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● John Locke was an English philosopher most widely read and studied philosophers.
and physician He was the student of Socrates and the
-- "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the
(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as middle of the fourth century B.C.E. in
Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; ancient Greece.
Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa" ● Aristotle- is a towering figure in ancient
● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, Greek philosophy, making contributions
statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and to logic, metaphysics, mathematics,
author. "Father of scientific method" "Father physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics,
of empiricism" agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He
● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a was a student of Plato who in turn studied
Francophone under Socrates.
Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of
the 18th century. "Hollistic education" PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
(physical, moral, intellectual) EDUCATION
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; ● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist
child centered learning; Famous novel: except in (Implementation of GMRC)
"Emile" or On Education; Human -- Man was born with knowledge
Development -- the mind of a man/ what we want the
● Edgar Dale was an American educator who world to be
developed the "Cone of Experience" aka -spiritual, mental, values, moral, socratic
"Father of Modern Media in Education" method
● Erik Erikson was a German-born American --all things that we see is not real
developmental psychologist and --unified the reality with God as the perfect
psychoanalyst known for his theory on Immanuel Kant- only man needs education
"psychosocial development" of human beings. - the school is a value and spiritual ins.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss - socratic and self-activity, passive, imitate
pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach. ● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius;
"Social regeneration of humanity" Notable Pestalozzi;
ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his motto Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
was " Learning by head, hand and heart" (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue -- natural world, values are natural and
a student of Pestalozzi who laid the absolute, reality exist undercieved
"foundation of modern education" based on -- education should be concerned with
the recognition that children have unique actualities of life
needs and capabilities. "Father of -- objects exist independent to mind
kindergarten" -- teacher has full mastery of the knowledge
● Johann Herbart was a German or realities
philosopher, -- rewards the success of each leaner and
psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an reinforces what has been learned
academic discipline. -- the students can perceive the natural
● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American order of the world
psychologist; " Father of Modern educational -- SCIENCE and MATHEMATICS
psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ;
"Realize the fullest satisfaction of human ● BEHAVIORISM always guided by
wants" standards/by procedure; purpose is to
● Socrates- within the consciousness of the modify the behavior
individual, moral nature of man is to be
found the determination of the aim of life and ● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre;
purpose of education. -- "Man shapes his being as he lives"
-- Focuses on self/individual ● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi
-- free choice (process of development)
-- unique whole being -- focuses on the whole child and the
-- man shapes his being as he lives cultivation of individuality
-- knowledge is subjective to the person’s -- process of development, higher level of
decision, and varies from one person to knowledge, the child's need and interest are
another. relevant to curriculum.
-- democratic education
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- modern PRAGMATISM
William James; -- provides the students all the necessary
-- John Dewey - learn from experiences skills
through interaction to the environment -- education is life itself rather than
-- Emphasizes the needs and interests of the preparation to be able to interact with his
children ever-changing environment
-- practical, problem solving research, -- the teacher plans activity that arouses
knowledge is what works, values are related, students interests and motivation.
truth is warranted assertion.
-- education should be life ● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget
-- UN Education Focused on how humans make meaning in
-- to teach students how to think so that he relation to
can adjust to the demands of an ever- the interaction b/w their experiences and
changing world. their ideas. Nature
-- emphasizes the needs and interests of the of knowledge w/c represents an
children epistemological stance.
1. Experimentalism- Charles Pierce
2. Practicalism- William James ● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George
3. Experimentalism- John Dewey Counts - recognized that education was the
(Education is continuous process) means of preparing people for creating his
new social order highlights social reform as
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins the aim of education.
focuses on unchanging/universal truths -- for better society, community based
-- aims to develop the power of thought learning
-- nature and education are constant -- claims to be the true success or
-- education is preparation of life progression and declares that the chief
-- teachers explain and interpret the truths purpose of education is to “reconstruct”
-- students are passive society in order to meet the cultural crisis
-- education that last for century, brought by social, political and economic
universalist, knowledge is eternally valid. problems.
