RELATIONSHIP OF PLANTS AND WATER

Umi Kalsum / 1714440005

ICP Of Biology Education, FMIPA UNM
Umikalsumarifin@yahoo.com

Abstract
Plant–water relations concern how plants control the hydration of their
cells, including the collection of water from the soil, its transport within the plant
and its loss by evaporation from the leaves. The water status of plants is usually
expressed as ‘water potential’, which has units of pressure, is always negative, and
in simple form is the algebraic sum of the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic
pressure of water. Flow of water through plant and soil over macroscopic
distances is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure. Over microscopic
distances (e.g. across semipermeable membranes) it is driven by gradients in
water potential. Evaporation of water from leaves is primarily controlled by
stomata, and if not made good by the flow of water from soil through the plant to
the leaves, results in the plants wilting. Resistances to this flow are still not well
understood.. Utilization of radiation and hence the level of net primary production
may be reduced by factors that are variable in time and space, like water and
temperature that were just mentioned, but also by the supply and availability of
mineraimutrienls. Allthese factors influence plant growth and can reg- ulate net
primary production either through the net assimilation rate , rate of growth per
unit of leaf area) or by constraining growth. The con- straint to growth may be
such that only a relatively small biomass is formed, and yet this represents the
maximum possible, taking account of the full set of prevailing conditions. A small
biomass will result in a small laf area index.
Keywords: dynamic model, balance, transpiration. photosynthesis, respiration,
water

