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Abstract— The identification of the values with good accuracy In Peru is very important to know the correct values of the
of physical parameters of transmission systems is very important physical parameters because it has been detected that the
because using very different values from the real ones seriously current leakage conductances of the coastal lines are very high
distorts the evaluation of the planning, design, operation, and cause transverse losses of up to 60 kW/km while in the
maintenance and commercialization of the transmission systems. majority of countries in the world they do not exceed 3 kW/km.
The present work describes the identification of physical In the second semester of 2016, the billing of the Peruvian
parameters of a real transmission system using a mathematical electric sector reached 4,407 million dollars (Supervisory
model with variable values of the physical parameters. Agency of Investment in Energy and Mining) so any
The identification is done by comparing the real operation of the
improvement in the estimation of interchanges limits and
system with the simulated operation of the model, varying
iteratively the physical parameters values of the mathematical
capacity restrictions will improve the economic dispatch,
model. To this purpose two different techniques were applied, a producing important savings for the country's economy.
classical and a modern meta-heuristic technique to 47 high In this article two methods are presented to obtain with
voltage transmission lines of the Peruvian electrical system. good precision the physical parameters of the transmission
The real operation is obtained from the database of the systems: Optimization by Newton Raphson [2] and Particle
measurements of the operating variables of the transmission Swarm Optimization (PSO) [7], [8].
system. The correct values of the physical parameters will be
those that correspond to the simulated operation identified. II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
This paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the
philosophy of the parameter estimation problem, here is included A. Modeling variables
the symbology, the model of the transmission system, the The main variables involved in the operation of the
formulation of the problem and its solution. In section III, the transmission lines are the following:
results of the identified parameters are presented and discussed.
Finally, in section IV the conclusions are presented. V1, V2 Line voltages in bars 1 and 2, in kV
d1, d2 Phase angles of voltages with respect to a reference,
Keywords— state estimation; parameter estimation; cross- in radians
sectional losses; particle swarm optimization. d = d1 - d2 Relative phase shift of voltages, in radians
P1, P2 Active line powers in bars 1 and 2, in MW
I. INTRODUCTION
Q1, Q2 Reactive power of line in bars 1 and 2, in MVAR
The planning, design, operation, maintenance and
commercialization of the transmission systems are based on the B. Physical parameters of the lines
knowledge with good precision of their operating variables: The lines, due to the physical characteristics of the
active powers, reactive powers and phasor voltages. These conductor used and their own physical structure, present
variables are calculated and in general are functions of the resistive, inductive, capacitive and current leakage effects to the
physical parameters of the transmission system: resistors, external environment of the line. These effects are represented
inductive reactances, capacitive admittances and leakage by the following physical parameters:
conductances. However, the true values of the physical
parameters of many lines are unknown because they have R Resistance (ohms)
varied significantly due to contamination and adverse working YR Admittance of leakage or perditance (siemens)
conditions, because their original nominal values were not (effect of leakage of current to the exterior)
adequately determined by the manufacturer, by modifying the XL Inductive reactance (ohms)
circuits without updating the parameters, etc. These errors can YC Capacitive Admittance (mhos)
be very large, in the order of 25 and 30%, Kusic [1].
P 1 + jQ 1 R + jX L P 2 + jQ 2 ( ) = ( ) − ( ( ), , ) (5)
I1 I2
YR + j YC Y R + jY C ( ( ), = 1… ; ) =
= ( ) − ( ( ), ) ( ) − ( ( ), )
+( − ) ( − ) (6)
Fig. 1. Phase PI Model of Transmission Lines.
The estimation process of state estimation and parameter
The load flow equations for the PI model of a transmission identification consists of finding the values x(k), k = 1 ... N of
line are the following [2], [5], [6]. the state vectors and the vector p of physical parameters that
minimize J. The vector p will be constant for all the vectors
2
2 V1 R V1 V2 Rcosδ V1 V2 X L senδ x(k).
P1 = V1 YR + 2 2
− 2 2
− (1)
R +X L R +X L R2 + X L2 D. Identification of parameters using Optimization by Newton
Rapshon
2 This optimization method is very efficient, tested and used
2 V1 V2 R senδ V1 XL V1 V2 XL cosδ by the state estimation processes of most control centers in the
Q1 = − V1 YC + 2 2
+ 2 2
− (2)
R +X L R +X L R2 + XL2 world, Kusic [1], Wood [2]. Its use in the estimation of
parameters was initially proposed by Debs [3] and Schweppe
2 [4]. The shape and detail is described in Fig. 2 [6].
