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Limitations to the technique is that it requires large space for its in-situ application,
inorganic materials are not biodegraded, potentially present metal ions could be toxic to
microbes and large amounts of particulate matter could potentially be released via use of
landfarming (Hejazi et al., 2003).
Biostimulation is the process of modifying the environment with the goal of stimulating
existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. Various forms of rate limiting nutrients and
electron receptors i.e. phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon is added in order to make
biostimulation possible (Stucki et al., 2007). Additives are added to the subsurface via
injection wells. Removal of contaminated material is possible, yet expensive.
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The main advantage with this process is the use of well distributed spatially, indigenous
microbes rather than the introduction of exogenous microbes potentially not as well
suited to the subsurface environment. A limitation posed by local geography i.e. clay can
hinder even distribution of nutrients to microbes (Stucki et al., 2007).
Phytoremediation is limited to the surface area and depth occupied by roots as well as
slow growth and low biomass means this technique requires a long term commitment as
well as the survival of the plant affected by the toxicity of the soil (Cunningham et al.,
1995).
The use of biological means to treat environmental problems is not a new one. However,
it has been shown to be of great use. Bioremediation is not limited to the examples above.
Other examples include composting and bioventing. Techniques range from being
expensive to inexpensive and differ also in how intrusive they are to the surrounding
environment.
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References:
Papers:
Bewley, R., Ellis, B., Theile, P., Viney, I., Rees, J., 1989. Microbial clean-up of
contaminated soil. Chemistry and Industry, 23, 778-783.
Hejazi, R., Husain, T., Khan F., 2003. Landfarming operation of oily sludge in arid
region—human health risk assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99, 287-302.
Peltola, R., 2006. Nitrification in polluted soil fertilized with fast- and slow-releasing
nitrogen: A case study at a refinery landfarming site. Environmental Pollution, 143, 247-
253.
Stucki, J., Lee, K., Goodman, B., Kostka, J., 2007. Effects of in situ biostimulation on
iron mineral speciation in a sub-surface soil. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 835-
843.
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