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Smoke Control
284 (57.6) X (K5)
INTRODUCTION INSURANCE
When a fire breaks out, the consequences Some insurance policies do not cover
can be devastating. A smoke control and business interruption or the legal costs
smoke clearance system can help to related to a fire claim.
reduce damage to buildings and stock.
In many cases, this is often equal to
Occupants are provided with a clear or more than the original claim itself.
escape path, permitting them to exit the
building far more quickly and safely.
Where travel distances are to be extended,
a smoke control system may be installed
as a compensatory measure in order to
comply with the Building Regulations (see
page 4).
3
Legislation and Standards
The applicable legislation and standards ADB gives recommendations on the fire Where Local Acts are in force, these
are: safety requirements for industrial and require additional fire protection measures
storage buildings in England and Wales. to ADB for industrial and storage
SVA Guide issue 3 Where these recommendations cannot be buildings. Typically, where such buildings
BS 7346 Parts 4 & 5 met, then trade-offs are allowed. One key exceed 7,000m2 then either a sprinkler or
BS EN 12101 Parts 1-10** trade-off is in the limitations on travel a smoke control system is required for
BS 7974 distances. In such buildings there is a fire fighting access and where such
The Regulatory Reform Order limit of the travel distance of 25m where buildings exceed 14,000m2 then both a
Local Acts travel is possible in one direction and of sprinkler and a smoke control system is
Building Regulations, 45m where travel is possible in more than required. Colt is able to provide the
Approved Document B one direction. necessary data and calculations and assist
Scottish Building Regulations, in getting the scheme approved by the
Technical Standard D Where travel distances are to be extended, Authority.
The Building Regulations (Northern a smoke control system designed to BS
Ireland) Technical Booklet E Fire 7346-4 may be accepted as a THE REGULATORY REFORM (FIRE
Safety compensatory measure as part of an SAFETY) ORDER (RRO)
BS 5588 Parts 1-12 engineered scheme. Building Control will
Technical Guidance Document B want to approve the design methodology. The RRO makes it obligatory in any
(Republic of Ireland) Colt is able to provide the necessary data workplace that the responsible person
and calculations. maintains a current fire risk assessment
and ensures that all relevant fire safety
ADB also specifies that the maximum equipment is regularly tested and
floor area of an unsprinklered single maintained in effective working order
storey building which is under 18m high by competent persons.
should be no greater than 20,000 m2.
A smoke control system may be installed DESIGN METHODOLOGY
as a compensatory measure as part of an (BS 7346 PARTS 4 & 5)
engineered scheme to increase the floor
area. The design methodology is explained on
page 8.
Please refer to the equivalent documents
for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the
Republic of Ireland.
4
The Benefits of Smoke Control
Systems
Colt have supplied smoke control systems Many large commercial ‘superstores’ are
to many manufacturers throughout the protected by a smoke control system.
world. The very first UK smoke control
scheme was installed by Colt at the It is paramount in buildings that contain a
Vauxhall Motors plant in Luton in 1956. large number of people that they can
escape quickly and safely.
The motor industry cannot afford to stop
a production line for long, since this can Allowance must be made for the elderly,
result in millions of lost revenue even disabled, and families with children.
after just a few hours. Everything is done
to ensure fires can be put out as early as Natural smoke control systems may also
possible with minimal clean up time. be used to provide natural ventilation to
reduce the cooling loads or internal
Smoke control is a valued contributor to temperatures in hot weather. Natural
the overall fire safety system. ventilators may be supplied with
transparent or translucent louvres or flaps
to provide daylight entry into the building.
When a fire starts in a large building, for The smoke can spread laterally at a In an unventilated situation, a building
instance a warehouse, it is not like a fire velocity of up to 5m/s. An average person with a volume of 10,000m3 can become
at home. will walk at 1-2m/s and run at 7.5m/s. smoke logged in just a few minutes.
If a fire started at home all the doors and Once the building roof space is full, the This was proven at the Colt test facility in
windows would be closed. Generally this smoke will start to build down. The rate at Ghent (with a volume of 13,000m3) where
would cause the fire to be suffocated and which this occurs varies significantly with it was shown that the test building became
reduce rapid growth. the nature of the combustibles and completely smoke logged in under two
building geometry. minutes.
