NEWS PORTAL

A project report submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology CSE (Session: 2009-2013)

Submitted To: Er. Arun Malik

Submitted By: Jyoti Verma 6310806 CSE-IVth Year

GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MULLANA

AFFILIATED TO KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA,HARYANA 2009-2013
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Project
Online news portal allows customers to read up to date news related to many fields
like entertainment, national, international, business, sports etc. without any
payment or login. He can also contact us to give suggestions and can also give us
feedback related to our site. New News can be added only by the admin and only
admin have the right to update or delete any News. Admin have the right to give
authority to other for news update, add or Delete. The traditional media rooms all
around the world are fast adapting to the new age technologies. This marks the
beginning of news portals by media houses across the globe. This new media channels
give them the opportunity to reach the viewers in a shorter span of time than their
print media counterparts. MODULES User A user can directly read any type of news
related to any field like entertainment, sports, business, national, international
etc. without login and also contact us or can give suggestions and feedback. Admin
Admin is the one who have the authority to see all the users feedback into the
website. He can register new accounts and also delete or update accounts. It means
he have the authority to handle the whole website. He can update, add or delete any
news relate to any field.
Advantages  News on the Internet can be updated round the clock so that readers
can have the most up-to-date news any time of the day or night.   Once a news
item is put on the Internet, it becomes instantly available for use round the globe
without additional variable costs. The lead time required between occurrence of an
event and news making on it available on the Internet has reduced considerably.
Some items of news like stock market prices are now available almost in real-time.
 News provider can get detailed data on popularity of news items. This information
can help in better choice of information put on the site.  The type of news and
the way it is presented can be customized to the needs and preference of individual
readers    You don't have to wait for newspaper in morning. Any time any news
related to different fields will be available. Money and time will also save.

Disadvantages 

Newspapers are more convenient to read. One can easily relax, reclined over a deck
chair, and reading a newspaper. This Kind of ease in reading is not possible with
Internetnews. Newspaper can be carried and read at any location of the world. There
is no precondition of availability of Internet connectivity. Newspaper can be
carried and read at any location of the world. There is no precondition of
availability of Internet connectivity. Reading newspaper does not require any
equipment such as a computer. It is important to note that Internet capabilities
are improving very fast, and with that the Internet-news is moving toward
overcoming its current disadvantages over newspaper.

   
CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGY USED
Technology Used: PHP, MySql, HTML, Javascript. 2.1 Front End: PHP, HTML,
Javascript. 2.2 Back End: MySql.

PHP
PHP is a programming language designed to generate web pages interactively on the
computer serving them, called a web server. Unlike HTML, where the web browser uses
tags and markup to generate a page, a PHP code runs between the requested page and
the web server, adding to and changing the basic HTML output. While PHP is great
for developing web functionality, it is not a database. The database of choice for
PHP developers is MySQL, which acts like a filing clerk for PHP-processed user
information. MySQL automates the most common tasks related to storing and
retrieving specific user information based on your supplied criteria. MySQL is
easily accessed from PHP, and they’re commonly used together as they work well hand
in hand. An added benefit is that PHP and MySQL run on various computer types and
operating systems.

Birth of PHP
PHP grew out of a need for people to develop and maintain web sites containing
dynamic clientserver functionality. In 1994, RasmusLerdorf created a collection of
open source Perl scripts for his personal use, and these eventually were rewritten
in C and turned into what PHP is today.
The real beauty of PHP is its simplicity coupled with its power, as well as it
being an interpreted language, rather than a compiled one. Compiled languages
create a binary .exe file, while interpreted languages work directly with the
source code when executing as opposed to creating a standalone file.

Why PHP?
    PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.) PHP is
compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.) PHP is FREE to
download from the official PHP resource: www.php.net PHP is easy to learn and runs
efficiently on the server side

What is PHP?
      PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor PHP is a server-side
scripting language, like ASP PHP scripts are executed on the server PHP supports
many databases (MySQL, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.) PHP is an open source software PHP is free to download and use

What is a PHP File?

   PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts PHP files are returned to
the browser as plain HTML PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or
".phtml"

What is MySQL?
   MySQL is a database server MySQL is ideal for both small and large
applications MySQL supports standard SQL



MySQL compiles on a number of platforms MySQL is free to download and use.

Birth of MySQL
MySQL was developed in the 1990s to fill the ever-growing need for computers to
manage information intelligently. The original core MySQL developers were trying to
solve their needs for a database by using mSQL, a small and simple database. It
became clear that mSQL couldn’t solve all the problems they wanted it to, so they
created a more robust database that turned into MySQL. MySQL supports several
different database engines. The database engine determines how MySQL handles the
actual storage and querying of data. Because of that each storage has its own set
of abilities and strengths. Over time, the database engines available are becoming
advanced and faster. For general web-driven tasks, the default MyISAM database
engine works perfectly fine.

Advantages of Using PHP with MySQL

     PHP combined with MySQL are cross-platform (you can develop in Windows
and serve on a Unix platform). PHP and MySQL work well together.The programming
interfaces between them are logically paired up. PHP and MySQL have open source
power. PHP and MySQL can both be used for free. MySQL client libraries are no
longer bundled with PHP. PHP and MySQL are fast. Their simplicity and efficient
design enables faster processing. PHP and MySQL don’t bog you down with unnecessary
details.

2.3About PHP5
Only time will tell if the PHP 5 release will be as successful as its two
predecessors
(PHP 3 and PHP 4). The new features and changes aim to rid PHP of any weaknesses it
may have had and make sure that it stays in the lead as the world’s best web-
scripting language. However , if you are familiar with PHP 4 and are eager to know
what is new in PHP 5.

2.4 Language Features

 New Object-Oriented Model

Added the object-oriented syntax back in the days of PHP 3, it was added as
“syntactic sugar for accessing collections.” The OO model also had support for
inheritance and allowed a class (and object) to aggregate both methods and
properties, but not much more. When Zeev and Andi Gutmans rewrote the scripting
engine for PHP 4, it was a completely new engine; it ran much faster, was more
stable, and boasted more features. However, the OO model first introduced in PHP 3
was barely touched. Although the object model had serious limitations, it was used
extensively around the world, often in large PHP applications. This impressive use
of the OOP paradigm with PHP 4, despite its weaknesses, led to it being the main
focus for the PHP 5 release.

For example: class Person { var $name; function getName() { return $this->name; }
function setName($name) { $this->name = $name; } function Person($name) { $this-
>setName($name);
} } function changeName($person, $name) { $person->setName($name); } $person = new
Person("Andi"); changeName($person, "Stig"); print $person->getName(); 

public/ private/ protected access modifiers for methods and properties. Allows the
use of common OO access modifiers to control access to methods and properties:

class MyClass { private $id = 18; public function getId() { return $this->id; } } 

Interfaces: Gives the ability for a class to fulfill more than one is-a
relationships. A class can inherit only from one class, but may implement as many
interfaces as it wants:

interface Display { function display(); } class Circle implements Display

{ function display() { print "Displaying circle\n"; } }


Instance of operator: Language-level support for is-a relationship checking. The

PHP 4 is_a() function is now deprecated:

if ($obj instanceof Circle) { print '$obj is a Circle'; } 

Static methods.

You can now define methods as static by allowing them to be called from non-object
context. Static methods do not define the $this variable because they are not bound
to any specific object: class MyClass { static function helloWorld() { print
"Hello, world"; } } MyClass::helloWorld(); 

Static members.

Class definitions can now include static members (properties) that are accessible
via the class. Common usage of static members is in the Singleton pattern: class
Singleton { static private $instance = NULL; private function __construct() { }
static public function getInstance() { if (self::$instance == NULL) { self::
$instance = new Singleton(); } return self::$instance;
} } 

Exception handling.

