CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Industries are basically meant for production of useful goods and

services at low production cost, machinery cost and low inventory cost. Today
in this world every task have been made quicker and fast due to technology
advancement but this advancement also demands huge investments and
expenditure, every industry desires to make high productivity rate maintaining
the quality and standard of the product at low average cost in an industry a
considerable portion of investment is being made for machinery installation. So
in this project we have proposed a machine which can perform different
operations like Shaping, Grinding and Cutting simultaneously.

Economics of manufacturing: According to some economists,

manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a service
sector tends to wealth-consuming. Emerging technologies have provided some
new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the
manufacturing belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important
material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Some research papers which have led us to approach to the idea of a

machine which may give solution to all these factors are as follows.

1. C.B.Khatri June 2014

We can see that all the production based industries wanted low
production cost and high wok rate which is possible through the utilization of
multi operation machine which will less power as well as less time, since this
machine provide working at different center it really reduced the time
consumption up to appreciable limit.
In an industry a considerable portion of investment is being made for
machinery installation. So in this paper we have proposed a machine which can
perform operations like drilling, sawing, grinding at different working centers
simultaneously which implies that industrialist have not to pay for machine
performing above tasks individually for operating operation simultaneously.

2. K.P Reddy March 2017

It is clear that all the industries that are based on production, require a
lower productivity cost and high working rate which are viable by making use
of multi function operating device that use less power and time. As this machine
offers functionalities at various centers, it was found to be effective in reducing
time that was consumed up to a considerable limit. When it comes to an
industry, a substantial part of the investment is used up for the installation
purpose of the device. So in this work, a machine is proposed so that it does the
machining functionalities like drilling, sawing, grinding as well as shaping

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without additional paying for machines that function above the individual tasks
for performing simultaneous operations.

3. S.A.Srinivasan Nov 2015

It is new concept specially meant to reduce the working time and to save
the cost. This machine perform multi operations at same time with required
speed and this machine is automatic which is controlled or operated by electric
motor which is run with the help of current.

Conclusion from literature survey:

 This machine has wide range of scope in the small scale industries.
 In coming future, this type of light weight and portable machine
will be implemented in every small and large scale industries.
 This type of machine can be used by anyone due to its simplicity of
working and doing wide range of operations.

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 CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVES

This project will perform three operations at a time namely shaping, cutting
and grinding. So the main objective is to find or use a mechanism that can fulfill
the demand.

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 CHAPTER 4

MATERIAL SELECTION

The materials which are used for construction of multi operation machine
are listed below in the table.
Table 4.1
S.NO NAME OF THE COMPONENT MATERIAL
1 Cutting tool High speed steel
2 Grinding wheel Carborundum
3 Cutting wheel High steel
4 Wheel pulley Cast iron
5 Body frame Mild steel
6 Bolt, Nut Mild steel
7 Shaft Mild steel
8 Slotted bar, slider Mild steel

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 CHAPTER 5

COMPONENTS AND EXPLANATION

COMPONENTS:
 Motor
 Wheel pulley
 Belt
 Cutting tool
 Cutting wheel
 Grinding wheel

5.1 MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy. The reverse of this would be the conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and
should be distinguished from devices such as magnetic solenoids and
loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion.

In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the

interaction between an electric motors magnetic field and winding currents to
generate force within the motor. In certain applications, such as in the
transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both
motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy
from mechanical energy.

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Fig 5.1

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5.2 WHEEL PULLEY
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support
movement and change of direction of a belt or transfer of power between one
shaft to another shaft. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply
forces and transmit power. Cast iron, fabricated steel, wood or fibre,
compressed paper are commonly used pulley materials. Cast iron pulleys are
most widely used in actual practice.

Fig 5.2

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5.3 BELT
Whenever power has to be transmitted from one shaft to another shaft,
flexible machine elements such as belts, ropes or chains are frequently used.
Pulleys are mounted on the shaft and a continuous belt or rope is passed over
them. In belts and ropes, power is transmitted due to friction between them and
the pulleys. In case of chain drives, sprocket wheels are used. When the distance
between the shafts is large, then belts, ropes or chains are used. For smaller
distances, gears are used. There are four types of belts are used for power
transmission: Flat belts, V-belts, ribbed belts, Toothed or timing belts. In this
project, V-belts are used for power transmission. V-belts are made of cotton
fabric and cords moulded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber.
V-belts are made in trapezoidal section. The power is transmitted by the
wedging action between the belt and the V-grooves in the pulley or sheave. This
wedging action results in higher force of friction.

Fig 5.3

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5.4 CUTTING TOOL
According to the number of cutting edge, cutting tool classified into two
categories
1. Single point cutting tool
2. Multi point cutting tool

Single point cutting tool have only one cutting edge. It consists of tool
shank and cutting part called point. The point of cutting tool is bounded by
cutting face, end flank, side or main flank and base.

Fig 5.4

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5.5 CUTTING WHEEL
The cutting wheels are used to cut the material. Wheels typically provide
a fast cutting action, long life and tend to be cost effective. While cutting, this
cutting wheel at a 90-degree angle and perpendicular to the work surface.