In a large industrial building, the amount
of oxygen available and the amount of air Although the smoke is made up mainly
infiltration will mean that this would not of entrained air, it can contain sufficient
be effective. The fire cannot be sealed off. toxic substances and asphyxiates to
disorientate and disable within seconds
In the early stages, smoke from the fire and kill within minutes.
will quickly rise into the roof space.
1. In the early stages, smoke from the fire will 2. Smoke travels laterally beneath the roof, 3. Even large buildings can become totally smoke
quickly rise into the roof space. remote from the fire source. logged in minutes.
6
Snowflakes Factory, Ropley.
7
Design methodology to BS 7346-4
and BS 7346-5
Extract
dl = Depth of smoke layer
dl y = Clear layer
y
Inlet
All the factors listed below need to be The base dimensions of the largest fire Total heat generated by the fire source.
taken into consideration when designing a which a smoke ventilation system should The convective element of this heat output
smoke control system for single storey be expected to cope with. Calculations are drives the smoke flow.
buildings. based on either a steady state or a
growing fire. CLEAR LAYER (y)
Design fire size
Steady state, or growing fires Steady state fires The minimum clear layer for industrial
Ceiling jet The scheme design is based on the buildings should be 3 m.
Heat output of fire anticipated largest fire size within the
Clear layer required building, and therefore the smoke control The clear layer depth is very important as
Smoke zones scheme will be capable of accommodating it permits the escape of personnel and the
The effects of sprinklers any fire up to that size. entry of firefighters.
Wind effects
Air inlets / replacement air Growing fires SMOKE ZONES
Depth of smoke layer The scheme design is based on a fire
Ambient temperature changing size over a period of time Where the building is considered too large
Plugholing depending on the contents of the it must be divided into separate zones by
building. use of smoke barriers.
8
Sainsbury’s, Chichester.
THE EFFECTS OF SPRINKLERS AIR INLET / REPLACEMENT AIR DEPTH OF SMOKE LAYER (d1)
Sprinklers control the fire. They stop the Sufficient replacement air is important for The smoke layer should not be designed
fire from growing and spreading to other the efficient operation of a smoke control to be less than one tenth of the
areas of the building. Colt would always system to replace air entrained into the floor-to-ceiling height.
recommend the combined use of sprinklers smoke plume.
and smoke ventilators. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
For a natural smoke ventilation system
WIND EFFECTS opening ventilators, either in the walls or The ambient temperature for the UK is
in the adjacent non-fire zones in a conventionally set at 15oC.
Colt generally recommend the use of multi-zone system as illustrated below, can
natural ventilators for Smoke Control provide the system with the replacement PLUGHOLING
Systems due to their intrinsically failsafe air required. As more inlet air becomes
nature. If taller structures are situated available the extract ventilation becomes If the smoke layer is too shallow for the
close the position of the ventilators, these more efficient. size of the ventilator used, the ventilators
can divert the wind airflow and cause efficiency may be reduced due to air being
positive pressures over extensive areas, Care should be taken to ensure that all drawn through the middle of the ventilator
thus adversely affecting any natural inlet air enters the fire zone below the instead of smoke.
ventilators in these positions. Instead of smoke layer to prevent "inlet mixing"
extraction from these ventilators they and a deepening of the smoke layer.
could inlet, and thus cause mixing and
deepening of the smoke layer, resulting in
smoke logging within the building. Thus
wind effects have to be taken into account.
CFD (computational fluid dynamics) is used by Colt for building analysis. CFD
can predict the temperature within a building (shown above), or the smoke
behaviour patterns.
9
Smoke Reservoirs
Smoke containment is critical to the Smoke reservoirs: Colt manufacture the Smokemaster range
effectiveness of smoke ventilation of smoke curtains. They are either fixed
systems. Increase the time available for curtains, which are tailored to suit the
occupants to escape the building since particular building structure, or automatic
If the lateral flow of the smoke is not they reduce the travel distances. drop curtains which are hidden and
prevented, the ventilators in the fire zone automatically lowered in an emergency.
will be less effective in releasing the hot Are a cost effective solution to zoning
smoke. This may cool and fall back to a building. SMOKEMASTER - FIXED CURTAIN
ground level, obscuring escape routes and
endangering life. Assist the emergency services by A single fixed smoke curtain can be
containing or channelling the smoke stitched together to provide one large
Smoke curtains provide that necessary into predetermined areas. continuous length, ideal for warehouses
containment by creating smoke and large commercial units.
reservoirs. Limit travel and overcooling of smoke,
reducing the risk of cold smoke
dropping to low level and obscuring
vision.