2 V2 R V1 V2 Rcosδ V1 V2 X Lsenδ
P2 = V2 YR + 2 2
− 2 2
+ (3)
R +X L R +X L R2 + X L2
2
2 V2 XL V1 V2 R senδ V1 V2 XL cosδ
Q2 = − V2 YC + 2 2
− − (4)
R +X L R2 + XL2 R2 + XL2
C. Analitical development of the estimation process
The following symbols will be used:
= ( ) ( ) + xi = [xi1, xi2, ... xid …, xim] represents the position of the ith
particle, which has m components or coordinates.
= , ,…, ,…,
E. Identification of Parameters using Particle Swarm The best global position of the swarm (gbest) corresponds
Optimization (PSO) to the swarm particle with the best search behavior.
A geometrically multivariable function is a surface in the Its component d is gbestd.
space formed by all the values that the function takes (points
= ,…, ,…, is the velocity of the ith particle
on the surface) for all the values that the variables take.
In an optimization problem, there is a multivariable function
(objective function) and the problem is to find the values of The speed and position of each particle in the next
the variables of this function that correspond to the maximum iteration are calculated by the expressions:
or minimum value (optimal point of the surface) of the
function. = ∗ + ∗ ∗ −
+ ∗ ∗ − (8)
It is known that many groups of living beings such as
flocks of birds, schools of fish, etc. they form swarms (called = + (9)
in this case particles swarm) and move dynamically to look for
some objective of fundamental life, such as food or security i = 1,2, ..., np; d = 1,2, ..., m
among others and these swarms almost always achieve their
objective in optimal conditions. This happens because at the where:
same time all the particles are searching for the target and are
mysteriously communicating with each other. Each one knows np swarm particle number
at every moment how good their own search is and what is the
particle of the whole swarm that is doing this work better. m number of components or coordinates of the position
With this information, in the next moment, all the particles of any particle
redirect their exploration towards the particle of better search
and this process is repetitive. k indicator of iterations
The PSO technique is a tool that solves optimization , position and velocity in component d, of ith particle in
problems and is based on the emulation of the dynamics of iteration k
these swarms [7], [8]. In general, it is considered that a group
of particles move in a limited multivariable space, in iterative According to equation 6, the general problem of parameter
search of the optimal solution, the position of each of them is a identification and state estimation is to find the vectors x(k)
potential solution. and p that correspond to the minimum value of the
performance function J of the estimation process.
To solve this problem using PSO, each particle of the In 1997 [9] The Institute for National Measurement Standards
swarm will be a candidate vector of these two vectors together. (INMS) from Canada made experimental measurements in
some lines to determine their transverse losses. Later, in 2002,
If we select 100 particles, the swarm will have a structure severe maintenance (brushing of the lines) was made and the
of 100 columns vectors of 7 components (3 state variables and transversal losses decreased considerably. The results of the
4 physical parameters). average optimal estimation of the transversal losses obtained
of simulations from 2002 to 2015 are consistent with the
The main steps for the identification of the parameters experimental measurements, which confirms the validity of
using PSO are the following: the method proposed in this work. These results are shown in
the Table I.
1. The PSO factors are included.
TABLE I. ESTIMATED VALUES OF TRANSVERSALS
2. The data of the selected transmission lines are inputted:
LOSSES WITH RESPECT TO THE CORRESPONDING
Initial values and maximum and minimum values of the state MEASURED VALUES [6]
variables and the physical parameters of the lines.
In the following chart, the updated characteristics of the physical structure of the lines are shown: The first box shows the nominal
physical parameters, provided by the COES SINAC (Operations Committee of the National Interconnected System).
Many of these values are not correct since they have been modified by the rough use of the lines and by the contamination.
Other values as the YR (line's leakage conductance) in microsiemens per kilometer (µS/km), really were not known for difficulty
in their measurement. In the second box, the actual optimal estimated values of the physical parameters are shown.
The process of identification of parameters has made it possible to identify these values. VPTr represents the total transversal
losses of the line and VPTrkm the transversal losses of the line per kilometer.