CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i
NOMENCLATURE ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 2
1.2 Literature Survey 6
1.3 Objective 8
1.4 Organization Of Thesis 9

2. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MICROGRIDS 11

2.1 Definition 12
2.2 Market 13
2.3 Technology status 14
2.4 DG application and technologies 15
2.4.1 DG Applications 15
2.4.2 DG Technologies 18
2.5 Microgrids 20
2.6 Structure and components 22
2.7 Microgrid Control 23
2.7.1 Overall control 23
2.7.2 Local control 24
2.7.3 DER control 25
2.8 Conclusion 27
 3. WIND TURBINES 28
3.1 Wind Energy 29
3.2 Betz Limit 31
3.3 Capacity factor 31
3.4 Wind Turbine 32
3.4.1 Wind Turbine Generator units 32
3.4.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 32
3.4.3 HAWT advantages 33
3.4.4 HAWT disadvantages 33
3.5 Types of HAWTs 33
3.5.1 Monoblade HAWT 33
3.5.2 Twin blade HAWT 34
3.5.3 Three blade HAWT 34
3.6 Vertical axis wind turbine 35
3.6.1 Types of VAWTs 35
3.7 Internal components of Wind Turbine 35
3.8 Generators used in Wind Turbine 37
3.8.1 Synchronous Generator 38
3.8.2 Asynchronous Generator 38
3.8.3 Squirrel cage induction motor 39
3.8.4 Doubly Fed induction motor 39
3.9 Conclusion 40

4. CONTROL STRATEGY AND MODELLING OF 41

CONTROL BLOCKS
4.1 System structure and operation modes 42
4.1.1 Grid-Connected Mode 42
4.1.2 Islanding Mode 43
 4.2 Droop control strategy 45
4.3.1 Control of DGs in the AC Micro grid 48
4.3.2 Control of DGs in DC Microgrid 49
4.4 Proposed IC control for islanding operation 49
4.5 Modelling 53
4.5.1 DC Microgrid Modeling 53
4.5.2 AC Microgrid Modeling 54
4.5.3 IC Modeling 56
4.6 Conclusion 63

5. SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND POWER 64

MANAGEMENT
5.1 Small Signal Analysis 65
5.2 Dynamic Behavior of Microgrids 65
5.3 Small Signal analysis 68
5.4 Simulation Results 74
5.5 Conclusion 80

6. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 81

6.1 Conclusion 82
6.2 Future scope 82
References 84
Appendix 87
Author’s Publications 89