10
Carpet Right and Focus Do It All, Rugby.
The Colt Smokemaster is a high If a solid mezzanine floor is to be Where a mezzanine floor is part of the
temperature roller blind incorporating heat installed within a building, it can alter the building, it therefore becomes necessary
resistant fabric, similar to fixed smoke fire characteristic, as any fire underneath to provide additional elements to the
curtains. a mezzanine floor changes from a free smoke control system. Due to the nature
burning (bonfire type) to a compartment of the rising smoke plume compared with
The curtains are normally held retracted at fire. that of a simple fire on the floor, the
ceiling level and in the event of a fire, a amount of smoke ventilation required
signal allows the curtain to unroll at a The introduction of mezzanine floors or will be increased.
controlled rate and drop to a preset height. other structures within the building can
have a major impact on the smoke There are various options when dealing
Smokemaster is electrically controlled and ventilation requirement for the building. with the design of a smoke control
can be linked to a Colt EN OPV control system in a building with a mezzanine
system or building management system. A fire occurring under a mezzanine floor floor. One option is to contain all the
or within a compartment which is open to smoke underneath the mezzanine and
the building will form a long plume of mechanically extract from source,
smoke as it spills out round the edge of another is to allow the smoke to spill
the structure and rises up in to the roof out from a limited width and flow into
level reservoirs. This smoke will not only a smoke zone in the roof of the building.
be greater in volume but will be cooler,
and therefore less buoyant.
11
Extract Ventilation
Natural and mechanical ventilation each Natural smoke ventilators can offer the Mechanical ventilation requires reliable
have their own advantages and additional benefit of day-to-day power supplies.
disadvantages: ventilation.
Mechanical systems are designed to
Natural smoke ventilation They are normally positioned on the roof extract a fixed volume of smoke
for smoke and heat extract, and at low regardless of fire size, unlike natural
Advantages level for fresh air inlet, although roof smoke ventilators.
Fail safe operation mounted ventilators in zones not affected
Self regulating by smoke can also be used for air inlet. Consideration should be given to the
Silent operation weight of the fans, as this may lead to
No time or temperature limits A natural ventilator can be designed to structural support issues. A mechanical
Lightweight operate in a fail safe manner, meaning extract system will require a dedicated air
that the ventilators always open when all inlet system.
Disadvantages control/power sources are removed.
Sensitive to wind effects Noise can be a major issue, especially if
For a natural ventilation system, if the fire voice alarm systems are used since the
Mechanical smoke ventilation grows larger than designed, the smoke noise of the fans can reduce intelligibility.
will be hotter and therefore more buoyant
Advantages making the ventilators more efficient. Associated products:
Not wind pressure sensitive
Suitable for ducting However, a natural system may be - Liberator
Fixed extract volume affected by adverse wind pressures, in
which case mechanical ventilation should - Mechanical Extract Fans
Disadvantages be considered.
Noise and weight
Maintained electrical supply Associated products:
Dedicated air inlet supply
- Seefire
- Meteor
- Kameleon
- Firelight
COLT MECHANICAL EXTRACT SYSTEMS METEOR NATURAL VENTILATOR SEEFIRE NATURAL VENTILATOR
A wide range of fan sizes and The Colt Meteor is a flap ventilator which The Colt Seefire is a louvred ventilator
specifications are available from Colt. can be manufactured with aluminium, with a low profile. The louvres can be
translucent polycarbonate or glass flaps. aluminium or translucent polycarbonate
As with natural ventilators, mechanical to allow daylight to enter the building.
extract units can be linked into the Colt Meteors have large unobstructed
sophisticated Colt EN OPV control openings producing high performance The Colt Seefire has a flexible size range
system. levels and improved ‘U’ values. with over 200 size variations.
The Colt Meteor can be attenuated to The ventilator can be fixed either in the
provide sound insulation. horizontal, vertically or at an angle.