PHP 5 adds the ability for the well-known try/throw/catch structured exception-
handling paradigm. You are only allowed to throw objects that inherit from the
Exception class: class SQLException extends Exception { public $problem; function
__construct($problem) { $this->problem = $problem; } } try { ... throw new
SQLException("Couldn't connect to database"); ... } catch (SQLException $e) { print
"Caught an SQLException with problem $obj->problem"; } catch (Exception $e) { print
"Caught unrecognized exception"; }

foreach with references.

In PHP 4, you could not iterate through an array and modify its values. PHP 5
supports this by enabling you to mark the foreach() loop with the & (reference)
sign, which makes any values you change affect the array over which you are
iterating: foreach ($array as &$value) { if ($value === "NULL") {
$value = NULL; } }

2.5HTML Embedding
PHP can be written in HTML tags. We start php with a delimiter <?php and is closed
with a delimiter ?>. For example <HTML> <HEAD>Sample PHP Script</HEAD> <BODY> The
following prints "Hello, World": <?php print "Hello, World"; ?> </BODY> </HTML>

2.6 Comments We can write comments three different ways:  C way

/* This is a C like comment * which can span multiple * lines until the closing
tags */   C++ way

// This is a C++ like comment which ends at the end of the line Shell way

# This is a shell like comment which ends at the end of the line

2.7 Variables
Variables in PHP are preceded with a $ sign, and similar to most modern languages,
they can start with a letter (A-Za-z) or_(underscore) and can then contain as many
alphanumeric characters and underscores as you like. Examples of variable names
include $count, $_Obj, $A123. The following code example uses variables: $PI =
3.14; $radius = 5; $circumference = $PI * 2 * $radius; // Circumference =pie* d

2.8 Managing Variables Three language constructs are used to manage variables.
2.8.1 isset() isset() determines whether a certain variable has already been
declared by PHP. It returns a boolean value true if the variable has already been
set, and false otherwise, or if the variable is set to the value NULL . Consider
the following script: if (isset($first_name)) { print '$first_name is set'; } This
code snippet checks whether the variable $first_name is defined. If $first_name is
defined, isset() returns true, which will display ' $first_name is set. ' If it
isn’t, no output is generated.

2.8.2 unset() unset() “undeclares” a previously set variable, and frees any memory
that was used by it if no other variable references its value. A call to isset() on
a variable that has been unset() returns false. For example: $name = "John Doe";
unset($name); if (isset($name)) { print ’$name is set';
} This example will not generate any output, because isset() returns false.

2.8.3 empty() empty() may be used to check if a variable has not been declared or
its value is false. This language construct is usually used to check if a form
variable has not been sent or does not contain data. When checking a variable’s
truth value, its value is first converted to a Boolean according to the rules in
the following section, and then it is checked for true/false. For example: if
(empty($name)) { print 'Error: Forgot to specify a value for $name'; } This code
prints an error message if $name doesn’t contain a value that evaluates to true.
2.9 Datatypes

Eight different data types exist in PHP, five of which are scalar and each of the
remaining three has its own uniqueness.

2.9.1 Integers Integers are whole numbers and are equivalent in range as your C
compiler’s long value. On many common machines, such as Intel Pentiums, that means
a 32-bit signed integer with a range between –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647.
Integers can be written in decimal, hexadecimal (prefixed with 0x), and octal
notation (prefixed with 0), and can include +/- signs.

