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ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ
SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ
BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI
(İNGİLİZ DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI)
ANABİLİM DALI
CYBERPUNK FICTION:
THE WORKS OF WILLIAM GIBSON AND BRUCE
STERLING AS EXAMPLES OF THE POST-1980s
SCIENCE FICTION TRADITION
Doktora Tezi
Ankara-2012
ii
T.C.
ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ
SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ
BATI DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI
(İNGİLİZ DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI)
ANABİLİM DALI
CYBERPUNK FICTION:
THE WORKS OF WILLIAM GIBSON AND BRUCE
STERLING AS EXAMPLES OF THE POST-1980s
SCIENCE FICTION TRADITION
Doktora Tezi
Tez Danışmanı
Prof. Dr. Sema E. EGE
Ankara-2012
iii
iv
TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ
ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ
SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE
İmzası
v
PREFACE
This thesis aims to discuss and clarify the literary Cyberpunk Science Fiction
sub-genre and the movement, which appears to be a cultural outcome of the 1980s.
This is a period that combines fast technological improvements with changing social
structure in the United States of America and England. William Gibson and Bruce
this context.
chapter in which the necessary definitions of and arguments concerning the sub-
genre are given, two chapters that study three novels from each of the writers and a
concluding chapter.
Cyberpunk Science Fiction authors reflect their anxiety about the possible
assumptions about technology in the near future. They describe a world where man
cannot stay away from technology, even if it causes the end of humanity. The works
of Gibson and Sterling are accepted as the outcomes of the social and cultural
atmosphere of the late-twentieth century and this thesis aims to provide a detailed
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Professor Oya Batum Menteşe, Professor Belgin Elbir
and Professor Berrin Aksoy whose support and advice were invaluable. I especially
would like to express my gratitude to Professor Gülsen Canlı and Assoc. Prof. A
Lerzan Gültekin, who encouraged me all through this process and helped me with
substantial advice. I also thank the members of the Atilim University, Faculty of Arts
and Sciences for the helpful and friendly atmosphere they have created while I was
Aras, Dr. Kuğu Tekin and Dr. Barış Emre Alkım for their support, this thesis would
Last but not the least; I would like to show my gratitude to my family who
have provided every kind of support and, more important still, light relief. I would
like to thank my husband Hilmi Soy not only for encouragement but also for his
technical support.
vii
CONTENTS
Page
Preface........................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements..............…………………………………………………...…...vi
Contents…………………………………………………………………...………..vii
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
CHAPTER I: Cyberpunk Science Fiction as an Outcome of the Late Twentieth-
Century........................................................................................……………………8
A) Cyberpunk Science Fiction .....................................................……………...9
B) An Overview of the Cyberpunk Movement in a Historical Context…....17
C) The Relationship of the Cyberpunk Movement with Late Twentieth-
Century Culture and Philosophies.…………….....................................................22
CHAPTER III: The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix, and Islands in the Net by Bruce
Sterling as examples of “Cyberpunk Fiction”…..................................................101
A) The Artificial Kid………………………………………………………......104
B) Schismatrix………………………………………………………………...115
C) Islands in the Net …………………………………………………………128
CONCLUSION....…..……………………………………..……………………...143
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………...153
TÜRKÇE ÖZET……...……………………………………………………...…...164
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….…...166
1
INTRODUCTION
William Gibson and Bruce Sterling as Examples of the Post-1980s Science Fiction
Tradition”, Neuromancer, Mona Lisa Overdrive, and Count Zero by William Gibson
The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix and Islands on the Net by Bruce Sterling are analysed
Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Arthur Kroker and Paul Virilio, the dissertation will also
studies.
society, science fiction writers were also influenced by it and made statements about
its real and potential influence on cultural and political life. The way the 1970‟s
science fiction writers handled the subject of the combination of the technological
and the biological, has influenced the 1980s‟ Cyberpunk writers, but their only
concern was not the “cyber” part. The authors of Cyberpunk novels have developed
their own style especially focusing on the “punk” of the imagined close future or
virtual world. The word “punk” actually refers to the cultural phenomenon
experienced in Britain and the United States of America (especially New York)
during the 1970s, which was a result of negative social conditions and
unemployment (O‟Hara, 2003: 27). What lies in the shaping of the viewpoint of
“Punks” is the disappointment of the unemployed white, young, working class and
its alienation and hatred towards any socially accepted norms and institutions. This
2
thought system was shaped in the streets with this awareness. (O‟Hara, 2003: 27).
Cyberpunk writers used this viewpoint of “punks” in shaping their characters like
Case in Neuromancer, Bobby in Count Zero or Arti in The Artificial Kid. These
characters are alienated from social life, they do not have regular jobs or a
respectable status in the society, and they are, in a way, trying to prove their
Neuromancer and The Artificial Kid. They are fragmented and decentred individuals
technology. This can be read as a kind of deliberate warning on the part of the
fields of science and technology. The authors, in a way, are warning people about
Another idea that brings Cyberpunk and Postmodernism close to each other
that, technology creates a crisis for culture. The immense improvements in various
fields of technology have created fear and anxiety in the twentieth century. This fear
and anxiety reached a maximum point through the end of the century and marked its
cultural formation. The works of Cyberpunk authors are productions of this specific
era which has been called “the Dataist Age” (Bukatman, 1993:346), reflecting the
fear and anxiety in a pessimistic way. The world Gibson and Sterling describes is full
Cyberpunk authors represent of this specific era in that they use images, metaphors
and language directly derived from cybernetics and information technologies. In their
interaction on a global scale. Gibson and Sterling‟s novels describe such individuals
whose lives are dominated by, especially, information technologies and cybernetics.
Bruce Sterling puts forward that science fiction has been dealing with the
previous science fiction is that it regards technology as not just a phenomenon that
has a strong influence on human beings but as something very close to man, even
under his skin, in his brain, as a part that is completing him, or even sometimes
dystopian scenes for the real world. Utopia means both nowhere and somewhere
good (outopia and eutopia), and cyberspace that appears in the work of Gibson
Robins mentions in his article “Cyberspace and the World We Live In”. He states
that cyberspace can be thought of as a utopian vision for postmodern times (Robins,
1995: 135-155). It is somewhere but it has no solid location. The Net or the Matrix
Overdrive, its existence also depends on the existence of human beings: “Cyberspace
exists, by virtue of human agency” (Mona Lisa Overdrive, 107). Thus, cyberspace
includes positive connotations in that sense, and promises a kind of hopeful existence
for humanity in the near future as opposed to the dystopian settings of the works.
However, this existence is not in the concrete world, but in an abstract, cyber world.
It is imagined as a sort of reaction against or opposition to the real world through the
use of “simulacra”. Thus, it might also be regarded as a limited utopia in that sense.
To Robins, virtual reality and cyberspace are “associated with a set of new and
reality” (Robbins, 1995: 146). To Robins “as in utopian thinking more generally,
there is belief or hope that the mediated interaction that takes place in that other
world will represent an ideal and universal form of human association and
collectivity” (Robins, 1995: 146). However, in the case of Gibson‟s worlds, it is not
possible to agree with Robins in his optimism that, even if the created world looks
like a limited utopia, and it is possible to generate opportunities for the sake of
humanity, these are all simulations and the simulation cannot be transferred into the
real life. Therefore, it is too optimistic to accept the opportunities of virtual life as
Cyberspace is also likened to the Heavenly City, or Eden, which stands for
a social reality in which “intimate contact with material nature is possible” (Benedict,
which there are no barriers, no restrictions on how far it is possible to go” (Plant,
1993: 14). Therefore, cyberspace in Gibson‟s works can be seen as virtual utopias in
terms of being data heavens in which the mind reaches absolute freedom, but they
don‟t refer to the real world in which the real body is stuck. They are never totally
free from reality and the concrete body, and it appears that the author‟s aim is not to
In the first chapter of this thesis, after a brief summary of the definition of
Cyberpunk and discussions on the movement, the characteristics and the history of
Cyberpunk Fiction are studied. The birth and the basic characteristics of the
movement are presented in the first and second parts of this section. The close
connection between Postmodernism and the Cyberpunk and how the Cyberpunk
Science Fiction. Since Gibson is one of the most popular writers of Cyberpunk
Science Fiction, and the author who coined the terms “cyberspace” and “virtual
reality” that build the terminology of the sub-genre, his works are studied as the main
6
Gibson employs the basic themes of Cyberpunk Science Fiction is considered. These
include the invasion of body and mind in the form of genetic alteration, prosthetic
intelligence and neuchemistry; and the blurring of boundaries between the advanced
technology and low life, the man and the machine, the real and the virtual; and man‟s
master information technologies. The Chapter also underlines that the work of
Gibson presents a sort of social anxiety that appeared during the 1980s, an anxiety
about the situation of man in a world of rapidly developing technology. In the work
of Gibson, technology overpowers all types of the natural substances, and the world
is already physically ruined. Man‟s survival in this world depends on his ability to
comply with the advanced technology. However, he victimizes his body and even
identity during this process and turns out to be an object in this relationship. Thus,
terms (Kroker, 1992:12). Gibson also points out that power relations of the near
mainly deal with the near future, and Gibson‟s novels, which were written during the
critics such as Jameson, Baudrillard and Kroker underline, this sub-genre reflects the
“virtual man”, wired to technology, and living in “cyberspace” with his implants
The Third Chapter presents an analysis of The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix, and
Sterling, who has written his novels in the same period as Gibson and undertaken the
mission of advocating the sub-genre, dealt with themes similar to those seen in
extension of twenty-first century man, and questions this relationship in his works.
He presents characters from low-life, who abuse and are abused by advanced
altering drugs and the endless opportunities of playing with every kind of data. It is
possible to say that Sterling discusses the role of technology in the changing
economic, social and cultural conditions of the world. Therefore, in this Chapter, the
themes and characteristics of Cyberpunk Fiction that were analysed in the previous
Science Fiction.
8
Cyberpunk Movement and Cyberpunk Science fiction with references to critics who
commented on the genre. The historical and philosophical evolution of the genre, as
well as the movement, will be explained in the second and the third parts of this
Chapter.
“Cyberpunk” as a term not only refers to a literary science fiction genre, but
also to a social movement and sub-culture that became dominant in the Western
World after the 1980‟s. The word is made up of two parts “cyber” and “punk”
presenting the most basic characteristic of the genre, which is to combine advanced
technology the lives of characters from lower social classes. Cyberpunk fiction
mainly deals with the invasive development of all types of technologies such as
the blurring of the boundaries between high and popular cultural products, between
the natural and the artificial and between the real and the virtual, which make these
produce novels that are conventional in terms of narrative techniques and formal
qualities of novel writing, their works are studied in the frame of Postmodernism
9
matter.
Cyberpunk is not the only form of science fiction sub-genre that appeared
after the 1980s. Several other types of science fiction emerged in the genre in the
near future societies and that deals with nearly the same themes as Cyberpunk, but in
situations as Cyberpunk characters but they try to protect the status quo of the world
as depicted in the novels, and they try to improve social conditions. Bruce Sterling‟
depicting a near-future world that is very much like today‟s world (Person,
http://news.slashdot.org/story/99/10/08/2123255/ notes-toward-a-postcyberpunk-
manifesto).