The ventilator can be fixed either in the For further information on these products,
horizontal or at an angle. please refer to the relevant datasheets.
In order for a smoke ventilation system to Inlet air should be designed as low as
work effectively and efficiently, a supply possible within the building, generally at
of inlet air is required. least 1.5 m below the designed smoke
layer. If this is unachievable due to the
An inlet air supply will basically create height of the smoke layer, then smoke
a ‘chimney effect’ within the building curtains should be considered.
allowing a steady stream of air flow.
Air and gases that are removed by the There are two main solutions for
extract ventilators are replaced by providing inlet air:
the inlet ventilators. This is sometimes
referred to as ‘make up air’. Utilising adjacent non fire zones to
provide inlet (roof level) and/or by
Ventilators are an ideal solution in large automatically opening ventilators,
single storey buildings when doors and windows and doors to provide inlet
windows are at a minimum. ventilation.
Replacement air
via roof mounted
ventilators and
ventilators installed
at low level.
Replacement air
installed at low
level with
mechanical extract
at high level.
14
Sainsbury’s, Cheshire.
15
High Bay Warehouses
The potential for fire growth within a Most modern day high bay warehouses
high bay warehouse can be much greater will contain an ‘in rack’ sprinkler system
than normal due to the rapid growth of to control the fire growth.
the fire travelling up the vertical racking.
In sprinklered warehouses, the smoke
For any fire safety strategy to be effective control system objectives must be clearly
it is essential that sprinklers are understood for a design to work
incorporated to control the fire. effectively.
16
“Its reassuring to know that
we are protected by a Colt
smoke control system”
Edwards High
Vacuum International
17
Fire Compartmentation - Fire Curtains
As well as fixed or controllable smoke The purpose of a fire curtain is to seal off The curtain automatically descends upon
curtains which are purely used to contain an area to contain a fire and to prevent it receipt of a signal from the fire-alarm
or channel smoke to specific areas, Colt from spreading to other areas. panel, and automatically retracts when the
also manufacture and supply fire signal has stopped.
compartmentation curtains. An example of this could be an
unsprinklered shop unit that needs to be Fire curtains are ideal for entrances
separated from the mall during a fire which need to retain fire integrity in an
condition. emergency but will allow daily operation
to continue.
Another example is access routes through
compartment walls. The curtain must
close to seal off the access route, keeping
the integrity of the whole wall in
a fire condition.
18
“Colt Firepath curtains
prevent the spread of
fire to other areas”
COLT FIREPATH FIRE CURTAIN CONTROLS
The fire curtain comprises a flexible, heat Each control panel can operate a series
resistant fabric, which is impervious to of curtains. It will generally include a
smoke and hot gases, wound round a cir- battery back-up which will retain the
cular tube. The tube contains an electric curtains in their retracted position for a
motor which is normally held retracted at set period if there is a mains failure.
ceiling level, and which unrolls the fabric
automatically upon a signal from a fire Certification
detection system or on loss of power. A Firepath fire curtains have been tested to
bottom bar is fitted to the bottom edge of and fully meet the requirements of
the fabric to keep it taut and provide a BS EN 1634-1 and BS EN 1363-1 to
Colt Firepath fire curtains installed at Tate Gallery,
suitable finish when the curtain is provide an integrity rating of 120 minutes. London.
retracted.
For further information on the Colt
Metal side guides with a fabric retaining Firepath, please see the Colt Firepath
system provide a seal between the curtain leaflet.
fabric and the building. Due to the
immense positive or negative pressures
created by the fire, it is imperative that this
seal remains in place at all times.
19
EN OPV Control System
Colt EN OPV (One Per Vent) is an intelligent electronic control system, which enables
all addressable equipment to be integrated within a total smoke control system.
Power in
Co
supplies) and EN 54 (Fire detection and manually at the control panel keypad and
alarm systems). can amend the daily parameters such as Liberator
the temperature settings and operating Powered Extract
EN OPV is CE marked for compliance Ventilator
Power in
times.
Power in
EN Seefire
Each EN OPV panel can control up to these in a logical controlled fashion. Natural Louvred Ventilators
1000 addressable units and 20 control These actions extend from merely
zones. With additional remote fire flagging up an alarm to putting the system
Breakglass
override panels, the number of control into failsafe mode, depending on their
zones can be increased to 80. The severity. Faults are recorded in an event
maximum number of these remote panels log. This feature obviates the potential for
is 15. “system freeze”. Cyclone A
Car Park Vent
Power in
20
Churchill Files Ltd, Southampton.