2.9.2 Floating Point Numbers Floating-point numbers (also known as real numbers)
represent real numbers and are equivalent to your platform C compiler’s double data
type. On common platforms, the data type size is 8 bytes and it has a range of
approximately 2.2E–308 to 1.8E+308. Floating-point numbers include a decimal point
and can include a +/- sign and an exponent value. Examples of floating-point
numbers include 3.14, +0.9e-2, etc.
2.9.3 Strings Strings in PHP are a sequence of characters that are always
internally nullterminated. When writing string values in your source code, you can
use double quotes ("), single quotes (') or here-docs to delimit them.  Double
Quotes Examples for double quotes: "PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor" "GET /
HTTP/1.0\n" "1234567890"  Single Quotes In addition to double quotes, single
quotes may also delimit strings. However, in contrast to double quotes, single
quotes do not support all the double quotes’ escaping and variable substitution
Examples: 'Hello, World' 'Today\'s the day'

2.9.4 Booleans A Boolean value can be either true or false. Boolean is probably the
type that other types are most often converted to behind the scenes. This is
because, in any conditional code such as if statements, loops, and so on, types are
converted to this scalar type to check if the condition is satisfied. Also,
comparison operators result in a Boolean value. Consider the following code
fragment: $numerator = 1; $denominator = 5; if ($denominator == 0) { print "The
denominator needs to be a non-zero number\n"; } The result of the equal-than
operator is a Boolean; in this case, it would be false and, therefore, the if()
statement would not be entered. 2.9.5 Arrays
An array in PHP is a collection of key/value pairs. This means that it maps keys
(or indexes) to values. Array indexes can be either integers or strings whereas
values can be of any type (including other arrays).

2.9.5.1 array() construct Arrays can be declared using the array() language
construct, which generally takes the following form (elements inside square
brackets, [], are optional): array([key =>] value, [key =>] value, ...) The key is
optional, and when it’s not specified, the key is automatically assigned one more
than the largest previous integer key (starting with 0). Here’s an example of a
nested array() statement: array(array("name" => "John", "age" => 28), array("name"
=> "Barbara", "age" => 67))

2.9.5.2 Accessing Array Elements Array elements can be accessed by using the
$arr[key] notation, where key is either an integer or string expression.

2.9.5.3 Reading array values You can use the $arr[key] notation to read array
values. The next example build on top of the previous example: print $arr2["name"];
if ($arr2["age"] < 35) { print " is quite young\n"; } This example prints John is
quite young

2.10

Operators

PHP contains three types of operators: unary operators, binary operators, and one
ternary operator. 2.10.1 Binary Operators

2.10.2 Numeric Operators All the binary operators (except for the concatenation
operator) work only on numeric operands. If one or both of the operands are
strings, Booleans, nulls, or
resources, they are automatically converted to their numeric equivalents before the
calculation is performed (according to the previous table).

2.10.3 Concatenation Operator (.) The concatenation operator concatenates two

strings. This operator works only on strings; thus, any non-string operand is first
converted to one. The following example would print out "The year is 2000": $year =
2000; print "The year is " . $year; The integer $year is internally converted to
the string "2000" before it is concatenated with the string’s prefix, "The year
is".

2.10.4 Assignment Operators Assignment operators enable you to write a value to a

variable. The first operand (the one on the left of the assignment operator or l
value) must be a variable. The value of an assignment is the final value assigned
to the variable;for example, the expression $var = 5 has the value 5 (and assigns 5
to $var). Operator + * / % Name Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Modulus Value The sum of the two operands. The difference between the two operands.
The product of the two operands. The quotient of the two operands. Both operands
are converted to integers. The result is the remainder of the division of the first
operand by the second operand In addition to the regular assignment operator =,
several other assignment operators are composites of an operator followed by an
equal sign. These composite operators apply the operator taking the variable on the
left as the first operand and the value on the right (the r value) as the second
operand, and assign the result of the operation to the variable on the left. For
example:
$counter += 2; // This is identical to $counter = $counter + 2; $offset *=
$counter;// This is identical to $offset = $offset * $counter; The following list
show the valid composite assignment operators: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^=, .=, &=, |=,
<<=, >>=

2.10.5 Comparison Operators Comparison operators enable you to determine the

relationship between two operands. When both operands are strings, the comparison
is performed lexicographically.The comparison results in a Boolean value. Operator
== Name Equal to Value Checks for equality between two arguments performing type
conversion when necessary: 1 == "1" results in true 1 == 1 results in true != > <
>= Not equal to Greater than Smaller than Greater than or equal to <= Smaller than
or equal to Checks if first operand is smaller or equal to second Inverse of ==.
Checks if first operand is greater than second Checks if first operand is smaller
than second Checks if first operand is greater or equal to second

===

Identical to

Same as == but the types of the operands have to match.No automatic type
conversions are performed: 1 === "1" results in False. 1 === 1 results in true. !==
Not identical to The inverse of ===.