The next three parts of this Chapter aim to present a detailed definition and
literary subgenre, the historical context and the philosophical and the cultural
This part of the first Chapter aims to present a detailed definition of the term
“Cyberpunk” by referring to the authors and critics studying the subject. Cyberpunk
10
is not only a relatively young science fiction subgenre but also a social movement
that was influenced by developments in the field of technology and in the street
culture of the 1980s. The Cyberpunk Movement was born out of the 1970s “New
Wave” and it was influenced by the authors of this movement, but Cyberpunk
authors turned to “hard sciences” for their subject matter and produced “hard science
fiction” works as opposed to the “soft science fiction” of the New Wave movement
(Don, 2005). Cyberpunk has quite extraordinary definitions, like that presented by
writers were the followers of previous science fiction authors like Alfred Bester and
Samuel Delany and how it is in a close interaction with popular street culture. In his
movement, Bruce Sterling, who is also the spokesperson of the movement, argues
that, this movement has risen from within the science fiction genre “–against the
This “new” New Wave movement and subgenre of science fiction had
various names before “Cyberpunk” became the accepted label, such as “Radical
ix). At first, the word “cyberpunk” was only used to refer to a prototype, a young
criminal who is talented in technological devices and who survives through the
20.07.2010). The word was coined by Bruce Bethke in the early 1980s, and was used
for the “bizarre, hard-edged, high-tech” science fiction that was emerging on that
certain time period (Bethke, 1983). It first appeared as the title of Bethke‟s short
story “Cyberpunk” that was published in the Amazing Stories in 1983, and later the
There are many attempts to explain this term and describe the boundaries of
literary Cyberpunk subgenre and the Cyberpunk movement. For example, Peter
1993: 288).
On the other hand, he refers to the second part of the word as having quite different
These characteristics of the word are underlined in other definitions like that of
The definition above clarifies the main focus of the Cyberpunk themes depicting a
dystopian future world marked by the use of technology. In such a world the power
first one is “body invasion”, which includes any kind of intervention in the parts of
the body and that may include “prosthetic limbs, implanted circuitry, cosmetic
surgery and genetic alteration”, and the second theme is “mind invasion” that may be
using the techniques radically redefining the nature of humanity and the nature of the
self” (Sterling, 1986: xiii). The Gibson and Sterling novels studied in this thesis
employ most of these concerns. Since Cyberpunk frequently makes use of the
crime, data piracy, drugs and violence together with these motifs. This type of
Another common feature of this type of novels is that they take place in the
near future rather than in the far future, and the setting is either the virtual world or
the Earth in which human beings control nature (or whatever left from it) by means
of technology. However, this relationship is quite complex, in that they are also
controlled by the technology. That is, Cyberpunk works deal with a dark vision of
the close urban future. The stories take place in a technologically improved but
industrially ruined world. Nature is not depicted as a beautiful, fertile “real” setting
but as a part of virtual reality for example in Neuromancer. Here Gibson depicts the
city in the beginning of the novel as follows: “The sky above the port was the color
modern world of electronic goods in Cyberpunk world just at the beginning of the
work. In the world depicted by Cyberpunk authors, social instability appears to have
14
reached to a maximum with the imbalance between the rich and the poor, since there
authority and they run the world according to their own profit. In Sterling‟s Artificial
Kid for instance, the contradiction among the social classes and the struggle of the
lower class to survive is depicted with sharp descriptions. Each of the novels of
Gibson and Sterling mentioned in the thesis present crime and violence as a part of
everyday life. Bobby, for example, loses the parts of his body and is renewed by
scientists in Count Zero, Molly uses the blades in her fingers to protect herself in
Mona Lisa Overdrive, Arti fights to sell his videotapes to survive, Lisa is subject
The characters are prototypes like the 1980 punks rockers in the streets:
unemployed, alienated, aggressive and amoral but talented in using the technological
1995. Cyberpunk prototypes share common character traits such as not presenting
much virtue and not having a mission like saving a country, protecting a society, or
fighting for religious ideals or freedom, but being ordinary anti-heroic characters
who just want to save the day and survive in a world where individuals are no more
important. They are all sophisticated in the ways of using technological devices and
they save the world with their special talents although they don‟t mean to. Most of
the characters in the Cyberpunk novels are presented as if they are paralyzed by the
15
fear of being part of a data system if they do not submit silently to the rules set by
dominant powers. These characters or “cyberpunks” have a certain reason like being
power like an artificial intelligence. Both Gibson and Sterling frequently use the
terms “the System” or “the Corporate” in their novels and this is pointed out as a
“the Corporate” and they cannot escape from the traps they fall in, and they use
technology to get rid of these problems. They are mostly not parts of open wars and
their fights do not have ethical bases, they are just characters who are manipulated
and try to continue their existence. The presentation of such characters and themes
man‟s position against machines, a subject matter which can also be found in earlier
way of combining them. Both Gibson and Sterling present stories that have regular
patterns of plot structure with an exposition part, rising action, climax, falling action
and resolution. They use multiple stories that are combined at the end of the works,
to maintain suspense and curiosity. Both writers prefer object point of view while
recounting the events and they do not experiment with narration techniques except
using multiple story lines. In plain words, writers focus on their concerns which are
also a cultural movement that had considerable influence on the life styles and
artistic creations of its audience. For example, it is possible to see that the music of
Velvet Underground, the Talking Heads, the Sex Pistols and films such as The Man
Who Fell to Earth (1976), Blade Runner (1982), Videodrome (1983), The Matrix
Series (1999-2003), animations like Tron (1982), Æon Flux (1990s), Rise of the
Robots (1994), Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Animatrix (2003) contain cyberpunk
elements. Five Cyberpunk authors, including William Gibson and Bruce Sterling
made a considerable contribution to this cultur. They read, criticised and supported
each other‟s works and are known as the “Satellite of Cyberpunk”. This group was
constituted by Bruce Sterling, William Gibson, Rudy Rucker, Lewis Shiner and John
x).
The Satellite Group, having these influences in their background, have dealt both
with both traditional and unconventional subject matters in a pessimistic way. They
all present a highly technological but naturally exhausted world in which humanity is
world to the real world. Thus, they also point out the question of “reality” by
presenting the virtual as its preferable counterfeit. These oppositional concerns show
mirror of anxieties and dysphoria that is brought about by the late-capitalist socio-
political environment.
The genre science fiction became an important branch of popular literature in the
twentieth century with the interaction of literature, the industries of cinema and
gaming and popular television productions. A general survey of such science fiction
novels such as Philip Dick‟s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (1968), Samuel
Delany‟s Babel 1-7-(1966) and Roger Zelanzy‟s The Amber Novels (1970-1978),
movies such as Blade Runner (1982), The Matrix Trilogy (1999), Terminator (2003)
and Artificial Intelligence (2001) and television productions such as the Doctor Who
Series (1968-2005) show that close interactions between technology and science
twentieth century has witnessed the diversification of the science fiction genre. Since
the twentieth century has become the century of technological improvement and
fiction as “the literature of change” explains the grounds of the rise of science fiction
The writers of Cyberpunk are natural followers of the earlier science fiction
writers who created and improved the genre. As Luckhurst also points out in his
work Science Fiction, in which he analyzes the origins of science fiction genre,
authors of Cyberpunk Fiction are heirs to the science fiction writers of the earlier
18
twentieth century from the 1920‟s, known as the “pulp era”, the to the 1950‟s often
recognized as “the Golden Age of Science fiction” and to the New Wave science
of the 1970‟s. The authors of the New Wave Movement such as Michael Moorcock,
Brian Aldiss, J.G. Ballard, Philip Dick, Ursula Le Guin, Samuel Delany and Roger
Zelazny emphasized the social sciences and radical thoughts and, they dealt with the
Electronic Sheep (1968), The Dancers at the End of Time (1981), The Left Hand of
the Darkness (1969) and The Drowned World (1962) (James,1994). The New Wave
writers of the 1970‟s were experimenting with both content and style, and referring
to sociological and psychological themes (James, 1994: 176, 196). For example,
Ursula Le Guin wrote stories commenting on gender issues, Philip Dick wrote about
God and existence, and J.G. Ballard focused on the theme of ecological catastrophe.
This type of science fiction was later named “soft science fiction” (Clute and
Nicholls, 1995). Cyberpunk, which appeared in the next decade, is known as “New”
New Wave and what it is different from its predecessor in that, Cyberpunk authors
dealt with “hard” sciences, such as computer sciences, cloning and other advances in
Cyberpunk is also known as the “Hard Science Fiction”. Each of the New Wave
Asimov (1920-1992), Robert Heinlein (1907-1988) and A.E. Vong Vogt (1912-
2000) have contributed to the formation of Cyberpunk in different ways (Clute and
Nicholls, 1995). For example, Asimov who wrote or edited more than 500 books,
19
and is regarded as one of the most accomplished science fiction writers, dealt with
such subjects as sophisticated robots and other scientific inventions and is known to
have revolutionized the form of science fiction with his works such as the
Foundation Series (1942-1950) and the Robot Series (1950-1985). Asimov created
the robot stereotype with the “Laws of Robotics”, setting out the rules that should be
Law.
The authors of the Cyberpunk fiction appear to have been influenced by this
preoccupation with intelligent machines and started to experiment with the subject by
adding more detailed and more recent concerns such as artificial intelligence,
Asimov‟s Zeroth Law, that human beings might be victims of the intelligence they
have created.
20
Actually, it is a commonly known fact that the idea of “Robot” goes back to
Book of Iliad is given as the first description of artificial creations that imitate human
beings. The character of Frankenstein created by Mary Shelly also can be seen as an
early example of a robot. However, robots stepped out of the imagination of man and
became a part of reality in the twentieth century. William Gibson and Bruce Sterling
also referred to this topic in their works and presented them as the only friends of the
isolated early twenty first century man. However, it is also possible to find a sort of
warning about this close relationship between lines. As the artificial and the natural
come closer to each other and start to reflect each other‟s characteristics, the machine
are also seen in the life of the twentieth century man in order to understand the work
of Gibson and Sterling. For example, there are androids (robots that look like a real
person ( Fowler et all., Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th edition, 1999: 39)),
bionic men (having artificial parts of the body and so able to do things no normal
human being can do (Fowler et all.., Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th edition,
1999: 107)) and cyborgs (which are defined as a cybernetic organism, a creature of
“biological constructs”. All these types are human forms that are mixtures of organic
and mechanical parts. This subject matter has become a great source of inspiration
Science fiction authors such as Ray Bradbury, Roger Zelazny, Philip Dick,
Stanislaw Lem, Rudy Rucker, and Terry Pratchett focused on robots and their
interaction with the human species, which appear as one of the main subject matters
that Cyberpunk authors borrowed from their predecessors. The television and movie
industry employed robots many times in different forms in the second half of the
twentieth century as well. For example, Andromeda (1961), the Doctor Who Series
(1963-2005), the Lost in Space series (1965-1968), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968),
Barbarella (1968), Solaris (1972), The Bionic Boy (1976), Star Wars (1977), Alien
(1979), Blade Runner (1982), I, Robot (1983), Robotix (1987), Robocop (1987), Star
(1999), Artificial Intelligence (2001), Terminator, Rise of the Machines (2003), and
The Cyborg Girl (2007) are some of the TV series and movies in which human-
machine combinations, that is to say cyborgs, androids or robots, are seen. These
works deal with the subject of robots and human-machine combinations in various
ways. For example, the revenge of the machine turned out to be a central focus in
popular culture through the end of the twentieth century, as it is seen in Blade
science fiction genre and it presents the gloomy atmosphere of the 1980s Western
world that was shocked by the rapid developments in technology and disappointed
and anxious about the negative social and economic conditions. Cyberpunk authors
technology with the characters and settings that represent the lower classes of
society.