-- the use of NSTP, ROTC, FIELD TRIP
● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching -- education for change and social reform
the basic/ essential knowledge -- focuses on students experiences
-- Focuses on basic skills and knowledge -- George Counts
-- achievement test, certain knowledge &
skills are essential for rational being. NATURALISM -- only nature exist,
-- basic skills nature is better than civilization (NATURAL
-- teaching the basic essential 3r’s (4r’s na SA ng isang BAGAY)
today)
-- subject areas are the main focus RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school
-- the heart of the educational process is the should help rebuild the social order thus
absorption prescribed by the BOOKS social change.
-- memorization
BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in
behavior, S-R relationship ● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning &
EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru reinforcement
senses, 5 senses (observatory learning) ● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment;
modelling; self-efficacy
STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental ● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception
exp. such as image, feeling and sensation Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning
FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, Theory/Inquiry method
thinking & learning. ● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning
Problem
PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones ● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's –
are responsible for the motive to strive Information Processing Theory
towards fulfillment of his/her objective. ● Robert Gagne - Cumulative Learning
Theory
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is -- nine levels of learning
what verifiable, truth corresponds to reality, ● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
usage determines meaning. ● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of
ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; life space
the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition ● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
through interaction and reading. ● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond
ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w
custom, beliefs and traditions from one actual and potential development
generation to the next generation ● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
Convergent questions - are those that ● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
typically have one correct answer. ● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern
Divergent questions - also called open-ended Psychology"
questions are used to encourage many ● William James - wrote the "Principles of
answers and generate greater participation of psychology"/ consciousness
students. Higher order thinking skills; to ● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
think more creatively. ● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs;
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law "Maslow's
30 days - "lapse" Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING ● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an
& MOTIVATION American psychologist who established the
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - psychological school of behaviorism.
Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Theory of Personality ● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's things w/c are essentially not alike.
Theory of Development Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory – because He is a wet blanket"
Lev Semanovich Vygotsky ● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John the words "like" or "as"
Dewey; Jerome Brunner Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl ● Personification - when something that is
Rogers; Louis Raths not human is given human-like qualities,
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan this is known as personification.
Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg cold October afternoon"
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning ● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a
humorous way to make a particular point is ● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of
known as hyperbole. Shared Governance in Basic Education
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile- ● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of
high ice cream cones we we're having for Excellence
dessert" ● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action Education Curriculum
by imitating the sound associated with it. ● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is Information
disturbed" Teachnology into the Public Elementary &
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds
particular group of people with a meaning ● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by
that is only known through common use. OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the
bucket." LITERATURE
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of ● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally
speech using a word/words that are a part to transmitted literature
represent a whole. ● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a handed down from generation to generation
synecdoche by word of mouth
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel ● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-
sound in a phrase, it is an assonance. dramatic literary work
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue." ● Genre - distinctive type of literary
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy &
speech where one thing is replaced w/a word novel
that is closely associated with it such as ● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
using "Washington" to refer to the United ● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian
States writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is
REPUBLIC ACTS beneath the surface
● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher ● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
Professionalization Act of 1994 ● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter
● RA 7722 – Creation of CHED lines
● RA 7796 – TESDA ● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure
● RA 7784- COIC of a great hero who reveals his country's
● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994 aspirations; narrates heroic deeds and
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution supernatural happenings w/local actor in
(Educ. Sci & Tech, Arts, Culture & Sports) w/c people sing/chant
this is the very fundamental legal basis of ● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who
education in the Philippines. reveals his thoughts
● Saligang Batas 1987- Ang Pambansang ● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon
Wika ng Pilipinas ay FILIPINO brought home a wife"
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa ● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a
232, Sept. 11,1982) an Act providing for the Sleepy Hollow"
Establishment & Maintenance of an ● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac
Integrated System of Education living in morbid fear
● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School ● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted
Teachers (June 18,1966) for his Peculiar nose
● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical ● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem
Standards For Public Officials and whose plot centers around the anger & wrath
Employees of Achilles against agamemnon
● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harassment Act of ● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing,
1995 then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means Feeble weak
harsh & discordant sounds introduced for Inevitable certain
poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his FILIPINO
excellence of characterization, swiftness of ● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may
narrative & clarity of style. kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer ● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng
of horror and detective stories mga kastila"
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his ● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
collection of poems called Gitanjali/song -- Jose Sisiw
offerings ● Jose De Jesus- Jose Batute
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best ● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning
modern American poets. panlipunan ng bayan
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English ● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de
Literature Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens" ● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species ● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen pilipinas
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story ● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional
Filipino"
VOCABULARY ● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga
Emulate imitate ang sariling wika
Vouchsafe grant ● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng
Abeyance suspended pilipino"
Denigrate malign ● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
Furtive sneaky ● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman
Remonstrate protest ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
Corroborate confirm ● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang
Gullible easily deceived manunulat ng kasaysayan
Germane relevant ● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang
Plebeian common Pambansa
Vulpine cunning ● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit
Spendthrift spender na "Ang Bayan Ko"
Impolitic unwise ● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang
Terse concise tagalog
Parsimonious stingy
Stupefy make numb PROF EDUCATION
Pariah outcast
PART 1: KOUNIN'S MGT MODEL (1970)
Wizened shrivelled
✔stimulus boundedness -- teacher's
Dubious doubtful
attention interrupted by extrateneous
Incriminates accuse
stimulus
Frivolous worthless
✔Thrust -- teacher interrupts students
Susceptible inclined
engaged in activities w/o considering
Impertinent irrelevant
whether the student is ready or not.