!==

Not identical to

The inverse of ===.

2.10.6 Logical Operators

Logical operators first convert their operands to boolean values and then perform
the respective comparison. Operator == Name Equal to Value Checks for equality
between two arguments performing type conversion when necessary: 1 == "1" results
in true 1 == 1 results in true != > Not equal to Greater than second < Smaller than
second >= Greater than or equal to <= second Checks if first operand is smaller or
equal to second Checks if first operand is greater or equal to Checks if first
operand is smaller than Inverse of ==. Checks if first operand is greater than

Smaller than or equal to

2.11 Control Structures PHP supports a variety of the most common control
structures available in other programming languages. They can be basically divided
into two groups: conditional control structures and loop control structures.

2.11.1 Conditional Control Structures Conditional control structures are crucial in

allowing your program to take different execution paths based on decisions it makes
at runtime.

2.11.2 if Statements if statements are the most common conditional constructs, and
they exist in most programming languages. The expression in the if statement is
referred to as the truth expression. If the truth expression evaluates to true, the
statement or statement list following it are executed; otherwise,
they’re not. You can add an else branch to an if statement to execute code only if
all the truth expressions in the if statement evaluated to false: if ($var >= 50) {
print '$var is in range'; } else { print '$var is invalid'; }

2.11.3 Switch Statements switch (expr){ case expr: statement list case expr:
statement list ... default: statement list } switch (expr): case expr: statement
list case expr: statement list ... default: statement list endswitch

2.12 Loop Control Structures Loop control structures are used for repeating certain
tasks in your program, such as iterating over a database query result set.
2.12.1 while loops while loops are the simplest kind of loops. In the beginning of
each iteration, the while’s truth expression is evaluated. If it evaluates to true,
the loop keeps on running and the statements inside it are executed. If it
evaluates to false, the loop ends and the statement(s) inside the loop is skipped.
For example, here’s one possible implementation of factorial, using a while loop
(assuming $n contains the number for which we want to calculate the factorial):
$result = 1; while ($n > 0) { $result *= $n--; } print "The result is $result";
while (expr) statement while (expr): statement list endwhile;

2.12.2 do...while Loops do statement while (expr); The do...while loop is similar
to the previous while loop, except that the truth expression is checked at the end
of each iteration instead of at the beginning. This means that the loop always runs
at least once. do...while loops are often used as an elegant solution for easily
breaking out of a code block if a certain condition is met. Consider the following
example: do { statement list if ($error) { break; }
statement list } while (false); Because do...while loops always iterate at least
one time, the statements inside the loop are executed once, and only once. The
truth expression is always false. However, inside the loop body, you can use the
break statement to stop the execution of the statements at any point, which is
convenient. Of course, do...while loops are also often used for regular iterating
purposes.

2.12.3 for Loops PHP provides C-style for loops. The for loop accepts three
arguments: for (start_expressions; truth_expressions; increment_expressions) Most
commonly, for loops are used with only one expression for each of the start, truth,
and increment expressions, which would make the previous syntax table look slightly
more familiar. The start expression is evaluated only once when the loop is
reached. Usually it is used to initialize the loop control variable. The truth
expression is evaluated in the beginning of every loop iteration. If true, the
statements inside the loop will be executed; if false, the loop ends. The increment
expression is evaluated at the end of every iteration before the truth expression
is evaluated. Usually, it is used to increment the loop control variable, but it
can be used for any other purpose as well. Both break and continue behave the same
way as they do with while loops. continue causes evaluation of the increment
expression before it re-evaluates the truth expression. for (expr, expr, …; expr,
expr, …; expr, expr, …) statement for (expr, expr, …; expr, expr, …; expr, expr,
…): statement list endfor;
CHAPTER 3. SYSTEM DESIGN
3.3 System Requirements
Requirements regarding the installation of PHP Environment has been listed below 
WAMP Server