22
In this part of the First Chapter, the close connections between the social and
historical conditions of the late-twentieth century and the Cyberpunk movement will
be discussed, and how the cyberpunk movement has become a mirror of Postmodern
philosophers such as Fredric Jameson, Jean François Lyotard, Jean Baurillard, Arthur
The late-twentieth century in which Gibson and Sterling produced their works
is referred to as the Postmodern Period and this label refers to its social and cultural
“postmodern writer...who has adapted several postmodern motifs and themes to his
most studies and debates that aim to explain cultural change and the social
postmodernity are terms that are used interchangeably from time to time. However,
there are slight differences between the two terms. David Lyon mentions this
difference as follows:
natural versus artificial, real versus virtual, male versus female and story versus
history. Cyberpunk movement expresses this rebellion against such sharp distinctions
and instead it puts forward the postmodern values of difference, plurality (in the
scepticism ( in the sense that there are no absolutes in the world, and everything is
during the eighties, as a kind of investigation of the individual‟s place in the media
“emerging from the ruins of the enlightenment‟s grand narratives” by David Lyon,
(Lyon, 1994). It is possible to add that what defines the Postmodern world is “pure
speed” as Paul Virilio terms it. The worlds drawn by Gibson and Sterling are also
marked by hyperreality and by having image and speed as the key denominators of
techniques as mentioned above, the themes and concerns of the two writers are
entirely postmodern.
24
structure and social system in the last centuries is explained by Ernest Mandel, a
twentieth century theorist who has many works on late capitalism and political
1700 to 1850 and includes the steam engine of 1848 and the rise of electricity, the
second one is the period of “monopoly capitalism” which witnesses the combustion
colonial territories, finally the age of “late capitalism” that includes the development
of nuclear and electronic technologies since the 1940s (Mandel, 1986). The dominant
characteristic of this period which has started after the Second World War are the
multinational corporation, globalized markets and labour, mass consumption, and the
Mandel‟s definition, the last phase of this historical classification is later described
Toffler‟s futuristic sociological study The Third Wave, which was published in 1980,
the developments in technology, Toffler argues that civilization has evolved through
theories a new epoch starts after 1950s. This formation of post-industrial society is
information might substitute most of the material sources. The fast changes that took
place in the period of the Third Wave and their influence on the social, cultural,
technological and political conditions are also underlined by Lance Olsen as follows:
17)
Gibson and Sterling, Cyberpunk science fiction appears as a kind of mirror to the
themes and concerns of this third phase, thus to Postmodern period, with its
references to the relationship of ordinary man and advanced technology, and man‟s
In the world described by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling the individual
pre-eminent literary genre of the Postmodern Era” (Sponsler, 2001: 178). These
developments. They describe a future in which the global economic structure totally
ruined, crime and violence have become ordinary in urban life. In the novels, then,
we find such inescapable events as Case‟s taking place in a violent bargain with an
Artificial Intelligence to gain his healthy body back again in Neuromancer, or Laura
Grenada in the Islands in the Net; and the consciousness and movements of man are
works and write comments on the movement in the early 1980s, Fredric Jameson
circumstances, in other words to history, his comments led other theorists to try to
understand and explain the products of the era defined as “postmodern”, which was
concept of “utopia” and utopian thinking has great importance in Jameson‟s thought,
350). In his Postmodernism or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, he argues that
similar comment on this feeling of the end of something: “one distinguishing mark of
the emergent new school of Eighties Science Fiction [is] its boredom with the
Mandel mentioned above, represents a new economic logic, the third phase of
28
capitalist development that gained ascendancy over the older forms sometime after
reflected in Cyberpunk novels like Sterling‟s Islands of the Net. Jameson underlined
(Jameson, 1991). Jameson himself has stated that Cyberpunk is “henceforth, for
many of us, the supreme literary expression if not of Postmodernism, then of late
capitalism itself” (Jameson, 1991: 417). People in the postmodern age, as in the
Cyberpunk works to be analysed in this dissertation, are even from their emotions
since they are subject to enormously violent or sexually explicit things and they are
Cyberpunk novels.
Patrick Novotny also argues, late twentieth century culture is increasingly oriented
cultural dominant (Novotny, 1997: 102-103). In the works of Cyberpunk writers, this
takes place in Chiba, Sprawl and Istanbul and makes use of various cultural elements
29
from each setting including language and religious references; likewise Sterling‟s
cultural phenomena of the era is Jean François Lyotard. Lyotard questions the
To Lyotard, the work of art itself indeed seeks these rules and categories.
Therefore, the artist or the writer works without rules in order to formulate the rules
of what “will have been done” (Lyotard, 1979). As Linda Hutcheon marks, cultural
features of postmodern sensibility mark much of the late twentieth century artistic
work (Hutcheon, 1995). The artists, literary theorists and creative writers of the
period reflect the postmodernist sense of parody that exceeds aesthetic styles and
unpredictable subject. In the same way, a similar sense of irony, disillusionment and
eclecticism:
1985: 76).
Since such colourful and detailed descriptions that the readers might easily
visualise because they are already familiar, the characters, settings and events Gibson
and Sterling create are all cinematographic, including all types of elements from past
and present popular life and highly technological devices. This fragmented approach
Real and reality became elusive terms at the end of the twentieth century.
Industries such as the cinema, T.V., Internet, and multimedia created their own
“reality”, which is referred to as “virtual reality”, and individuals under the influence
of social conditions which are created by the era of so-called the “late capitalist”,
have become surrounded with this virtual reality. The gap between what materially is
individuals started to confuse the created reality with their own lives as foreseen by
31
Cyberpunk works and the cultural phenomena reflected by Gibson and Sterling, the
philosopher and cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard uses the word “simulacrum” which
from the traditional concept of reality. The word simulacrum, that Baudrillard
derives from the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, in whose opinion,
the world is simply a copy of a purer and better world that exists on another higher
level of being refers in Baudrillard‟s writings to the type of fake reality that appeared
in the late twentieth century with the developments in the field of information
(1983) is explanatory for the values and approaches seen in the work of Gibson and
Sterling. Baudrillard argues that western capitalism has moved from being based on
“simulacra” (Baudrillard, 1983). The difference between real life and simulated life
or “simulacra” decreased towards the end of the twentieth century, to a point where it
becomes hard to distinguish one from the other: “the whole system becomes
404). The individuals of the late twentieth century started to know and care for the
imaginary artificial characters of movies, computer games and soap operas more than
the real people around them, as do the characters of Cyberpunk works. Baudrillard
points out that this resulted in the loss of a sense of the real, (like Case and Bobby
32
who prefer the created reality to the life they experience). The real for Baudrillard,
lies between the borders of death and life, and it is in a vain struggle with the created
T.V., cinema, multimedia or the Internet, that is to say “the simulation”, has replaced
the “real” reality and individuals are imprisoned in hyperreality, because they cannot
communicate. They are only subject to what is given to them, and this kills their
imagination. The subjects accept the virtual life given to them as real and they prefer
a life cut off from the outside. Thus, in this theory, humanity has entered into a new
phase of creating and realizing reality through technology. Baudrillard argues that
there are three levels of simulation (Baudrillard, 1994). The first one is an obvious
copy of reality, the second level is a copy which blurs the boundaries between reality
and representation because it is so convincing. The last phase is the one that produces
a reality of its own without being based upon any particular part of the real world,
like mathematical codes and computer language. This third level is called
difference between the real and the unreal instead of difference between the two in
the twentieth century. Baudrillard regards reality as an object of faith like God. Like
God, reality exists as long as human beings believe in it (Baudrillard, 2005: 18-19).
In the theory of Simulation, reality and simulation are received as copies that
have no difference. Thus, Plato‟s model where the copy comes after the original is
Artificial characters, intelligences and space replace the real ones in the worlds
For Baudrillard, reality or the concept of the “real” has been transformed in
the postmodern world. The world has become “real beyond our wildest expectations”
(Baudrillard, 1996: 64). He asserts that technology is the reason for this change:
Baudrillard claims that, today, the real and the rational have been overturned by their
Moreover, the object and the subject have changed positions: “It is no longer we who
think the object, but the object which thinks us. Once we lived in the age of the lost
object; now it is the object which is „losing‟ us, bringing about our ruin”
the object and being lost in this reverse system because of being forgotten by the
object explains the position of the individuals seen in the Cyberpunk works. As the
works of Gibson and Sterling are studied, it is clearly seen that the individuals lose
their importance in a system dominated by technology, and they just turn into objects
Gibson and Sterling depict the early twenty-first century as a world in which
The definition of the identities of many characters like Case, Molly, Laura, Kid,
(Baudrillard, 1996: 71). For him, technology appears as an instrument ruled by man,
however, “in fact the world is using this machinery to impose itself, and we are
merely the operators” (Baudrillard, 1996: 71). Therefore, the subject is dominated by
35
Neuromancer.
Other” in the era of the Virtual that is defined as the era of “liquidation of the Real
and the Referential”. For Baudrillard the era of the Virtual witnesses:
1996: 109-110).
The Cyberpunk world is thus an output of the “perfect crime”. To Baudrillard, the
history of the world is completed in real time by the workings of virtual technology
(Baudrillard, 1996: 25). That is to say, the deeds that mankind devoted itself to do
are done by computers or machines in very short times, and this makes human beings
feel inactive. People are living their lives not in real time, but living and suffering
encoded by the computers. “Make your revolution in real time – not in the street, but
36
in a recording studio. Live out your amorous passions in real time - the whole thing
In a world where signs have lost signifiers because they are virtual, things are
becoming “extreme” or “beyond the limits” for Baudrillard. He describes this state as
follows: “Things have no origin any longer and no end, they cannot develop logically
or dialectically any more, but only chaotically or randomly…they are beyond the
limits” (Baudrillard, 1996: 27). This means that subjects of the late twentieth century
are passive, experiencing a kind of inertia in the objective irony of the world.
real” and “the reality”. To him when reality gets rid of its origin, since it does not
have a signifier, the sign is also exterminated and this means “the murder of the
sign”: (Baudrillard, 2005: 67) “Since the meaning works through signs, what is left is
and the subject becomes alienated from the real world, like the characters seen in
Cyberpunk novels. The previous distinctions between illusion and reality, signifier
and signified, subject and object, collapse in the twentieth century, since there is no
this postmodern world (Baudrillard, 1982:1). A reality that lacks an essence (or
where fake simulations look more real than the real and the efforts to present them in
this way are so successful that reality and representation blur together. In a way, it
convinces individuals of the reality of outside world by showing them the borders of
rationality (Baudrillard, 1982: 12). Today, such a created model of reality is easier to
reach; people are living for their virtual farms, establishing civilizations and
watching interactive soap operas. These games and T.V. shows make subjects feel as
if they are a part of them, and this turns out to be their “reality”. What Baudrillard
criticizes is the first step of cutting oneself off from the outside reality, and the
further steps of this situation are presented by Gibson in the Trilogy. Baudrillard‟s
example of Disneyland turns out to be the whole virtual world in the Cyberpunk
works, since it symbolizes a similar gap between reality and simulacrum. The
characters prefer the catatonic virtual life to the life they experience with their
explained in this article, “it is the whole political problem of the parody, of
The moral system and accepted norms are set by owners of capital, thus they
407). Therefore, Baudrillard questions the norms of society and affirms that the
accepted values and norms of societies are set by capital owners and truth or reality
depends on how one reads it. For example, for some, “Watergate” might be regarded
as a scandal, but for others, who discuss economic equivalence, power relations and
reality is produced, such events are nothing but scenarios for poisoning the masses.