Ostracized excluded
✔Dangels -- teacher interrupts activity of
Conglomeration diffusion
student and return to it again.
Cacophonous loud and unpleasant
✔Truncations -- teacher does not return to
Carnal worldly
current act. after being interrupted.
Aplomb composure
✔Overdwelling -- teacher focuses on a certian
Candor honesty
topic that will lead to too much time
Contemptuous scornful
consupmtion, the lesson will slow down. ✔Benjamin Bloom -- bloom's cognitive
✔Fragmentation -- chunks of lesson for taxonomy
students to understand his/her lesson ✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow -- psychomotor
effectively or breakibg down of act. to cause domain
too much time. ✔David Krathwohl -- affective domain
✔Flip Flop -- teacher changes its activity ✔Jerome Bruner -- constructivist, spiral
from current activity to new one and vice curr, instrumental conceptualism
versa ✔Lev Vygotsky -- socio-cultural theory of
whenever he/she changes his/her mind. cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding
3. Increase competitiveness and the ease of 2000. Those expire at the end of 2015.
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and dispositions with someone and the feelings
This is the love parents naturally feel for mixture where one of the substances
their children. It’s based on natural feelings dissolves in the other. The substance that
and effortless love. Storge is the love that dissolves is called the solute. The substance
knows forgiveness, acceptance and sacrifice. that does not dissolve is called the solvent.
It is the one that makes you feel secure, An example of a solution is salt water. These
Validity is classified into four types: content Factors that influence validity are:
validity, concurrent validity, predictive
validity, and construct validity. 1. Inappropriateness of test items – items
that measure knowledge can not measure
Content validity – means that extent to skill.
which the content of the test is truly a 2. Direction – unclear direction reduce
representative of the content of the course. A validity. Direction that do not clearly indicate
well-constructed achievement test should how the pupils should answer and record
cover the objectives of instruction, not just their answers affect validity of test items.
its subject matter. Three domains of behavior 3. Reading vocabulary and sentence
are included: cognitive, affective and structures – too difficult and complicated
psychomotor. vocabulary and sentence structure will not
measure what it intend to measure.
Concurrent validity – is the degree to which 4. Level of difficulty of Items – too difficult
the test agrees with or correlates with a or too easy test items can not discriminate
criterion which is set up an acceptable between bright and slow pupils will lower its
measure. The criterion is always available at validity.
the time of testing.
5. Poorly constructed test item – test
Concurrent validity or criterion-related items that provide clues and items that are
validity- establishes statistical tool to ambiguous confuse the students and will not
interpret and correlate test results. reveal a true measure.
For example, a teacher wants to validate an 6. Length of the test- a test should of
achievement test in Science (X) he sufficient length to measure what it is
constructed. He administers this test to his supposed to measure. A test that is too short
students. The result of this test can be can not adequately sample the performance
compared to another Science students (Y), we want to measure.
which has been proven valid. If the
7. Arrangement of items – test item should checks the test. Reliability is greater when
be arrange according to difficulty, with the test can be scored objectively.
easiest items to the difficult ones. Difficult
items when encountered ahead may cause 4. Heterogeneity of the student group.
mental block and may also cause student to Reliability is higher when test scores are
take much time in that number. spread over a range of abilities. Measurement
errors are smaller than that of a group that
8. Patterns of answers – when students can is more heterogeneous.
detect the pattern of correct answer, they are
liable to guess and this lowers validity. 5. Limited time. a test in which speed is a
factor is more reliable than a test that is
RELIABILITY conducted at a longer time.
