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A. Id: a region in mind that is unconscious, chaotic, out of contact with reality, and in service of the
pleasure principle
B. Ego: is the executive of the personality, in contact with the real world, and in service of the reality
principle
C. Superego: serves the moral and idealistic principles and begins to form after the oedipal complex is
resolved
Psychosexual Development:
A. Oral Phase: the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth. Oral fixation can result
in problems with drinking, eating, smoking or nail biting.
B. Anal Phase: primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major
conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs.
Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence.
C. Phallic Phase: During the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. Freud also
believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother’s affections. The Oedipus
complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the
father. The term Electra complex has been used to describe a similar set of feelings experienced by
young girls. Freud, however, believed that girls instead experience penis envy
D. Latent Period: During the latent period, the libido interests are suppressed. The development of the ego
and superego contribute to this period of calm.
E. Genital Stage: During the final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong
sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a
person's life.
Dynamics of Personality:
Defense Mechanisms: are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate,
deny, or distort reality and to maintain a socially acceptable self-image or self-schema.
Libido: the psychosexual energy described as the driving force behind the behavior
Fixation: is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage which resulted from unresolved issues at an
appropriate stage
Dreams and Freudian Slips: are disguised means of expressing unconscious impulses
A. Causality and Teleology: motivation in present events have their origin in previous experiences
(causality) and by goals and aspirations (teleology)
B. Progression and Regression: achieving the self –realization through adaptation to the outside
environment by forward flow of psychic energy (progression) and the inner world through backward
flow of psychic energy (regression)
Psychological Types:
Psychosocial Stages of Epigenetic Principle: one component part arises out of another and has its own time of ascendancy, but it
Development does not entirely replace earlier components
(Erik Erikson)
Systonic and Dystonic Attitudes: Conflicting opposites that results to the Psychosocial Crisis Faced each stages
an extension of of Human Development: systonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) elements
psychoanalysis suggesting
that an individual passes a Basic Strength: is produced by the conflicts of the opposing systonic and dystonic elements
specific psychosocial
struggle that contributes to Core Pathology: results from too little basic strength
the formation of his
personality
Stages of Development with Corresponding Psychosocial Crisis Faced (1), Its Basic Strength (2) and Its Core
Pathology (3) :
assumes that humanity’s A. Relatedness: the drive for union with another person or other persons. There are three basic ways to
separation from the natural relate to the world: submission, power, love
world has produced B. Transcendence: the urge to rise a passive and accidental existence into the “realm of purposefulness
feelings and isolation, a and freedom” (Fromm, 1981, p.4). People can transcend by creating life or destroying it
condition called basic C. Rootedness: the need to establish roots or to feel at home again in the world
anxiety D. Sense of Identity: capacity to be aware of oneself as a separate entity
E. Frame of Orientation: a final human need which enables people to organize the various stimuli that
impinge on them. Guides a consistent way of looking at the world
Mechanisms of Escape:
A. Authoritarianism: the need to unite with a powerful partner in order to acquire the strength which the
individual is lacking
B. Destructiveness: restoration of lost feelings of power by destroying people of objects
C. Positive Freedom: act according to basic natures and not according to conventional rules
Character Orientations:
A. Nonproductive Orientations: strategies that fail to move people closer to positive freedom and self
realization
1. Receptive: feel that the source of all good lies outside themselves and that the only way they
can relate to the world is to receive things (concrete or abstract)
2. Exploitative: same as receptive characters yet an inclusion of aggressiveness to take what is
desired rather than being passive is evident
3. Hoarding: seeks to save that which have already obtained, hold everything inside and do not let
go
4. Marketing: see themselves as commodities, with their personal value dependent on their
exchange value, the ability to sell themselves
B. Productive Orientations: working towards positive freedom and continuing reasoning
1. Loving: characterized by its four qualities: care, responsibility, respect and knowledge. In
addition, biophila (positive love of life and all that is alive) is included
2. Working: work not as end in itself, but as a means of creative self- expression
3. Thinking: motivated by a concerned interest in another person or object
Personality Disorders:
Stages of Development with Significant Others (1) and Its Interpersonal Process (2):
Individual Psychology Social Urges: motivates an individual for he is an inherent social being
(Alfred Adler)
The Final Goal: what people strive; fictional and has no objective existence
presents an optimistic view
of people while resting Striving for Success or Superiority: a means of compensation for feeling of inferiority or weakness
heavily in the notion of
social interest. People are A. Striving for Success: motivated by social interest and the success of all humankind
motivated mostly by social B. Striving for Superiority: striving with little or no concern for others
influences and by their
striving for superiority of Subjective Perceptions: shapes one’s behavior and his personality
success
A. Fictionalism: a goal created in early life and may not be clearly understood; guides the style of life;
gives unity to the personality
B. Physical Inferiorities: a belief system to overcome physical deficiencies that rooted from epigenetic
principle of development
Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality: makes each individual unique and indivisible
A. Organ Dialect: the disturbance of one part of the body affects the entire person; this expresses the
direction of the individual goal
B. Conscious and Unconscious: conscious thoughts are those regarded by the individual helpful in striving
