. Enter the "% accuracy" seen as-is in the Active (low) field. Click on update meter to do a gain
correction on Phase A.
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3. Measure error again to see if error has increased or decreased. If error has decreased, continue to add
desired increments until you arrive at an error close to zero, else add decrements.
4. Click on "Update meter" every time a modification is made to this field.
5. Change the phase now to -60° and check if this error is still acceptable. If not, fine tune the values of
Phase (low) again. Ideally, errors should be symmetric for same phase shift on lag and lead conditions.
After the meter has been calibrated, it is possible to see these calibrated values for reference. Click "Meter
calibration factors" to open this screen (sample values only).
If the calibration procedure goes wrong, such that the calibration values are either negative or zero, further
calibration of the meter should be stopped and code must be reloaded on to the device and the calibration
routine repeated.
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7 References
1. MSP430 Family Mixed-Signal Microcontroller Application Reports (SLAA024)
2. MSP430x5xx and MSP430x6xx Family User's Guide (SLAU208)
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Schematics www.ti.com
8 Schematics
The following pages show the schematics for the EVM430-F6739.
AUX1
DGND
1 2
C1
4.7uF
C2
DVCC
AUXVCC2
0.1uF
AUX2
DGND
1 2
10 ohm
R2
C3
4.7uF
C4
AUXVCC1
0.1uF
DGND
C6
0.1uF 4.7uF
C5
AGND
4.7uF
AGND
C9 +
4.7uF
0.1uF
C8
C7
DGND
+ C10
4.7uF
AVCC
C11
C12
0.1uF 4.7uF
DGND DGND
AGND
AGND
0.1uF
C13
C14
VASYS
AVCC
32.768
0.47uF
DGND
DVCC
VDSYS
VREF
Q1
VSENSE 14
2
VTEMP 15
DGND
VCORE 23
3 3
12 1
IN-
IN+
I1-
I1+
V1-
V1+
RX0 16
TX0 17
S1
DGND
25
24
22
21
20
19
18
13
12
10
3 1
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
4 2
47K
XOUT
XIN
XVCORE
DVSS
DVCC
VDSYS
AUXVCC1
AUXVCC2
P1.3
P1.2
P1.1
P1.0
NC3
NC2
NC1
VASYS
AVCC
AVSS
VREF
SD2N0
SD2P0
SD1N0
SD1P0
SD0N0
SD0P0
C15
0.01uF
R3
AUX3
VDSYS 1 2 JTAG
13 14
RESET 11 12
DGND
C18
0.1uF
SEG21
SEG20
SEG19
SEG18
SEG17
SEG16
SEG15
SEG14
SEG13
SEG12
SEG11
SEG10
SEG9
SEG8
SEG7
SEG6
SEG5
SEG4
SEG3
SEG2
SEG1
SEG0
R4
DGND
DVCC
ACT
LED1 100
R5
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
DVCC
SV2
SV1
REACT
LCD1
LED2 100
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
COM3
COM2
COM1
COM0
23
24
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
SEG22
SEG23
COM3
COM2
COM1
COM0
SEG24
SEG25
SEG26
SEG27
SEG28
SEG29
SEG30
SEG31
SEG32
SEG33
SEG34
SEG35
SEG36
SEG37
SEG38
SEG39
DVCC
RTH R1
DGND
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www.ti.com Schematics
AGND
AVCC
NEUTRAL
D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
1N4148
LINE
1 21 2 1 21 2
BLM21BD121SN1D
BLM21BD121SN1D
NEUTRAL
BLM21BD121SN1D
R6
BLM21BD121SN1D
2
S20K275
1
EXCML20A
EXCML20A
L6
L5
L4
L3
JP2 AGND
L1
R8 R7
L2
0R DNP
13R R9
R10 13R
1K
R15
1K
R14
LINE-VA R11
R13
R12
1K
1K
AGND AGND
47pF C24
C20
C19
47pF
C22
47pF
47pF C23
330K
C21
15nF
15nF
IN-
IN+
I1-
I1+
330K
R16
V1 R17
330K
R18
AGND
3K
100
R19
R20
1K 47pF
AGND
C26
47pF
C25
15nF
C27
V1-
V1+
SLAA517E – May 2012 – Revised August 2015 Implementation of a Single-Phase Electronic Watt-Hour Meter Using the 27
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Copyright © 2012–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Schematics www.ti.com
NEUTRAL
LINE-VA
C28
0.22uF/305VAC
0
R22
560R/3W
R21
D11
1N4728
1N4004
D12
DGND
220uF/100V
C29
2.2uF
C30
JP3
1
2
Vsupply
59k 1.8M
DGND
R24 R23
DGND
EXT_VCC
0.047uF
C31
5
4
3
2
1
332k TPS5401_DGQ_10
RT/CLK PWRGD
SS/TR VSENSE
EN
VIN
BOOT
U1
R25
C32
0.047uF
COMP
GND
PH
DVCC
EXT_VCC 1 JP4
PL_VCC 3
6
7
8
9
10
0.047uF
2
C33
332k
R26
0.047uF
DGND
D13
C34
B150
ELLCTV
L7
DGND
2.2uF
C35
R31 5K
DGND
Vsupply
VSENSE
28 Implementation of a Single-Phase Electronic Watt-Hour Meter Using the SLAA517E – May 2012 – Revised August 2015
MSP430F6736(A) Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2012–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
29
Schematics
MSP430F6736(A)
Implementation of a Single-Phase Electronic Watt-Hour Meter Using the
DVCC DVCC DVCC
OK1 OK2
1
1
JP7
JP8
1 4 1 4
R41 2 3 R50 2 3
ACT REACT
1K 1K
R32
10K
2
IC2 ACT TIL191 TIL191
1 1 REACT
8
7 WP
3 SDA 5 SDA GND GND
Array
A2
2 A1
1 A0 GND C37
4
24C02CSN
1
2
RF_FIFO RF_SIMO
10uF
RF_FIFOP RF_SOMI
C41
DVCC DVCC
0.1uF
C42
DVCC
1 2 1 2
100k
R33
100k
R34
1
2
S3
13 14 0 R46 RF_CS 13 14
0.1uF 0.1uF 0 0
3
4
3
4
RS232_TXD
RS232_RXD
2.2k
R57
DVCC
R58
DVCC
-
T1
GND
68
R60
2.2k
R59
BC860B/BC857B
GND
6
7
8
3
2
PS8802
U3
PS8802
U2
3
2
5
6
7
8
+12V
D14
R61 LL103A
0.1u
C43
DNP 1k
R62
-12V
D15
10u
10u
C45
C44
LL103A
RXD
GND1
1k
R63
LL103A
LL103A
D16
D17
1.5k
R65
R64
10k
5
4
3
2
1
T2
RS1
R66
220 BC860B/BC857B
G2
9
8
7
6
G1
TXD
30 Implementation of a Single-Phase Electronic Watt-Hour Meter Using the SLAA517E – May 2012 – Revised August 2015
MSP430F6736(A) Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright © 2012–2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
www.ti.com Revision History
Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
• Changed the modulation frequency from "1.1 MHz" to "1 MHz (1 048 576 Hz)" in Section 4.1.1, SD24 Setup .............. 7
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