Reliability means consistency and accuracy. EVALUATING WITH THE USE OF ITEM
It refers then to the extent to which a test is ANALYSIS
dependable, self consistent and stable. In 1. Effectiveness of Distractor- a good
other words, the test agrees with itself. It is distractor attracts the students in the lower
concerned with the consistency of responses group than in upper group.
from moment to moments even if the person 2. Index of Discrimination- positive if more
takes the same test twice, the test yields the students in high group got the correct
same result. answer and negative if more students in low
group got the correct answer.
For example, if a student got a score of 90 in 3. Index of Difficulty- refers to the getting the
an English achievement test this Monday right answer of each item. The smaller the
and gets 30 on the same test given on Friday, percentage, the more difficult the item is.
then both score can not be relied upon. (pagmaraming nagkamali EFFECTIVE)
2. ORIENTAL EDUCATION/EDUCATION
FOR THE PRESERVATION OF SOCIAL
STABILITY
Educational Goals: To impress Instructional methods: Memorization
traditional ideas and customs in order to and recitation in primary schools,
maintain and perpetuate lecture, discussions,
the long established social order Dialogue in higher schools.
Contents: Moral and theoretical training
Methods: Imitation, memorization Curriculum: ATHENS: Reading
Proponents: Orientals (Chinese, writing arithmetic, drama, poetry, music
Indians, Egyptians) SPARTA: Drill, Military
Songs and Tactics
A. CHINESE EDUCATION
Educational goals: Prepare the elites to Agents: ATHENS: Private
govern the empire according to Confucian Teachers and Philosophers
principles SPARTA: Military Teachers
Students: males of upper class
Instructional methods: memorization Influence on education: ATHENS:
and recitation Well rounded, liberally educated
Curriculum: Confucian Classics SPARTA: Concept of
Agents: Government officials Military State
Influence on education: written
examination for Civil Service 4. ROMAN EDUCATION/EDUCATION FOR
UTILITARIANISM
B. INDIAN EDUCATION Educational goals: To develop civic
Educational goals: To learn behavior responsibility for the republic and then the
and rituals based on “Vedas” empire; to develop
Students: Males of upper class administrative and military skills
Instructional methods: Memorizing and Students: Males children of citizens;
interpreting sacred texts Ages 7-20
Curriculum: Vedas and religious texts Instructional methods: drill,
Agents: Brahmin Priests Scholars memorization, recitation, lecture, discussion,
Influence on education: Cultural declamation in rhetorical
transmission and assimilation as well as school
spiritual detachment Curriculum: reading, writing,
arithmetic. Laws of 12 tables, law,
C. EGYPTIAN EDUCATION philosophy
Educational goals: To prepare priests Agents: private schools and teachers;
according to scribe for the empire school of rhetoric
Students: Males of upper class Influence on education: for practical
Instructional methods: Memorizing and administrative skills; relating education
and copying texts to civic responsibility
Curriculum: Religious or technical texts
Agents: Priests and Scribes 5. ARABIC EDUCATION:
Influence on education: Restriction on Educational goals: Cultivate religious
educational controls to priest elites commitment to Islamic beliefs; expertise in
Mathematics, Medicine
3. GREEK EDUCATION/ EDUCTATION and Science.
FOR THE DEVELOPMENET OF Students: Male children of upper class
INDIVIDUALITY ages 7-20
Educational goals: To cultivate civic Instructional methods: Memorizing
responsibility and recitation in primary schools, imitation
Students: Male children ages 7 - 20 and discussion in higher
schools
Curriculum: Reading, Writing, AIM: To secure rich and full life for each
Arithmetic, Literature, Scientific Studies individual through contacts with the ancient
Agents: Mosques, Court schools Contents: Grammar, Literature and
Influence on education: Arabic Mathematics
numerals and computation, Medicine and Methods: text study, written themes,
Science materials self-activity and self-expression
Proponent: Vittorino de Feltre