success, whereas the unconscious thoughts are those that are not helpful; the harmony between them
creates the unified personality
Social Interest: a deep concern for the welfare of other people; a feeling of oneself with all humanity
Style of Life: flavor of a person’s life; includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feeling for others, and attitude
toward the world
Creative Self/ Power: makes one in control of his own life; responsible for their final goal; determines the
method for striving the final goal, contributes to the development of social interest
Psychonanalytic Social/ Basic Hostility: results from childhood feelings of rejection or neglect by parents or from a defense against
Neurotic Needs basic anxiety
(Karen Horney)
Basic Anxiety: repressed feeling that lead to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague sense of
was built on the assumption apprehension; results from parental threats or defense against hostility
that social and cultural
conditions, especially Compulsive Drives: various protective devices to guard against the rejection, hostility, and competitiveness of
childhood experiences, are others
largely responsible for
shaping personality Neurotic Needs: 10 categories that characterizes neurotics in their attempts to combat anxiety
Neurotic Trends: general categories of neurotic needs that relates a person’s attitude toward self and others
Kinds of Transactions:
A. Reciprocal: A simple, reciprocal transaction occurs when both partners are addressing the ego state
the other is in
B. Crossed: Communication failures are typically caused by a 'crossed transaction' where partners
address ego states other than that their partner is in
C. Ulterior: the explicit social conversation occurs in parallel with an implicit psychological transaction
(verbal and physical)
ORGANISMIC APPROACH
Basic Assumptions:
Person- Centered
(Carl Rogers) A. Formative Tendency: the tendency for all matter , both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to
more complex forms; human consciousness evolves from a primitive unconsciousness to a highly
roots from the idea that all organized awareness
individuals (organisms) exist B. Actualizing Tendency: the tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward
in a continually changing completion or fulfillment of potentials
world of experience
(phenomenal field) of The Self and Self Actualization:
which they are the center
A. Self-Concept: includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in
awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual
B. Ideal Self: one’s view of self as one wishes to be
Existential Psychology Intentionality: the structure that gives meaning to experience and allows people to make decisions about the
(Ludwig Binswanger) future
represents a synthesis of Being-in-the –world/ Dasein: This concept emphasizes the unity of person and environment, since, in this
philosophy and psychology heavily phenomenological position, both are subjectively defined. Being-in-the-world has three components:
A. Umwelt ("world around") - the natural world of biological urge and drive
B. Mitwelt ("with-world") - the social, interactive, interpersonal aspects of existence
C. Eigenwelt ("own world") - the subjective, phenomenological world of the self.
Nonbeing: is the awareness of the possibility of one’s not being, through death or loss of awareness
Anxiety: occurs when an individual is aware of the possibility of his nonbeing as well as when he is aware that
he is free to choose
Guilt: results from (1) separation to the natural world, (2) inability to judge the needs of others, (3) denial of
one’s potentials
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL THEORIES
emphasized on the
uniqueness of the individual Structure of Personality: personal dispositions – the building blocks of personality
where the idea general
traits are neglected A. Individual traits /Personal Dispositions: generalized neuropsychic structure (peculiar to the individual),
has levels:
1. Cardinal Dispositions: which only a few people possess and which are so conspicuous that they
cannot be hidden
2. Central Dispositions: the 5-10 individual traits that make a person unique
3. Secondary Dispositions: are not central to personality yet occur with some regularity and are
responsible for much of one’s specific behaviors
B. Proprium: refer to those behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm, central and
important to their lives
Functional Autonomy: refers to motives that are self-sustaining and independent from the motives that were
originally responsible for a behavior
A. Preservative Functional Autonomy: refers to those habits and behaviors that are not part of one’s
proprium
B. Propriate Functional Autonomy: includes all those self-sustaining motivations that are related to the
proprium
Dynamic Traits: traits that power the person into action; dispositions that motivate a person to act in certain
ways
A. Attitudes: specific interests in particular course of action toward certain objects in a given situation
B. Sentiments: large and complex attitudes, which incorporate a host of interests, opinions, and minor
attitudes.
C. Erg: innate drives triggered by environmental stimuli that cease when the goal of the erg is reached
Subsidiation: A process whereby certain traits control and lead to the occurrence of other traits
Sources of Data:
Behavioral Analysis/ Connectionism Theory (Edward Thorndike): a precursor to Skinner’s Scientific Behaviorism where learning
(Burrhus Frederic Skinner) means selecting and connecting
Conditioning: a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a
given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a
desired response
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with – an unconditioned stimulus
a number of times until it is capable of bringing about a previously unconditioned response
A. Stimulus Generalization: a process by which the conditioned response transfers to other stimuli that are
similar to the original conditioned stimulus
B. Discrimination: a process by which one learns not to respond to a similar stimuli in an identical manner
brought about by previous experience
C. Extinction: by which a conditioned response is lost
Operant Conditioning: is a process of changing behavior in which reinforcement (or punishment) is contingent
on the occurrence of a particular behavior
A. Positive reinforcer: is any event that, when added to the situation, increases the probability that a given
behavior will occur
B. Negative reinforcer: is any aversive stimulus that, when removed from the environment, increases the
probability of a given behavior
Punishment: unlike negative reinforcement, it presents an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive stimulus
that does not strengthen a response.
