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Basic assumptions of Drude model
rs Radius of a sphere whose volume is equal to the volume per conduction electron
1/ 3
V 1 4 3 3
= = πrs rs =
N n 3 4πn
rs
~ 2−3 in typical metal
a0
Bohr radius
The density is typically 103 times greater than those of a classical gas at normal T and P. 2
* Between collisions the interaction of a given electron, both with others and with the ions,
is neglected.
* Coliisons in the Drude model are instantaneous events that abruptly alter the velocity of an
electron.
Drude attributed them to the electrons bouncing off the impenetrable ion cores.
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* We shall assume that an electron experiences a collision with a probability per unit time τ
τ : relaxation time
* Electrons are assumed to achieve thermal equilibrium with their surroundings only through
collisons
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DC Electrical Conductivity of a Metal
r
n electrons per unit volume all move with velocity v . n(vdt )A electrons will cross an area A perpendicular to
the direction of flow.
When
r
E=0 ,
r
v =0
r
In a electric field E
1 2 3
Mean free path l = v0τ 2
mv0 = k BT
2
v0 ~ 107 cm/sec l ~ 1 – 10 A at RT
Estimate of v0 is an order of magnitude too small
Actual l ~ 103 A at low temperature, a thousand times the spacing between ions
• Use Drude model without any precise understanding of the cause of collisions.
m
• τ calculated using τ= is accurate
ρne 2
• Be cautious about quantities such as average electron velocity v, and electron specific heat cv
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r r r
r p (t ) nep(t )
At any time t, average electronic velocity v= j =−
m m
r
Momentum p (t ) at time t
r at time t+dt
p (t + dt ) dt
Fraction of electrons without suffering a collision from t to (t+dt) 1−
τ r r
Each of these electrons acquire an additional momentum under the influence of an external force f (t ) : f (t )dt
dt
Fraction of electrons that undergo a collision: τ
After a collision, the electronic velocity is randomly directed, and the average velocity is 0.
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r
The acquired velocity for each of these electrons after dt: ~ f (t )dt
r
f (t ) neglected
The contribution to momentum per electron: ~ (dt )2
τ
r dt r r r dt r r
[ ]
p (t + dt ) = 1 − p (t ) + f (t )dt + O(dt ) 2 = p (t ) − p (t ) + f (t )dt + O(dt )
τ τ
2
r r
r r dt r r 2 dp (t ) p(t ) r
p(t + dt ) − p (t ) = − p (t ) + f (t )dt + O(dt ) dt
=−
τ
+ f (t )
τ
equivalent to a damping term
H
x
Ex + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ey
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - jx
-e
vx
r r 7
− ev × H
er r
Lorentz force − v×H deflects electrons in –y direction
c
Electric field build up in y direction that oppose electron motion in y direction. In equilibrium the traverse field (Hall
field) Ey balance the Lorentz force
E Ey
Two important parameters: resistivity ρ (H ) = x Hall coefficient RH =
jx jx H
negative value for electrons, and positive
value for positive charge
To calculate ρ ( H ) and RH , consider the current density jx and jy in the presence of an electric field with
arbitrary components Ex E y , and in the presence of magnetic field Hz
r
r r r H
f = −e E + v ×
c
r r r
The momentum per electron dp r p r p
= −e E + ×H −
dt mc τ
px
0 = −eE x − ωc p y −
In steady state the current is independent of time τ eH
where ωc =
px mc
0 = −eE y + ωc p x −
τ
r r σ 0 E x = ωcτ j y + j x ne 2τ
neτ
j = nev Where σ0 =
Multiply by − and using m
m σ 0 E y = −ωcτ j x + j y
In steady state jy = 0 So ω τ H 1
E y = − c j x = − jx RH = −
σ0 nec nec
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