Especially, in the second and the third works of Trilogy, we come across a similar
production of reality. The simstim (see page 48) that Angie Mitchell experiences in
her brain and the world of the cloned embryos 2Jane, 3Jane and numerous others are
only within the magnetic field of value” that “exists as a result of tension between
two poles: good or evil, true or false, masculine or feminine” (Baudrillard, 1996: 67).
For Baudrillard, these values are depolarized in the contemporary world (Baudrillard,
1996: 67). In the worlds drawn by Gibson and Sterling in their novels, this loss of
poles is clear since the characters are not searching for absolute goodness or truth but
39
they are trying to survive in any way. Neither the world they are in is real or virtual,
around the production and consumption of commodities and simulation, and play
with signs and images. Images, codes and models shape individual identities and
victim like Gibson‟s characters Case, Bobby, Molly, or Abelard and Kid in the works
of Sterling. This process of degradation of the human being shows the power of
(2000), Body Invaders (1988), and Hacking the Future (1996) are useful for a deeper
analysis of the artistic productions of the end of the twentieth century. His works
Gibson and Sterling. Kroker argues that in the postmodern era, science and
technology are the real language of power as seen, for example, in the Islands in the
Net, in which the holders of technology control the world. Furthermore, Kroker deals
with the new horizon of electronic culture and techno-culture in the 90s. To Kroker,
his works like, Hacking the Future. He discusses the situation of the individual
reflections on the streets. Therefore, his approach and criticism is quite applicable to
the world created by Gibson and Sterling in their novels, because technology is like a
century French thinkers from Baudrillard and Barthes to Virilio, Lyotard, Deleuze
and Guattari, and Foucault who “refuse the pragmatic account of technology as
1992: 12). He presents a useful list, which provides a summary of twentieth century
12).
Kroker regards technology as an “invasive power” that dominates life with its
“technological language” (Kroker, 1992: 12). Gibson and Sterling employ such a
language which is difficult to decipher. The language changes, as seen in the works
of cyberpunk authors, not only with the use words from the language of science and
41
technology, but also with difficult grammatical structures. Kroker defines virtual
wetware” (Kroker, 1992: 12). [Computer wetware is a term for operators using a
individual by the language of technology that belongs to virtual reality. “No longer
emancipation and human domination, but virtuality now as the dominant sign of
individual of the end of the nineteenth century, the fin-de siècle man, from the
individual of the twentieth century, the fin-de –millennium man (Kroker, 1996). To
him, the fin-de-siècle generation “had experienced feeling of great anxiety and
body because, unlike the 1890s, we have never lived the illusion of the real”
and ideas has changed using the example of Two Machines for Feeling by the artist
Tony Brown. To him we can now speak of “neon brains, electric egos, and data skin
as the bigger circuitry of a society held together by the sleek sheen of surface and
the worlds Gibson and Sterling created during the 1980s (Kroker, 1992: 23).
The action is to be taken faster in the virtual world while a silent and slow life is
taking place outside, in the “real” world. At the same time, speed is sign of
42
prosperity and supremacy. Hence desire for speed is another outcome of the late-
twentieth century as it is also argued by French philosopher Paul Virilio. Virilio, who
simulation but substitution because reality has become symmetrical and “the data
glove” has replaced matter (Kroker, 1997: 43). “Dromology” is a term used by
Virilio to explain the meaning and importance of speed in the contemporary world.
Virilio regards speed as a class issue, because it shows one‟s wealth and social status
in the twenty-first century. This is valid for both transportation vehicles and data
transfer systems. Faster cars, faster planes, faster internet, faster computers show
wealth and class ranking in the society. As Virilio points out, those who can move
fast or have access to high speeds, are usually wealthy. Societies of the post-modern
period are defined as the “society of speed” by Virilio and to him the only way to get
rid of this dromocracy is “putting the brakes on it, and making things, especially the
43
body, world-heavy” (Virilio, 1986: 81). Virilio is best known for his “war model” of
the growth of modern society and the evolution of human society. It is possible to
think about the worlds created by Gibson and Sterling in the frame of Virilio‟s ideas
Cyberpunk movement and those of the Postmodern approach, many critics, such as,
Jameson Baudrillard, Kroker and Virilio have pointed to the movement as a space
follows:
These critics commonly underline the interconnection between the human and
oppositions between the natural and the artificial, and the human and the machine is
as the postmodern condition of the genre science fiction (Hollinger, 1991: 203). The
combinations; these have either artificial parts in their body, or have a consciousness
by some feminist critics of postmodernism like Donna Haraway, who is the writer of
Twentieth Century” (1985), since it also leads to the disappearance of the duality of
The limited number of female characters in the works of Gibson and Sterling
machine and organism” (Haraway, 1985: 150). For example, Molly from Mona Lisa
Overdrive and Kitsune from Schismatrix are fabricated female characters in whose
body “the old dichotomies between mind and body, animal and human, organism and
machine” become obsolete (Haraway, 1985: 163). Female body, like many other
male bodies, is presented as open to any kind of altering to create war machines.
Apart from the female characters, the characters in the works like Edward
Turner or Abelard Lindsay are trapped in an abysmal present that will last forever.
Jenny Wolmark explains this state of losing the sense of time in her article
“Cyberculture” as follows:
All these discussions that combine the features of Cyberpunk Movement and
human and technology, the real and the virtual and self and the other, and it started to
which the relationship between man and technology is defined more clearly. It
opposes previous debates since they do not answer the needs of the era and tries to
establish a new approach in which a diverse range of discourses from various arts are
included. David Bell, one of the editors of the anthology of articles on cyberculture
Cybertheory deals also with the cultural use and the value of all these items as wells
discussing their place in the life of late twentieth century and early twenty-first
century man. Therefore, Cyberpunk, Cyberculture and Cybertheory all reflect the
subgenre, is shaped by the cultural conditions of the 1980s that have been summed
various types of opposites and this vagueness of borders is the main concern of both
Postmodern studies and Cyberpunk works. The works of William Gibson and Bruce
Sterling have the characteristics of the 1980s and reflect many of the basic
denominators of the era. The next two chapters aim to analyse William Gibson‟s the
Neuromancer, Count Zero and Mona Lisa Overdrive, and Bruce Sterling‟s The
Artificial Kid, Islands in the Net and the Schismatrix as examples of Cyberpunk
science fiction, in the light of the views put forth by the postmodern critics
FICTION:
fiction are seen in William Gibson‟s Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986), and
Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988). The characteristics of Cyberpunk science fiction and
William Gibson, who is famous for having coined the word “cyberspace”, has
become one of the central points of reference for Cyberpunk science fiction, having
dealt with subjects such as the Internet or Virtual Reality long before either existed.
The Sprawl Trilogy or Cyberspace Trilogy, which he wrote during the 1980s, is
the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award), Count Zero,
(which was nominated for the Locus and British Science Fiction Awards in 1986, as
well as the Hugo and Nebula awards in 1987), and Mona Lisa Overdrive, (that was
nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988 and the Hugo Award for
Best Novel in 1989). The novels are all set in a fictional near future world where,
characteristic of the Cyberpunk world, the nation state has withered away and power
come not only to dominate forms of life recognizable to the generations of the
twentieth century, but to create new and increasingly unrecognizable forms of life as
48
well; reality or the concept of reality is replaced by created reality, in other words
virtual reality.
The Trilogy presents a close future in which human beings are closer to
machines and technology becomes a part of human body in various forms such as
man and machines, in the form of cyborgs, which became central to most of the
cyberpunk works, is realized through the idea of software that might turn the body
into a programmable machine like a personal computer. The machines become more
human as well. Gibson depicts artificial intelligences, and machines acting and, in a
way feeling like human beings. Cyborgs, androids and robots are quite frequently
technology; on the other hand, he deals with individuals who define their existence
through technology and cannot live without it. Thus, it is again seen that technology
is one of the identifying elements of Cyberpunk science fiction. Gibson handles the
capacity to change and adapt to technology. Hence, it can be said that the
The novels of the trilogy are set in “The Sprawl”, which is depicted as
covering the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, even if
49
Gibson intentionally does not identify the name of the country as Olsen also notes
the natural world is ruined, the world Gibson presents is a dystopian future in which
several geographical locations and virtual settings are merged into one megacity. The
city has its own climate, without a real night/day cycle and has an artificial sky that is
always grey. The Sprawl includes people from different social classes; there are areas
for rich people, while poor people are struggling to survive in some other areas.
However, advanced technology is a part of all people living in the Sprawl, regardless
of their social class and it is easily accessible. People spend much of their time in the
"matrix" for work or other purposes. The people who live in the Sprawl frequently
use "simstims" a word derived from simulated stimuli and means “a form of virtual
reality that allows people to experience a television program, typically soap operas,
prominent setting that appears in the work. Chiba is in fact a highly techological
district near Tokyo in Japan; however due to the Cyberpunk authors concern for
Japan and China as the significant threats for the world, Chiba appears as a dystopian
shaped space station in the high orbit. The rich Tessier-Ashpool clan, Villa
Straylight, lives in one end of the spindle. There are many other cities including
Istanbul, Dog Solitude and cyberspace itself are other places in the stories. The
to World War III that has changed the structure of the world. The three novels cover
50
a period over sixteen years, and although there are familiar characters, like Molly,
that appear in all of them, each novel presents a self-contained story and minor
stories that are connected to each other. The characters have direct access to the
virtual world through implants in their brains and they become a part of information
space. Therefore, direct mind-machine links is a major subject matter of the work.