Schedules of Reinforcement:
Social Cognitive Theory Observation Learning: allows people to learn without performing any behavior
(Albert Bandura)
A. Attention to a model
posits that portions of an B. Organization and retention of observations
individual's knowledge C. Behavioral production
acquisition can be directly D. Motivation to perform the modeled behavior
related to observing others
within the context of social Triadic Reciprocal Causation: this system assumes that human action is a result of interaction among three
interactions, experiences, variables – environment, behavior, and person.
and outside media
influences Chance Encounters: an unintended meeting of persons not related to each other
Human Agency: capacity of humans to exercise and control their own lives. Has 3 core features:
A. Self-Efficacy: belief that one can or cannot execute a behavior that can be affected by the following:
1. Mastery of Experiences
2. Social Modeling
3. Social Persuasion
4. Physical and Emotional Stress
B. Proxy Agency: occurs when people have the capacity to rely on others for goods and services
C. Collective Efficacy: refers to the confidence that groups of people have their combined efforts to
produce social change
Social Learning Theory Predicting Specific Behaviors:
( Julian Rotter)
A. Behavior Potential: refers to the likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation
rests on the assumption that B. Expectancy: is a person’s expectation of being reinforced
cognitive factors such as: C. Reinforcement Value: is a person’s preference of a particular reinforcement
expectancies, subjective D. Psychological Situation: refers to a complex pattern of cues that a person perceives during a specific
perceptions, values, goals, time period.
and personal standards
help shape how people will Predicting General Behaviors:
react to environmental
forces A. Generalized Expectancies: used when possible behaviors are new to the individual
B. Needs: any behavior or set of behaviors that people see as moving them in the direction of a goal
1. Categories of Needs:
a. Recognition Status
b. Dominance
c. Independence
d. Protection-Dependency
e. Love and Affection
2. Need Components:
a. Need Potential: refers to possible occurrence of a set of goals functionally related
behaviors directed toward satisfying the same or similar goals
b. Freedom of Movement: one’s best guess that particular reinforcement will follow a specific
response
c. Need Value: is the degree to which he or she prefers one set of reinforcements to another
Personal Construct Theory Construction: people’s interpretation in their real world by which their behavior is shaped
(George Kelly)
Constructive Alternativism: a philosophical position with which alternative constructions are always available
assumes that all people
anticipate events by the Personal Constructs: are the means by which people make sense out of the world
meanings or interpretations
they place on those events Fundamental postulate: "A person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he [or
she] anticipates events."
Supporting Collolaries:
A. The construction corollary: "a person anticipates events by construing their replications." This means
that individuals anticipate events in their social world by perceiving a similarity with a past event
(construing a replication).
B. The experience corollary: "a person's construction system varies as he successively construes the
replication of events."
C. The dichotomy corollary: "a person's construction system is composed of a finite number of
dichotomous constructs."
D. The organization corollary: "each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating
events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs."
E. The range corollary: "a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only."
F. The modulation corollary: "the variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability
of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie."
G. The choice corollary: "a person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct
through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system."
H. The individuality corollary: "persons differ from each other in their construction of events."
I. The commonality corollary: "to the extent that one person employs a construction of experience
which is similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to the other
person."
J. The fragmentation corollary: "a person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems
which are inferentially incompatible with each other."
K. The sociality corollary: "to the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another,
he may play a role in a social process involving the other person."
CULTURE INFLUENCED
Russian/ Soviet Psychology Materialism: reality is based on what is sensed; the only thing that exists is matter or energy; that all things are
composed of material and all phenomena (including consciousness) are the result of material interactions. In
follows materialistic other words, matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy
philosophy and ideas and and matter
links it to Marx, Engels, and
Lenin Communism: everything is equal
Biological Influences: The Buddhist worldview does not see the body and mind as separate but rather as
closely related, so improved consciousness has beneficial health effects.
Development: Development results from systematic and intensive spiritual practices, and is an individual
responsibility. In contrast to other approaches, Buddhism does not look to external causes, such as the family
or the environment, as the cause of development or developmental failures.
Atta/ The Personality: yielded from the sum total of all body parts
Reference:
Feist, J and Feist G. J (2009). Theories of Personality (7th Ed.). New Oyrk, America: McGraw-Hill.
* some references were not cited, this document does not claim for their works.