Fig 5.5

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5.6 GRINDING WHEEL
A grinding wheel is a wheel composed of an abrasive compound and used
for various grinding and surface machining operations. Such wheels are used in
grinding machines.
The wheels are generally made from a composite material consisting of
coarse-particle aggregate pressed and bonded together by a cementing matrix to
form a solid, circular shape. Today most grinding wheels are artificial
composites made with artificial aggregates, but the history of grinding wheels
began with natural composite stones, such as those used for millstones. The
manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not
only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and
uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses
produced on rotation.

Fig 5.6

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 CHAPTER 6

SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

This mechanism gives simple harmonic motion. The scotch yoke is a

mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion or
vice-versa. The piston or other reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding
yoke with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part. This mechanism is an
inversion of the double slider crank mechanism.

Fig 6.1

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 CHAPTER 7

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

In this project model we have involved the belt and pulley arrangement for
power transmission at different working centers, basically pulley is a rotating
machine part which transmit power to another rotating machine part through
belt. Belt and pulley arrangement can change the speed, torque and direction of
a power source. Pulley is placed at the center of main shaft. At one end of main
shaft, shaping arrangement is provided to do the shaping operation. At the other
end of main shaft, grinding arrangement is provided to do the grinding
operation. Cutting operation can carried on motor shaft as shown in following
fig.

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 CHAPTER 8

WORKING PRINCIPLE

There are two major principle on which our proposed machine works:
1. Scotch yoke mechanism
2. Power transmission through belt and pulley.

In this project we are giving supply to the main shaft though belt and
pulley arrangement. Rotating main shaft rotates the grinding wheel placed at
one end and the crank which is placed at another end. Every rotation of crank
makes one forward stroke and one return stroke. During forward stroke metal to
be removed from the work piece to shape given component. Shaping is the
process for producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a horizontal, a
vertical or an angular plane. Cutting wheel placed at the motor shaft separate a
given component into two or more portion with respect to our requirement. The
rotation of grinding wheel on a component to be machined can produce very
fine finishes and very accurate dimensions.

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 CHAPTER 9

DESIGN CALCULATION

Cutting speed (shaping)

Speed of drive motor shaft, N1=1450 rpm

Diameter of driver pulley, D1=50 mm

Diameter of driven pulley, D2=30 mm

We have to find out speed of main shaft (N2):

We know that, the velocity ratio belt drive is

(N2/N1) = (D1/D2)

N2 = (D1/D2)*N1

N2 = (50/30)*1450

→ N2 = 2415 rpm

One stroke of ram is completed in one revolution of crank wheel.

Velocity of ram movement,

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 Velocity, Vr = L*N*(1+k)/1000

Length of stroke, L= 220 mm

Number of stoke per minute, N= 42

k is the ratio of return stroke time to cutting stroke time.

here, k = 1

Vr = 220*42*(1+1)/1000

→ Vr = 18.48 mm/min

Material removal rate (shaping)

MRR = f*d*L*N*(1+k) mm3/ min

f is feed in mm/stroke

Feed is the relative motion of the workpiece in a direction perpendicular

to the axis of reciprocating ram.

d is depth of cut in mm

Depth of cut is the thickness of the material removal in one stroke.

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Material removal rate (grinding)

MRR = (depth of cut in mm) * (feed rate in mm/min)

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 CHAPTER 10

MERITS

 Size is compact therefore it require less space

 Manufacturing and maintenance cost is low

 Multi operations are performed simultaneously

 Less power consumption

 Less man power is required

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 CHAPTER 11

COST ESTIMATION
Table 11.1
S.NO MATERIAL PRICE (RS)
1 Bearings 800
2 Shaft 300
3 Grinding wheel 396
4 Cutting tool 350
5 Cutting wheel 110
6 Belt 50
7 Pulley 50
8 Bolt and nut 94
9 Crank 200
TOTAL 2350/-

OTHER COST
Table accessories = 700
Machining expense = 1140
Travel expense = 150
Report preparation = 1000
Total = 2990/-

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TOTAL COST:

Total cost = material cost + other cost

= 2350 + 2990
= Rs.5340/-

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 CHAPTER 12

PHOTOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER 13

CONCLUSION

All the production based industries wanted low production cost and high
work rate which is possible through the utilization of multi operation machine
which will reduce power consumption and time. Thus this machine is better
choice than machines performing one operation. This machine causes the
increase of production capacity.

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 CHAPTER 14

REFERENCES

REFERENCES:

(1) Pratik P Bargode “Design and fabrication of multi operational wood

working machine” International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical
and Electrical Engineering.
(2) C.B.Khatri “Multi-Function Operating Machine” IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering.
(3) S.A.Srinivasan “Design and Development of Multi-Purpose Mechanical
Machine” Journal of Applied Physics and Engineering.
(4) K.P Reddy “Multi-tool Design and Development of Operating Machine”
Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science.

WEBSITE:

1. www.technofist.com
2. www.iosrjounals.org
3. http://crreativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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