The main theme of the trilogy is the struggle of an artificial intelligence to unite with
technology, organ transplantation and surgeries that combine the human body to
power relations through these nets, changing economic systems, a world ruined by
intelligence and cybernetics, can be seen as features that trace Cyberpunk science
fiction and these matters link cyberpunk works to cultural studies trying to explain
Neuromancer (1984)
version of William Gibson‟s famous short story “Burning Chrome”, which is about
two hackers, Bobby Quine and Automatic Jack, who hack systems for profit. This
story became a starting point for his later works in which he presented a
51
technologically developed violent society in which human beings are living together
with machines and that appears as a typical setting for Cyberpunk stories. Although
the subject-matter and themes are quite postmodern, the novel has a traditional
an exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and a resolution. The author‟s
stylistic choices at this level thus, create a traditional novel in terms of structure. It
has a common adventure plot in which a solitary protagonist goes through several
adventures with a group of characters for a certain mission assigned to him. The
characters and events of the novel are organized to give a sense of play on the
borders between the real and the virtual. Thus, it is possible to say that Gibson‟s
Cyberpunk novels are the examples of the traditional novel form dealing with
postmodern concerns such as the boundaries of the real and the virtual and the
Gibson combines high-technology with the lives of people from the lower
social strata in the Neuromancer. The title of the work acts like a key word
explaining the intention of the author since the way it is prounced suggests new
known critic who deals with postmodern science fiction, this impulse that is to say,
new romanticism, often takes the form of an intense subjective expressionism (Olsen,
1992: 66). David Porush, another critic who discusses the same subject, says that the
title “puns on the idea of the literary text as a cybernetic manipulation of the human
underlines, it is possible to think that the novel appears as a kind of textual machine
that activates and stimulates the human mind (Porush, David, 1987:171). On the
52
other hand, the word is also similar to “necromancer”, which means a kind of a
magician who has power to get in touch with dead people. Neuromancer also
may refer to the connection of reality to the virtual world through the manipulation
„Neuromancer,‟ the boy said, slitting long gray eyes against the sun. „The lane to the
land of the dead. Where you are my friend...I could read the book of her days. Neuro
from the nerves, the silver paths. Romancer Necromancer. I call up the dead‟ ”
(p.243-244). Thus, Gibson plays with the words necro and neuro, to create the sense
computer hacker aged twenty four. Case is a hacker or in the words of the virtual
mycotoxin inserted to his body by his previous employers as a punishment for having
stolen from them. Molly, another talented cyberspace user helps him to provide his
and he sets out on a mission with a team in which each person has special gifts. He
part of the novel, Case completes his mission on time, Molly leaves him and he
continues the hacking work, but understands that the inhuman intelligence that he
fought against survives in the matrix. As this brief summary displays, this work
53
displays almost the entire range of characters of Cyberpunk science fiction, with all
cyberspace hacker whose nervous system has been destroyed by “wartime Russian
mycotoxin”, rendering him unable to enter (jack) into the matrix and forcing him to
find work on the black market (Neuromancer, 5). This damaging of the nervous
system is a recurrent theme in Cyberpunk works and indicates one of the main
human body. The body turns out to be a machine that can be treated by scientists in
special ways. This instance of being open to process turns the body into a kind of
Kroker‟s terms. Case suffers at the beginning of the novel, even wants to die because
he is away from his console (the device he uses to enter the Matrix), and would do
anything to be able to jack in again. His situation away from the console is defined as
a prison: “Case fell into the prison of his own flesh” (Neuromancer, 6). His present
(Neuromancer, 6).
As illustrated in this quotation, the body is not merely a natural matter, but
to talk about a sort of mind-body dualism that reminds one of the Cartesian duality of
54
mind-body, that goes back to Plato and Aristotle and the argument that the mind or
the soul cannot be identified with, or explained in terms of, the physical body. René
Descartes (1641) termed this concept “dualism”, arguing that the body could be
divided up by removing a leg or arm, but the mind or soul were indivisible. Descartes
was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and
to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence
the mind-body problem and clearly this is one of the main influences on the theme of
computer hacker. He is a free soldier of technology who works at his own charge. He
is presented as follows:
to a computer‟s data storage by means of plugs and cable. The brain and the
computer work together through the process. When Case physically jacks himself
into his deck, he enters cyberspace, a landscape (like virtual reality) inhabited by
computer programs and simulacra created by artificial intelligences. Case has a talent
for using and hacking the electronic world of connections and data. Since he is
“the master of representation” but he is the “operator of the objective irony of the
world” (Baudrillard, 1996: 74). Therefore, as a human being his value is degraded
man” finds itself a body in Case: “Virtual man makes love via the screen and gives
cripple. That is the price he pays for being operational” (Baudrillard, 1993:52). Case,
likewise, is the operational postmodern man who turns out to be a cripple when he is
away from the virtual world. In this case, he feels utterly worthless and trapped as the
modern man.
between life outside and life inside cyberspace or in other words between the “real
world” and the “virtual world”. For example, when he sees Linda Lee in cyberspace
after she was killed in the real world, although he knows where he is, he insists that
56
she cannot be real because she is dead. But death is already dead in the virtual world
Molly, who helps Case to recover, is a bodyguard and contract killer. She
approaches him on behalf of a man, Armitage who remains mysterious for some
time. She says, “I‟m collecting you for the man I work for. Just wants to talk, is all.
Nobody wants to hurt you” (Neuromancer, 25). At this point, it appears that Case
cannot maintain a balance between the real world and the virtual world. Armitage
offers to repair Case‟s nervous system damage in exchange for his hacking skills.
Cyberpunk fiction. Case takes the job and is instructed, with Molly, to enter the
media conglomerate Sense/Net and steal a ROM module that reproduces the brain
representatives of the late capitalist, since they are presented as holding power, not
Jameson‟s arguments on “Late Capitalism” which has its own cultural logic. People
work, Case‟s team raid Sense/Net using Molly‟s simstim, which means stimulation
of the brain and nervous system of one person using a recording (or live broadcast)
Bnum=1777) where Case jacks in and can hear and see everything Molly is doing.
“„You got a rider, Molly. This says.‟ He tapped the black splinter. „Somebody else
using your eyes.‟ „My partner.‟ „Tell your partner to go.‟”. (Neuromancer, 57). In
this quotation, the idea of virtual reality or “recoding of human experience by the
algorithmic codes of a computer wetware”, as Kroker terms it, becomes more clear.
57
The traditional idea of having a unified body and brain breaks down with this
approach and the idea that a mind can be commanded by another person or by a
Case and Molly investigate Armitage‟s background while preparing for this
raid:
class cowboys for what the market was ready to pay for
What is described in this quotation appears as a mirror of the new life which was
being experienced in the United States of America in the 1980s. Gibson presents in
his novel the results of the new economic order in the novel, as Jameson also referred
Another character that Case and Molly discover together is Colonel Willis
Corto who they met as Armitage. This character is also important in terms of
Cyberpunk characteristics. Corto is one of the surviving soldiers from the Screaming
Fist operation. He was serving in a Russian military base as a soldier because of his
hacking tools. His aim was testing the effects of EMP (electromagnetic pulse)
weapons. After the operation, Corto was left psychologically damaged. Case and
Molly also find out that Armitage was supported by Wintermute, a powerful
58
of Cyberpunk novels. In fact, the whole plot of the work centres on an artificial
intelligence‟s effort to reach full consciousness, that is to say, to liberate itself from
Wintermute as a person having emotions, since the whole plot progresses around its
desire to unite with the “Neuromancer”. The human characters in the work appear
definition of postmodern man. For example, Wintermute, instructs Case, to find and
add “…one certified psychopath name of Peter Riviera” to their team (Neuromancer,
51). Case fulfils this command although he is uneasy about this because Riviera is a
psychotic thief and drug addict who has the ability to project elaborate illusions using
the holographic projector in one of his lungs. All these characters that have a
potential for violence are alienated from society as an outcome of the changing social
order in the late capitalist postmodern age. It is eventually revealed that Wintermute
wants access (in terms of reaching the data) to the computer terminal containing the
AI‟s hardwiring, because it wants to unite with Neuromancer. The team, made up of
these outcast members of society, works together to enter “Villa Straylight” where
the terminal is located. They try to take control of Wintermute in order to protect the
systems in the virtual world. Case uses his talent to unlock the hardwiring and free
Neuromancer, with the help of the Flatline. “The lock that screens the hardwiring,
it‟s down under those towers…He [Neuromancer] won‟t try to stop you…he‟s given
up, now” (Neuromancer, 261). The operation is successful, “Wintermute had won,
(Neuromancer, 268). This ending appears as a kind of warning on the part of the
author: having an open ending about what may happen if the artificial intelligences
Hence, it is possible to see that Gibson is also feeling insecure about the development
of machines and artificial intelligences and he wants his reader to think about this
escape from the control of mankind, and what would be the result of these
data-haven, and Case turns back to where he begins. Thus, this story may be
considered as human beings‟ vain struggle against machines that continue to improve
themselves in the virtual world. In this respect, Gibson‟s story might be seen as an
example of Kroker‟s “possessed individual” that presents the status of man in the
The famous first scene of the novel, in which the setting is described through
the image of the blank surface of a dead television screen: “The sky above the port
was the color of television, tuned to a dead channel” (Neuromancer, 3) gives an idea
of the image of the world outside “cyberspace”, and this outside appears to be a
meaningless and shadowy frame for the “inner side” or cyber world in the work of
Gibson. In addition, the image of the “real world” is also depicted as a part of the
every computer in the human system… in the nonspace of the mind” (Neuromancer,
Gibson‟s cyberspace as “a map of power and wealth” (Christie, 1991:44). It turns out
efficient way. The national industries have collapsed due to commercial arbitration
applied by gigantic companies. This changing order of economy and social life
postmodern age.
ways by the critics. For example, David Tomas describes Gibson‟s work as the
(Tomas, 2000: 176). Gibson clearly describes the late twentieth century postmodern
world that has changed economically and socially. The society he depicts is made up
of extremes. It is possible to see the worst life conditions in some districts, while
some people live in wealth surrounded by advanced technology. The military power
aristocratic families at the top of these corporate companies, like the Tessier-Ashpool
clan. The hackers are just operators who organize parasitic activities for their
Among the powerful combined corporate formations, Maas Biolabs GmbH and
profitable invention, or “Maas Biolabs” that only care for its own profit and oppress
its workers harshly, employ mercenaries like Case in Neuromancer or Bobby Turner
in Count Zero. “Power, in Case‟s world, meant corporate power. The zaibatsus, the
multinationals that shaped the course of human history, had transcended old barriers.
Subjects, in other words, human beings lose their importance and are replaced by
these corporations. Even when all the heads of the zaibatsus are killed, there are
others who can replace them and these are the ones who can directly access
were others waiting to step up the ladder, assume the vacated position, access the
As thoses who make use of this power, human beings are not only
presented as connected or united with machines but also act like machines. Molly
and Armitage, for example, appear to lack thoughts and feelings to a great extent.
More than human, they act like highly complicated automata. They lose their
the litter of drugs and alcohol. She put his pistol down,
opened slowly.
It was still open when she turned and left the room
(Neuromancer, 186).