Meteor
Natural Flap Ventilator
Wind Sensor
Power in
TS Temperature Sensor Power in Power in
Power in Power in
Power in
Power in
in Power in Power in
Power in
Power in
olt Smoke Curtains (Wired directly into the OPV Extensions can be made to the Colt system without
panel, or connected via the the need for costly alterations to the control panels
Power in
CANCEL SELECT
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
This panel is for the day to day control of
ventilators. Use the arrow keys to choose
from the menu the function required.
Press the SELECT key to carry out this
function. To return back through the menu
Defender
FIRE SIGNAL press the CANCEL key. Use the diagram
health of the
below to guide you.
MAIN STRUCTURE
SUPPLY HEALTHY
Main Menu
7 8 9
Colt system 4
1
5
2
6
3
Vent Status
Open
Open / Close
Close
Configure
S/W Channel
Time Control
Smoke
and instantly Damper
Set Points
Power in
communicates
Tel: (01705) 451111
which arise
FIREMAN'S OVERRIDE SWITCHES
AUTO AUTO
AUTO
AUTO AUTO
AUTO AUTO
AUTO AUTO
Mains in
AUTO AUTO
AUTO AUTO
AUTO
21
Sprinklers
Most sprinkler systems are not designed to Unfortunately, there has been technical Sprinklers
extinguish fires, they are intended purely controversy for many years regarding the
to control them. interaction of sprinklers and smoke Will limit fire spread and control growth
ventilators.
Sprinklers cannot prevent the building Will not reduce smoke damage
from becoming smoke logged, nor extract The main arguments are that the removal
the huge amount of heat generated from of heat by the smoke vents could delay the Will reduce temperature increase
fires. Indeed, it has been shown that due operation of the sprinkler heads and that within the building.
to the drag down of the smoke in by maintaining the oxygen content of the
un-ventilated buildings, sprinklers can building the fire could be allowed to Ventilation
accelerate the rate of smoke logging in burn more fiercely.
the building. Will prevent smoke logging
Now even some of the most sceptical
about ventilation have agreed that its Will reduce building temperature
presence has virtually no impact upon
the performance of standard sprinkler Will assist escape
systems, a fact which has been
demonstrated by research in the UK and Will aid firefighting.
USA.
22
COLT SINGLE STOREY BUILDING AND WAREHOUSE INSTALLATIONS IN THE UK
23
THE COLT PACKAGE COLT SERVICE
Colt International offers the following Other reasons to choose Colt: Part of the Colt Group of companies,
services: Colt Service offers a comprehensive
Colt Smoke Control systems are suited range of maintenance packages incorpo-
Scheme design of all types of Smoke to both commercial and industrial rating the maintenance and repair of all
and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems buildings, and may be adapted to suit building services equipment including
(SHEVS) most architectural requirements. non Colt products.
Scheme design of pressurisation Over the years Colt has funded a large
systems proportion of the research into smoke Colt Service provides a 24 hour, 365
Scheme design of smoke containment control, and its representatives day emergency cover as standard.
systems maintain an unparalleled level of
Provision of performance specifications technical expertise. MAINTENANCE
Project management Colt's in-house research and
Supply, installation, commissioning development capability ensures that Maintenance of a smoke control system
and maintenance of systems, including Colt smoke control systems are is essential. Regular maintenance is
all necessary controls, which will be designed, tested and updated by Colt required by the Regulatory Reform (Fire
designed to interface with others' to meet or exceed relevant legislation Safety) Order both protects your
control systems. and standards. investment and brings you peace of
The majority of Colt's Smoke Control mind that the system will operate
A free full system check will be carried systems are manufactured in the UK effectively in an emergency.
“Colt” and the Colt logo are registered trademarks of Colt International
“People feel better in Colt conditions” Architectural Solutions Colt International Limited
New Lane Havant
Climate Control Hampshire PO9 2LY
Tel +44(0)23 9245 1111
Smoke Control Fax +44(0)23 9245 4220
info@coltgroup.com
Service and Maintenance www.coltinfo.co.uk