INTRODUCTION Plants actually, will develop

Plants needs water for its
survival. Without water plant can be
sure there is no life on this earth.
Water is a biological medium on
Earth. Three quarters of the earth's
surface is submerged in water.
Although most of the water is liquid,
there are also some in the form of
steam and ice.
normally when the cells are filled
with water. Whether or not the event
of wilting plants is an indicator of the
size of the water supply in the body
of the plant Lack of water can be a
bad event for plants because it can
reduce the rate of metabolism and in
extreme conditions plants will die.
 Plants will develop population will become. This loss of
normally and thrive and become viability is attributed to the formation
active when the cells are filled with of pores within the cell membrane
water. Water requirements for plants driven by a large transmembrane
vary, depending on the type of plant potential. Pores decrease the
and its growth phase. In the dry membrane’s ability to inhibit the
season, plants often get water stress flow of solutes into and out of the
because of lack of water supply in cell (Sweene, Weaver&Davalos,
the root area and the rate of 2018).
evapotranspiration that exceeds the The difference in
rate of absorption of water by plants. concentration of extracellular fluid
Conversely in the rainy season, with intracellular fluid concentration
plants often experience saturated can be dangerous because cells can
water conditions. experience plamolysis, namely cells
One important factor for shrink and as a result the cytoplasm
driving energy from one solution will come out and cells can
system to another is the experience turgid, namely cells
concentration that it can difference enlarge due to too much water.
(concentration gradient) or water Drought is the most
potential difference. Water will important limiting factor for crop
always move from a solution with a productionand it is becoming an
high water potential to a solution increasingly severe problem in many
with a lower water potential. The regions of the world. The
greater the concentration gradient the determination of the vegetation water
greater the power that moves the status from spectral reflectance has
water molecule to diffuse from the important application in the fields of
hypotonic region to the hypertonic agriculture and forestry). For
region.a cell membrane can instance, the simplified, rapid
graduallyreseal. The greater the assessment of the plant water status
duration of the permeability increase, or related properties is useful not
the less viable the local cell only for irrigation management
purposes, but would also allow for
the efficient screening of large
populations of plants as part of a
high-throughput system to precisely
evaluate the phenotype for breeding
purposes. The practice this time will
be proven by the theory of the
movement of water from
hypotonic region to the hypertonic
region by measuring the water
potential of various tubers using the
method, the Chardakov method. The
Chardakov method focuses more on
the concentration of the solution.Leaf
water potential (LWP) and leaf water
content (LWC)have both been used
to indicate the leaf water status. LWP
is an important indicator of plant
water status and irrigation scheduling
based on LWP is superior to other
methods . However, it has been
noted that the method is susceptible
to rapid temporal fluctuations that
are often observed as function of
environmental conditions (Elsayed,
Mistele, Schmidhalter, 2011).
Water potential is negative
in the xylem of virtually
terrestrialplants. Water potential is
lowered by transpiration from the
leaves assisted by the cohesive forces
between water molecules causing
water to be under tension, under
negative pressure. According to
Young-Laplace’s formula, the
cohesive forces are balanced by the
surface tension and the balance is
manifested as curved, concave
the airwater surfaces in leaves. The
higher the tension is, i.e., the lower
the water potential, the stronger the
concavity is. In addition to
transpiration, solutes dissolved in the
xylem sap may contribute to the
decrease in xylem water potential.
However, the osmotic component of
water potential in the apoplastic
water is marginal since the amount
of dissolved solutes in the apoplast is
typically very small and we ignore
the osmotic effect here. The negative
water potential causes the vapor
pressure of water in the sub-stomatal
cavities to be lowered in relation to
the vapor pressure of water at a water
potential of zero, i.e., pure water
under atmospheric pressure. The
reduction in the vapor pressure can
all be also derived from the effect the
concavity of water surface makes.
Over the concave surface the
equilibrium vapor pressure of water
is lowered from that over a flat
surface. The former approach, based
on the concept of the potential, is
used by plant scientists, whereas the
latter one, based on the curvature
effect, is known by physicists
(Vesala,Sevanto,Grönholm,Salmon,
Nikinmaa,Hari&Hölttä, 2017).
METHOD OBSERVATION
Day and date experiment
about relationship of plant and water
activity, held in Thursday march 28th
2019, which coiccides in laboratory
biology Fmipa UNM at 12.30 WITA.
There are three activity of this unit.
The first activity using several types
of plant bulbs, 8 types of sucrose
solutions namely 0.15 M, 0.20 M,
0.25 M, 0.30 M, 0.35 M, 0.40 M,
0.45 M, 0.50 M 16 test tubes, 8
syringes, labels, measuring cups,
aluminum foil, and cork drillers. Add
10 ml of each different sucrose
solution to the 8 test tubes, then mark
"tube A + solution inserted" using
the label. Put each 10 ml 8 different
sucrose solution again in the other 8
test tubes, put the word "Tube B +
solution inserted" and add 5 ml of
methylene blue each. Make the tuber
pieces using cork drillers and cut into
pieces with a size of 1 cm each. Add
10 pieces of tuber each into each test
tube labeled A and cover using
aluminum foil. Leave for 80 minutes,
every 20 minutes the tube is labeled
A in a shake. After 80 minutes
remove the tubers using different
tweezers. Drop the solution from the
test tube labeled B into the tube
labeled A with the same origin of
origin using the syringe. Observe the
tester's movement, whether the
droplets sink or float on the surface.
The second activity is to
know the affection of temperature
and chemical compounds on the
permeability of the cells membrane.
This activity using several tuber of
tubers plant, distilled water,
methanol, aseton and tertiary butyl
alcohol, cup glass 1000 ml, Cork
drillers with a diameter of 1 cm,
cuvettes, thermometers, freezers, test
tubes, and razor blades. Wash potato
tubers with water if necessary
brushed. After that cut into 12
cylindrical shapes using cork drillers,
cut the cylindrical shape into 3 cm
each and wash again with tap water
for 10-15 minutes to remove
pigments on the surface. There are 3
treatments to be carried out, first heat
treatment. Prepare a water bath by
entering 2/3 of the water into a 1000
ml cup and heating it. Put the potato
tuber pieces into a cup glass which is
heated to 70 degrees Celsius using a
thermometer. Then transfer the
potato tuber pieces from the cup to a
tube that contains 15 ml of water at
room temperature. Let it gradually
cool, then enter the tuber pieces each
piece at a temperature of 65.60.50
and 45 degrees Celsius. For 1
minute. Also add tubers to ordinary
distilled water as a control. After
incubation for 1 hour, shake the test
tube and pour the marinade into the
cuvette and measure the absorbance
at a wavelength of 525 nm on the
spectrophotometer. Repeat for each
of the soaking water from the seven
heat treatments. If the immersion
solution is 1 hour too thick, dilute
with 1:1 distilled water and take
measurements.
The second treatment is
aerated treatment. The tuber pieces at
the beginning are inserted into the
freezer. The frozen tubers are then
washed quickly with tap water and
put into a test tube containing 15 ml
of water. Also insert potato tubers
that don't freeze into another test
tube as a control. After incubation
for 1 hour, measure the amount of
relative pigment in the soaking
solution with a spectrophotometer.
Do dilution.
The third treatment is
treatment with chemical compounds.
The cylindrical pieces of potato
tubers are each fed into methanol,
acetone and tertiary butyl alcohol
solutions. Also insert cylindrical
cylindrical pieces into 15 ml of
distilled water as a control. Incubate
for 1 hour and measure the
absorbance.
The third activity is
measuring the water content of plant
tissue. This activity uses leaves and
plant branches to be measured in
water content, carton boxes, scales
and ovens. Fresh ingredients were
weighed 10 grams and made 3
samples. Each sample is stored in a
carton box and then heated in an
oven with a temperature of 80
degrees Celsius. Heating is carried
out until the weight is constant. The
weight lost from the heated material
is the weight of the water contained Absorban
No Treatment
in the material. Calculate plant water (525 nm)
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐾
content using a formula: − 1 Control 0,184
𝐵𝐵
2 70oC 0,016
𝑥 100%(% dari berat basah, BB) .
3 65oC 0,08

OBSERVATION RESULT 4 60oC 0,013

Activity 1.5 5 50oC 0,010

Concen Methy 6 45OC 0,05

Osmotic
tration lene Cold treatment
potential
No of blue Absorban
o
at 20 C No Treatment
sucrosa move (525 nm)
(atm)
(M) ment 2 Cooling 0,016

1 0,15 -4,0 Go up 1 Control 0,184

2 0,20 -5,3 Go up Chemical treatment

3 0,25 -6,7 Go up Absorban

No Treatment
4 0,30 -8,1 Go up (525 nm)

5 0,35 -9,6 Go up 1 Control 0,184

6 0,40 -11,1 Go up 2 Aseton 0,017

7 0,45 -12,7 Go up 3 Butanol 0,007

8 0,50 -14,3 Go up 4 Metanol 0,022

Activity 1.6
Heat treatment

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Davalos R V., 2018.
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U., 2011. Can changes in leaf onInternal Humidity and
water potential be assessed CO2Dissolution: Reverse
spectrally?.Csiro publishing. Transpiration and Improved
2011, 38, 523–533. Water Use Efficiency under
Vesala T., Sevanto S., Grönholm T., Negative Pressure. Frontiers
Salmon Y., Nikinmaa E., Hari in Plant Science. Vol (8) doi:
P., and HölttäT., 2017. Effect 10.3389/fpls.2017.00054