The characters of the novel are presented as if they are machines, for
example they cannot present even their anger in a traditional way. Actually, Case
Therefore, he represents the late twentieth century man who is inactive, experiencing
a kind of inertia in the objective irony of the world as it is explained in the first
chapter. In the novel, machines are presented with human emotions, as well.
connect with it‟s other half. As Olsen notes, it plots, betrays and murders, not out of
reflex or as a part of its programming but “out of a deep desire” (Olsen, 1992:
out, the aim of technology is no longer to be an extention of man and his power, but
it turns out to be a power that supports itself. Since feeling or emotions is one of the
most important characteristics that separate man from machines, Wintermute‟s desire
to unite with Neuromancer brings machines to the same level as human beings. The
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united artificial intelligence can be regarded as “the first born native of cyberspace”
(Olsen, 1992:73). Artifice is defined as “the power of illusion” in the Xerox and
1993: 52)
Although Baudrillard defines artificial intelligence as an object that does not function
in the same way with the human beings, in Gibson‟s work the Artificial Intelligence
of the twenty-first century turns out to be a sort of subject that has desires and
passion. Besides, all the human characters in his novel are assembled and directed by
have psychological depth, they simply appear as caricatures or flat images driven by
the electronic world intelligence, and they will become the characters of the future
(Christie, 1991: 46). To Christie, these characters are “intertextual characters drawn
(Christie, 1991: 46). When the traits of characters are observed closely, Christie‟s
the “punk” part of the Cyberpunk. The beautiful, clean and good only appear in the
virtual world descriptions, and these are depicted as heroic ideals from the past.
Beauty is affordable by those with money, but it is artificial and temporary. This is
why the narrator of the Neuromancer refers to Ratz‟s ugliness as heraldic: “His
ugliness was the stuff of legend. In an age of affordable beauty, there was something
heraldic about his lack of it” (Neuromancer, 4). Moreover, in Gibson‟s cyberpunk
Gibson‟s Cyberpunk novels: “The water was smooth as silk, the color of lead, and
pale holograms flickered indistinctly above a distant line of archery stalls” (Mona
for the construction and continuation of social identities in the Cyberpunk world:
Case met his first Modern two days after he'd screened the
It was the style that mattered and the style was the same. The
65
invading the human bodies. The word “cybernetics” that comes from the Greek word
artificial body parts, which are usually considered better then their human
Gibson also frequently refers to this subject matter in the trilogy. For example,
them on the simstim link. The effect was like tape run at
214).
which blades have been implanted by a surgeon. As Arthur Kroker terms it, Molly‟s
body represents of the “postmodern body as a war machine” (Kroker, 1992: 20-21).
66
Gibson, like other Cyberpunk authors, is very much concerned with artificial
intelligence, which means the area of computer science which deals with producing
to create intelligent machines has been a main concern for humanity since ancient
times and today with the improvements in the field of computer technologies and
programming techniques, these dreams are turning into reality. Engineers are
working on systems which can imitate human thought, understand speech, and do
many jobs that have only been by human beings until now. However, this area was
not very much developed in the 1980s, when Gibson was writing his works. He
nevertheless imagines machines that could compete with human beings and even
control them. How smart an AI can become and whether or not it can replace human
beings is the central discussion of the trilogy. Gibson relates this anxiety in the
the ice. That's where ice all comes from, you know?
(Neuromancer, 95).
The word “ice”, mentioned in the quotation above stands for “Intrusion
elaborate security countermeasures which are used to protect corporate data from
world.
“Neuromancer” is the name of an AI, and the central plot of this eponymous
novel develops around the machines that desire to unite with each other. Wintermute,
one of the major themes of the work, as Olsen underlines -: “just as the reader‟s mind
is ingested by the text, so too are the humans in the text ingested by AIs” (Olsen,
1992:68). The work contemplates on questions about the working of brain and mind,
and if it can be controlled remotely. How long does one‟s consciousness under a
machine‟s control belong to himself or herself? The characters in the work are driven
into such situations that they can no longer control their bodies or consciousnesses
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and this situation results in questions of self-hood. For example, Case cannot act
freely because his nervous system is under some other entity‟s control.
The Human beings in the trilogy are presented as machines and machines
are presented as human beings. By jacking into a cyberspace deck (which means
plugging and connecting the brain physically directly to the machine), using a
cyberspace deck human beings are connected with machines and this connection
turns out to be a sort of union that both parts start to have the characteristics of each
other. Rivierai Molly and Armitage are closer to machines than human beings with
the altered parts of their bodies. Thus, the human in Gibson‟s work has transmuted
into a sort of “techno-centaur” as Olsen notes (Olsen, 1992). The body or the meat is
His gaze swept past her, to the rack of blank faintly, and
(Neuromancer, 185).
Like the bodies that are controllable by outside forces, society and the
individuals living in it are also depicted in terms of Cyberpunk vision and imagery.
Gibson uses the issues of government and nuclear tension that were topical at the
time he was writing, to ask questions about the future of the world and to give
predictions. He portrays a world ruined by nuclear war. The individuals in this world
continue to survive in a naturally exhausted world for only personal benefit or just
69
for the sake of living. Case, who presents the characteristics of an anti-hero, is placed
in surroundings where the atmosphere has deteriorated and society has mutated into
black markets involved in nerve-splicing and microbionics. He does not care about
the effects of his deeds, he just wants to do what he enjoys doing, which is playing
with data. He is bewildered by the endless opportunities of virtual life and its profits.
visual, audible and tactile multi-media experience which aims to surround the human
body with an artificial sensorium of sight, sound and touch” (Featherstone and
network, “the matrix” which is entered by users through “jacking in” via plugs into
“cyberspace decks”, as Case does. The users can move in the matrix from one data
cyberspace, there are other intelligent entities which do not have relations with the
outside world but can become more and more powerful in the matrix by uniting.
Artificial Intelligences (AIs) like the Wintermute or the Neuromancer are such
150). The subject of artificial intelligence became a great source of inspiration both
in the field of science and in the vision and imagery of Cyberpunk Literature.
Scientists, science fiction authors and film and game producers used this rich mine
and tried to predict the future of humanity that created and developed artificial
intelligence. Gibson makes the reader consider a future that can be out of control of
and cyberspace. Gibson‟s prophecy about the near future has already been fulfilled,
characters survive with their ability to master technology is not different from
today‟s world. These concerns, that are also seen as postmodern reflections of the
changing economic and social order, make Neuromancer one of the outstanding
Count Zero, the second work of the trilogy set in the same fictional dystopian
future as the Neuromancer, is very similar to the first work of the Trilogy, in that, it
71
is mainly the story of a young cyberspace hacker, Bobby Newmark and his
and he opens his eyes in a hospital after an explosion that injures most parts of his
body. He appears in the “zero line” (which means nearly dead fallen into vegetative
state), since he appears physically dead at the beginning of the novel but he is still
going on to live connected to the matrix. The title of the novel, like that of the first
novel, has various connotations as a kind of trope of Cyberpunk in that, the zero
point can be regarded as a sort of purgatory, in which people are neither in the world
of the dead nor alive. On the other hand, the matrix is made up of “1”s and “0”s,
which create all meaning in the virtual world. Therefore, the title connotes both
end of this work, which are again introduced as parallel computer programs familiar
in the Cyberpunk world. The plot of Count Zero is as follows: Turner is a mercenary
and he accepts the job to “shift” (Count Zero, p.19) the top researcher – “head
hybridoma man” (Count Zero, p.19) of Maas Biolabs – Christopher Mitchell to the
daughter on a foreign journey. The sub-plot takes place in France and presents a
small gallery owner, Marly. She is engaged to the enormously wealthy art collector
and patron Herr Josef Virek, to find out the unknown creator of his futuristic,
mysterious Joseph Cornell-style boxes. These boxes are depicted as powerful art
objects that are kept in the marketplace out of the underground of the Sprawl. In the
“Count Zero”, flatlines (a term which is central to Cyberpunk works and which may
function both as a verb and a noun, attributing to word‟s meaning in slang which is
being in the border of death and life, or having a paralyzed body in the real world
while continuing to exist the cyberspace) while hacking into a corporate computer
with a piece of important black market software. Bobby plugs himself into the matrix
and almost dies. What saves him in the matrix is the vision of a young girl who is
composed of light. This girl is Angie Mitchell, who appears briefly in the first and
the third novels as well. Her nervous system has been altered by her father,
Christopher Mitchell to allow her direct access in her head to the cyberspace matrix,
through a series of adventures. Its plot structure, although more complicated with
three interwoven stories that unite at the end, is still an example of conventional
narrative technique.
from low life and presenting them in high technological settings is the basic feature
of Cyberpunk works. Gibson followed his own choice of characters and setting in the
its character development when it is compared to the first novel of the trilogy, in that
Cyberpunk prototype. Larry McCaffery also points out this development in his
(MacCaffery, 1990:131).
of governments and states comes to the fore in the Count Zero as in Neuromancer.
There are many references to the relationship of the individual to these corporations
in the work. For instance, in one case, the narrator explains how these corporations
are powerful and how they benefit from individuals as long as these people are
useful for them: “The multinationals he worked for would never admit that a man
like Turner existed” (Count Zero, 14). This quotation also presents how such people
are annihilated when they are not needed. This situation shows that determination of
value in the postmodern society is not the same as previous perceptions that appear
as a result of tension between such poles as good or evil, true or false etc. However,
the values are depolarized in the postmodern world as Baudrillard argues, and truth
Therefore, subjects lose importance to profit and people like Turner become the
important, but merely the operator, as the user of data. Thus, he loses his freedom in
the illusionary endless virtual life in which they regard themselves to be free. This
advancements. The individuals who are in touch with technology might be a part of
power system. People‟s fascination with new machines and technology is referred to
Paul Virilio‟s term “dromology”, that was mentioned in the First Chapter, can be
used to explain this quotation, since it denotes a society that measures life with
speed. Speed becomes one of the most important issues in the postmodern
Cyberpunk world, in that quality and benefit depend on speed. Speed in cyberspace
Cyberspace, dominates the real world in the trilogy. As has been pointed out
in the First Chapter, in the postmodern world where illusion is no longer possible
overcomes the real. Law and order themselves are also nothing more than simulation
(Baudrillard, 1998: 180) and the moral system and accepted norms are defined or
framed by the owners of the capital as in the case of order established in Count Zero
individuals cannot gain much power. Only a few of them, whose existence is open to
75
question, may have money and power: "Virek? ... If you believe the journalists, he's
the single wealthiest individual, period. As rich as some zaibatsu. But there's the
catch, really: is he an individual? In the sense that you are, or I am? No” (Count
Zero, 144). As seen stated in Count Zero, only the Third World countries still have
traditional governments. This means that third world countries do not have enough
power to take their place in the cyberworld. The authority of the security forces has
been overtaken by Ice (the most powerful artificial intelligence), so Ice lays down the
rules, which take the place of laws. “…ice, all the really hard stuff, the walls around
every major store of data in the matrix, is always the product of an AI, an artificial
follows:
112).
76
As it is clear in the quotation, cyberspace includes all forms and all types of
signifiers representing existing people in the real world. Thus, reaching data related
technological competence.