WAMP is a form of mini-server that can run on almost any Windows Operating System.
WAMP includes Apache 2, PHP 5 (SMTP ports are disabled), and MySQL (phpMyAdmin and
SQL item manager are installed to manage your databases) preinstalled.An icon on
the taskbar tray displays the status of WAMP, letting you know if; a) WAMP is
running but no services are opened (the icon will appear red), b) WAMP is running
and one service is opened (the icon will appear yellow) or c) WAMP is running with
all services opened (the icon will appear white). Apache and MySQL are considered
to be services (they can be disabled by left-clicking on the taskbar icon, guiding
your cursor over the service you wish to disable and selecting "Stop Service"). The
files/web pages that are hosted on your WAMP server can be accessed by typing
http://localhost/ or http://127.0.0.1/ in the address bar of your web browser. WAMP
must be running in order to access either of the above addresses. If you would like
to share your files/web pages with others, click on the icon located on your
taskbar tray and select "Put Online." You must have access to the Internet in order
to continue. Send the people that you would like to give access to the files/web
pages hosted on your WAMP server IP Address. Your can find your IP address here: 
 MYSQL as Database PHP as platform.
DATABASE DESIGN
3.3 Database Tables
Field Id Title Description news_type Image systemdatetime Type Varchar(11)
Varchar(200) Text Varchar(15) Varchar(200) timestamp NULL N0 yes yes yes yes yes
Key ---------------------------------------------------------------

Table 3.1 - Store table Field Id FirstName LastName Email_id Uname Pwd Rpwd Gender
Phno Type Int(11) Varchar(200) Varchar(200) Varchar(200) Varchar(200) Varchar(200)
Varchar(200) Varchar(200) Int(12) NULL No yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
---------------------------------------------Key Primary Key -------------------

Table 3.2 – Table for registration and login:Newsportal

Field C_id Name Loc Email Message

Type Int(11) Varchar(30) Varchar(30) Varchar(30) Varchar(30)

NULL No yes yes yes yes

Key -----------------------------------Primary Key

Table 3.3 Contact table

3.3 DFD For News Portal

Maintain Account Administrator Updated DFD – 1 News News Portal System Feedback
Read News User
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Online News Portal will provide the user flexibility to read the news online.
Online news portal will provide the users to give feedback. So that the admin can
do changes according to the users point of view. Here the users can read the news
anywhere they are located and related to any type. Here the news are available all
the time.
Fig.4.15:Database for register and login page
Fig.4.18:Database for contact & feedback
Conclusion
    The online news portal provides the users flexibility. The online news
portal overcome wastage of paper. The news are available for all the time. The
users don’t wait for the newspaper to read the updated news.
Future Scope
As the project comes up with some limitations which can be improved in future and
further more advancement can also be done. The different features that can be added
are as follows:      Videos of different news can be provided related to
various fields like Entertainment, International, National, Sports, Business etc.
Reader can be alerted through e-mail, cell phones or other devices about
availability of any new news of their interest. Readers can easily forward
interesting news items to others. More fields can be added. Live support should be
enabled
REFERENCES
1. Clarke, K.R. (2000) News Portal for Apparel Online Gains Popularity,
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.

2.

CyberAltas Staff (2003), Online And Married With Cash, CyberAtlas Search,
<http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/demographics/print/0,,5901_3103421,00.h
tml > Freedman, L.B (2002) It’s Just News Portal, The Direct Marketing Association,
Inc.

3.