(Bell and Kennedy, 2000:176), and the “configurations of data organized in matrix
form in cyberspace” (ibid, p. 176) are two principal zones of illegal economic
activity in this world. The individuals, who make up clans and live in these zones,
are prosthetically and genetically improved. Gibson explains the nuance between a
clan and a corporation in Count Zero: “The difference between a clan and a
corporation, however, is that you don‟t literally need to marry into a corporation”
Baudrillard argues that the difference between real life and simulated life or
simulacrum has decreased to a point where it becomes hard to distinguish one from
the other in the postmodern world in “The Precession of Simulacra” (1983). In Count
Zero, the matrix or cyberspace is defined as “the world”: “„Okay,‟ Bobby said,
getting the hang of it, „then what's the matrix? If she's a deck, and Danbala's a
program, what's cyberspace?‟ „The world,‟ Lucas said” (Count Zero, 163). Thus, as
it is clearly seen in the quotation, the whole system becomes a “weightless gigantic
perceived as being no different from one another, are presented in Count Zero.
77
Although the whole world is recreated as replica in the virtual world, the real
body is also still being re-created. Gibson employs genetic engineering or genetic
Zero in a quite prominent way. In Count Zero, Turner wakes in a reconstructed body
Turner, “a soldier in his own right”, “a mercenary” for various employers is recreated
by this team after he has been blown up during a dangerous mission in India (Count
Zero, p.7). The mercenaries who have a good contract with their employers are lucky
to be recreated after their task. Turner is recreated in three months: “you can go
home now, Turner. We‟re done with you. You‟re good as new now” (Count Zero,
10). Thus, how the powerful multinational companies disregard individuals and use
them for their own profits in such a world of technology is presented. In this highly
technological world, the human being is regarded as a simple object or machine that
can be fixed when needed. The parts of the body can be bought and sold in the open
market, like the eyes and the genitals of Turner. His brain is also open to operations;
Zero, 11).
Computer systems also make use of human flesh and blood to create new
section of the book. For instance, Armitage is created by Wintermute by using the
who maintain an immortal life in the “orbit”, although being dead in the real world:
Gibson deals with the theme of the difficulty of separating the human from
novels as seen in Count Zero as well as in the two other works of the Trilogy. This
subject matter is also a major concern of Postmodernism, for instance such scholars
as Jameson who tries to explain the cultural logic of late capitalism while describing
fiction present similar anxieties regarding the status and power of the human in a
and power in the world in the second half of the twentieth century especially the
United States of America and Russia aimed to use the technology to become the only
defined within a techno-political system, “reinforcing a view of the human that arose
with the advent of cybernetics (post-WWII) and its „functional analogy‟ between
human and computer” (Bukatman, 1993: 3). The human body appears as a rhetorical
boundaries” and “the electronic challenge to the definition of the subject”, the human
(Bukatman, 93:16). As in the case of the protagonists of the Neuromancer and Count
Zero , the body is “mere flesh” (Neuromancer, 6), and its existence depends upon its
place in the electronic world as a part of the world of data, instead of being part of
the solid world as matter. Hence the writer questions the relationship of man and
technology in its simplest situation, by presenting the pure body into the centre of
discussion. What will become of man‟s body when it totally interacts with advanced
technology is the question the author discusses in his work. The answer of this
anxious questioning is not clear but there are some suppositions like man will try to
get rid of the limits of solid body to become a part of data world as in the case of
Gibson‟s depiction of cyberspace, the futuristic society and the people who
live in it, turns out to be a common element of Cyberpunk science fiction. Gibson
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offers his own suggestion of “cyberspace” in the Sprawl trilogy. He plays with the
categorized under three headlines. These are Barlovian cyberspace, virtual reality
and Gibsonian cyberspace. The first one is named after John Barlow, one of the
founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and refers to the real high
form of cyberspace, which is little more than the telephone systems that are being
used today. The second term, “virtual reality”, was coined by Jaron Lanier, and it is
telepresence” (Steuer, 1992: 76-7). And the third one is Gibsonian cyberspace as
article entitled “Cyberspace: First Steps”. For example, he defines cyberspace as:
Neuromancer (51) and the concept of cyberspace has started to be an accepted term
matrix” there are operators like Henry Dorsett Case in the Neuromancer, Molly
Millions in Mona Lisa Overdrive, or Bobby Newmark in Count Zero, who can enter
into any part of the vast three-dimensional system of data and move in it by using
their “deck”. These operators or “hackers” are in a way free soldiers working for
for control over a powerful new technology and the “matrix” is their battlefield.
Retrieved 2008.10.15, 11:25). The images of buildings and cities have no real
where the subjects identify themselves with and define their existence according to
these images. The description of cities as neon coloured data glows hanging in the
"air" is very much like Virilo‟s description of postmodern city. “Now and ever was,
fast forward, Jammer‟s deck jacked up so high above the neon hotcores, a
typography of data he didn‟t know. Big stuff, mountain-high, sharp and corporate in
trilogy. It lets characters move free from the boundaries of real space, as Bobby opts
to do for the rest of his life in Count Zero. The characters like Case or Bobby “jack”
themselves into a computer deck and leave the concrete world behind, losing
themselves in a mental landscape. The process has a drug-like result, through which
people abandon the decadence of the body and penetrate into the mind.
and the common life and common people, they also like employing exotic elements
in their works. For example, in this work, Gibson presents a relation between Haitian
Voodoo and the urban hyperreality of his fictional Sprawl. The religion he chooses
for this urban dystopia is influenced by African traditions. The work presents two
groups in struggle with each other: Beauvoir's group and the Yakuza, the Japanese
gangs. This struggle appears as a battle between two traditions - one of power,
Voodoo elements with use of words such as Loa and Legba that refer to spirits of the
likened to voodoo. In Count Zero and Mona Lisa Overdrive, Legba and other Loa
described in these novels is also depicted like moments of ecstasy. This similarity
Hence, Count Zero presents several Cyberpunk themes and concerns such as
transplantation, and surgeries that combine the human body to machines through
through these nets, changing economic systems due to new formations, computer
Mona Lisa Overdrive, the final work of the Sprawl trilogy, also deals with
similar cyberpunk themes and presents the individuals dominated by the “invasive
power” of science and technology which can be defined as “the real language of
Mona Lisa Overdrive, having a much more complicated plot structure than
the previous novels of the Sprawl Trilogy, is a continuation of the events that take
place in Count Zero, and likewise it is set in the Sprawl and the cyberspace like the
previous works. The work includes four story lines that interconnect with each other
from time to time through the appearance of some characters in other‟s lives. Each of
the story lines puts forward one of the outstanding themes of the Cyberpunk science
cyberspace. The first story is about Mona (who briefly appears in Neuromancer), a
young prostitute who resembles Angie Mitchell, who appears in the previous works,
85
too. She is able to connect to virtual world physically without using cyberspace
decks, which is rarely seen in the cyberspace. Mona is hired to undergo cosmetic
surgery and replace Angie by some unknown individuals who plan to abduct Angie.
The second story line centres on Kumiko, who is a teenage Japanese girl.Her
father is a Yakuza Boss and sends her to England, to protect her from the dangers of
his own life. However, Kumiko finds herself in danger in London. She meets Sally
Shears, who was once Molly (in Neuromancer) and gets involved in a kidnapping
and blackmailing plan with Mona against Angie Mitchell. Finally, in the last story
line Slick Henry who is an artist from the underprivileged parts of the city, is
introduced. He is hired to look after Angie's catatonic lover, Bobby, who's body is
explanation about the situation but only says: "He's under, baby. He's on a long trip.
He needs peace and quiet" (Mona Lisa Overdrive, 11). The plot line about Kumiko,
childhood innocence to adulthood understanding. Thus, the plot structure takes the
compacted plot structure than the Neuromancer and Count Zero, it is still a narrative
concerns.
The final plot line follows Angie Mitchell, Simstim star who is known from
the Count Zero. Her father places biochips implants into her brain that provides her
direct access to the virtual world without any connection mediums and that makes
At the end of the novel, Angie is murdered and replaced by her double
through Mona who looks like her after many plastic surgeries. Thus, Gibson crates a
chance for himself to deal with various Cyberpunk themes through use of multiple
When the three works are studied in detail, it appears that Mona Lisa
Overdrive is much more focused on the idea of cyberspace than the previous works
of the Sprawl Trilogy, which were more interested in action. Gibson tries to answer
questions about matrix and the cyberspace through the dialogues of the characters.
For example, Continuity explains the matrix and cyberspace to Angie in a quite
remarkable way and this explanation gives the reader an idea about the structure of
own “God” in its own limits that appears as a general program that has dominance
87
over the entire matrix. Thus, the idea that cyberspace is, in Baudrillard‟s term, a
simulation of the real world is proved once again with this assertion. In the work, the
individuals are subject to its own rules and laws as soon as they insert themselves
into the matrix. The skilful hackers are in a way rebels in this system, who try to find
Angie, 3Jane and Virek prefer the bodiless and endless life in cyberspace to the
concrete life outside the matrix. Bobby, for example, nearly kills his flesh, a process
that started in the previous work of the Trilogy, and he casts off his body to live in
cyberspace in this work. His body is barely kept alive by medical support and he lies
as if he is dead. Slick, one of Gentry‟s friends in the factory where Bobby‟s body is
Not only immortality, but also the production of babies becomes a concern
advancements in science and technology in Mona Lisa Overdrive, too. Mona is hired
You‟re having some work done. All of it reversible later, if you want, but we think
you‟ll be pleased with the results. „Anyone ever tell you how much you look like
Angie, Mona?‟” (Mona Lisa Overdrive, 120). Thus, it appears that the body becomes
something that scientists may apply any kind of experiment to, or even play with, in
Cyberpunk fiction.
principal functions” “already feeling the effect” are “the research and transmission of
the acquired knowledge” and “genetics provides an example with respect to the first
function” (ibid, p.4). This theme of genetics is one of the major subject matters of
Gibson as it is also seen in Mona Lisa Overdrive. The science of genetics, for
nations and corporations due to economic powers in the world in The Postmodern
work. Lyotard underlines the problem of control that comes to the fore as these
He foresaw the problem of the secrecy and privacy of personal lives and legal issues
some time before the Internet turned out to be a way of interfering in other‟s lives
and issues. For the twenty-first century reader who is familiar with social networks
such as “Facebook” and “Twitter”, the hacker characters in Gibson‟s work, who are
90
paid for their talent to play with computerized data, might not seem innovative and
interesting, but when it is considered that he wrote his works before the Age of
Internet and while writing his novels he used only a typewriter, his prophetic
(Lyotard, 1987:7). Since information becomes the most important concern in the
postmodern, post-industrial world, “the central question is who will access the
information these machines must have in storage to guarantee that the right decisions
are made” (Lyotard, 1984: 14). To Lyotard, access to data became and will become
possible as a type of privilege. This means that the groups who want to hold power
should find new ways to access data, such as trained and talented “hackers” as in
Gibson‟s works. Likewise, Ben-Tov argues that, in the work of Gibson, “people
her, human beings have become “incarnated” into information, and they do not
regard themselves as God‟s creations as is set out in the Holy Scripture. This
argument might be acceptable but still human beings are in need of a God in the
matrix as well. As we have seen, some parts in Count Zero and Neuromancer
(Tomas, 2000: 183), and this is illustrative of the world Gibson creates. In the New
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Rose Hotel, Gibson states that “it oxygenates the economic ecology that sustains
multinational corporations” (New Rose Hotel, 1986: 107) The formation of cultural
This era is defined by John Christie as “an age where information technology
them increasingly within a unifying and global network” (Christie, 1990: 37).
Therefore history, present and future times are turned into data collections that can
be kept in memory devices and shared through a network, as happens today in our
world.
Arthur Kroker presumes that the generations in the twentieth century are “the
last of the human species born without data skin or cyber organs” (Kroker,1996:32).
This prophecy is shared by Gibson in that, in the world of early twenty-first century,
man loses his organic form through either genetic manipulations or surgery applied
to his neuro-system or other organs. The term "cyborg", a human with some machine
parts in his body, dates back to the 60´s, when a scientist Manfred Clynes described
may be regarded as one of the first cyborgs in literature, however, when the
more like an early android (an automaton that resembles a human being –the
an artificial life form. However, its effect on Cyberpunk can be clearly seen. For
the first chapter of the work. In the Cyberpunk novels of Gibson and Sterling
them are frequently seen motifs. This theme of man inside a machine finds a place in
the postmodern discussions. Baudrillard and Haraway also point out that cyborg is
the central theme that dominates contemporary science fiction. Man and machine
become a couple that cannot be thought of separately, and this is quite postmodern in
terms of blurred boundaries. Gibson‟s novels present this theme by focusing on the
invasion of the mind and the body by intelligent machines. Mechanical organs are
very common in the cyber world created by Gibson. For instance, the first novel of
the trilogy Neuromancer starts in Chatsubo, a bar frequented by hackers and the
bartender Ratz is described as follows: “Ratz was tending the bar, his prosthetic arm
jerking monotonously as he filled a tray of glasses with draft Kirin. He saw Case and
smiled, his teeth a webwork of East European steel and brown decay” (Neuromancer,
combinations, and presents the body as a machine that can be reshaped. For example,
the parts of the body are presented as parts of a machine that can be replaced with
other‟s as in the case of the retinas of Newmark that are used to unlock the doors:
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“Retina identification. Either this is Robert Newmark or someone who bought his
eyes” (Mona Lisa Overdrive, 129). Therefore, man is turned into a combination of
machine and flesh, a kind of cyborg, the lost parts of the body can be replaced by
suitable objects such as metal, ceramic plastic alloys or electronic devices. The hand
of Ratz which is not prosthetic, is described as the “good hand”. This use of the word
“good” for the natural hand appears to be significant in that technology that is
reflected through the prosthetic limbs of Ratz is seen as the problem itself, which is a
In addition to changing parts of the body, Bell and Kennedy notes in The
digitized personal records; moreover it can be faked, even erased” (Bell and
loading by other people. In Mona Lisa Overdrive, for example, how memory is
erased or changed is explained in the tenth chapter. Slick Henry, who commits
crimes is caught, judged and sentenced. However, he cannot remember the whole
time in prison since some parts of his memory are erased, he remembers only what
he had done –which was stealing cars- and some details from his prison time.
caught doing it, twice -- and been judged for it, and
Later he adds that they make him remember only what they want him to remember:
“Korsakov's, they called that, something they did to your neurons so that short-term
memories wouldn't stick. So that the time you did was time you lost, but he'd heard
they didn't do it anymore, or anyway not for grand theft auto” (Mona Lisa Overdrive,
64-5).
In fact, Gibson explains that computers simply stand for human memory in
his work. He is mainly interested in the ways memory works and how memory is
All the characters in the Trilogy are connecting to the virtual world either
The last novel of the Trilogy, Mona Lisa Overdrive, set in the same world –
compared to that of Picasso by Olsen, who defines his art as “a lie that tells the truth”
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(Olsen, 1992: 4). Gibson is a postmodern writer in his “breaking through history in a
fiction. With the works of such writers, science fiction becomes “conscious of our
present as the past of some unexpected future, rather than as the future of a heroic
Gibson draws an imaginary world in which characters are free from their
flesh, and can move as they wish by being a part of the endless heaven of data,
literally become a space through which consciousness can move” (Hayles, 1996:
112). This idea is accepted as the creation of a new kind of space. The idea of
work are fighting for reality created by information instead of matter and energy.
Information remains distinct from matter and energy although its transfer depends on
them. According to Gibson, the dominant scientific metaphor of the end of our age is
human beings should face it and try to understand what it means (McCaffery,
1990:136, Interview with Gibson). Characters such as Bobby and Case refuse to be a
part of the real world of matter, since they experience a different kind of existence in
restored” (Bukatman, 1993: 16). However, in such systems, humans operate as cells
or mere units of data, and the artificial mind becomes a body of its own, like
opposition of ontological essence. Machinery completes man‟s body and mind but,
on the other hand, when one of these parts starts to oppress the other, the oppressed
one starts to react. Wintermute, for example, resists against the intervention of
human beings and “wants” to unite with Neuromancer to complete itself. Thus,
machines, in a way try to free themselves from another form of being, which appears
as a common theme in popular literature and movie industry of the twentieth century:
(2007), and Tron (2006) include machines that rise against humanity these are in a
similar struggle not to be colonized by human race. As Homi Bhabba points out,
“mimicry” is the master principle in the formation of identity in the Colonial subject
(Bhabba, 1994:172). The machines and human beings that struggle against each
other for the sake of not being subordinated start to present each other‟s features, as
any one part. In the end neither the machines, nor the human beings can triumph over
the other entirely as in the relationship of Wintermute and the human beings in the
complete its identity and it is not certain what the result of this union would be.
concrete descriptions, as fields of data, is also postmodern in that sign and spectacle
dominate. The cities described by Gibson present the characteristics of what Paul
Virilio calls the “overexposed city” which is intense and dynamic and continually
(Virilio, 1997). Virilio argues that of real space has disappeared as a result of the
impact of information technologies. Virilio puts forward that the perception of time
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and physical space is replaced by the computer screen and television set which
results in the loss of identity, collective memory and history (Virilio, 1997). In
Neuromancer. On the other hand, as in Virilio‟s theory, the cities depicted in the
work, are no longer made up of architecture, but look like a flow of light and images.
Japanese life, culture and technology also appear frequently in the work of
Gibson and other Cyberpunk writers, since the technology created and designed by
Japanese people were dominant in the world during the 1980s and 1990s. For the
threatens to dominate the whole world. This interest becomes more apparent in the
third work of the trilogy in the story line about Kumiko and her father. Yakuza, the
Japanese organized crime syndicate, is referred to throughout the trilogy as the most
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horrifying and merciless power in the world: “Wintermute and the nest. Phobic
vision of the hatching wasps, time-lapse machine gun of biology. But weren't the
zaibatsus more like that, or the Yakuza, hives with cybernetic memories, vast single
technological advancements of Japan are also referred to frequently in the works. For
“The Japanese had already forgotten more neurosurgery than the Chinese had ever
known” (Neuromancer, 4). In a sense, as Olsen also noted, Japan stands for the
future, while England stands for the past (Olsen, 1992:105). London appears as a city
that,
was nothing like Tokyo, where the past all that remained
Thus Tokyo is always associated with novelty and technology in the work. Most of
the characters in Neuromancer act the way they do, not because they want to, but
because they have to. They lack genuine free will to help them decide their own lot.
Molly points out that she behaves as she does because she is “wired” that way. Case
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required, the toxin sacs planted in his nervous system will dissolve and destroy him.
cyberspace from a Freudian angle. He asserts that the hackers of Gibson‟s works,
like Case or Bobby, are male and Matrix, as it is understood from its derivation from
the Latin word for womb, is female (Stratton, 2000: 720). Thus the “jacking in”
process is a sort of sexual imagery through which the mother and the lover engage in
a sexual intercourse. The male part returns “home” in a sense, and the price of this
fulfilment is the loss of the body. Therefore, the imagery, for Stratton, implies the
loss of the body as a site of the construction of identity (Stratton: 2000, p. 720). This
present a new imaginary world order in which “old and trusted boundaries between
human and machine, self and other, body and mind, hallucination and reality are
dissolved and deconstructed” (Bell and Kennedy, 2000: 768). These characteristics
critics such as Lyotard, Baudrillard and Kroker. The trilogy exemplifies the use
technological world and the rise of the importance of the simulacrum against the real
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world in the Cyberpunk works, that make these works a mirror of the postmodern
period.
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Michael Bruce Sterling wrote The Artificial Kid (1980), Schismatrix (1985)
and Islands in the Net (1988) in the same decade in which Gibson wrote The Sprawl
Trilogy. This chapter of the thesis aims to analyse these works as examples of
Cyberpunk science fiction and present them as examples of the cultural output of the
era. The themes that Sterling employs, that also appear as reflections of postmodern
surgeries that combine human body with machines through prosthesis, computer
networks and control of information and power relations through these nets, a world
cyberspace, artificial intelligence and cybernetics will be traced in the works. Since
Bruce Sterling is famous for being the spokesperson of the movement, brief
information about the author and his arguments about the Cyberpunk movement are
provided at the beginning of the chapter and short summaries of the works are given
wrote various essays, and delivered many speeches on the genre and the movement.
Cyberpunk Satellite Authors who were introduced in the First Chapter. The prologue
Cyberpunk movement.
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Sterling explains that the label “Cyberpunk” was not chosen by a group of
writers, but it later became “a fait accompli”, since it integrates “the overlapping
worlds that were formerly separate: the real of high tech, and the modern pop
underground” (Sterling, 1986: xi). He points out that, for Cyberpunks, “technology is
not the bottled genie of remote Big Science boffins; it is pervasive, utterly intimate,
inside our minds” (Sterling, 1986: xiii). Thus, as a writer of the movement he
clarifies that Cyberpunk authors combine 1980‟s street culture with advanced
technology that is in every day use and they regard technology as an extension of
ordinary man. His explanations of Sterling also underline another main characteristic
of cyberpunk, that it is not about far-fetched centuries and men of science and great
heroes but about the near future and ordinary people, as is seen in Islands in the Net,
which presents an early twenty-first century story. Sterling not only tries to define
the Cyberpunk movement but also discusses the distinctions between Cyberpunk and
earlier science fiction. To him, Cyberpunk authors are “perhaps the first generation
to grow up not only within the literary tradition of science fiction but in a truly
science fictional world” (Sterling, 1986: xi). Thus, he defines the 1980s as a “science
fictional” era. Sterling adds that the Cyberpunk world “is marked by its visionary
intensity” and the writers of Cyberpunk works appreciate “the bizarre, the surreal,
the formerly unthinkable” (Sterling, 1986: xiv). Sterling explains the relationship of
writers willingly “take an idea and unflinchingly push it past the limits” (Sterling,
1986: xiv). In addition, he also observes that they often use an “unblinking, almost
clinical objectivity; a technique borrowed from science and put to literary use for
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classically punk shock value” (Sterling, 1986: xiv). Like Gibson, Sterling also uses
which is not different from the world presented in Gibson‟s work, especially in that,
Schismatrix, The Artifical Kid, and Islands in the Net. He describes a world marked
by terror and anxiety, caused by with attempts made to be solved by this technology
subject matter in his novels, although he deals with a different field in each of his
central concern of Artificial Kid, Islands in the Net is about Information Technology
and its influences on the common people in the Age of Data, and Schismatrix
combines all of these themes. Therefore, as in the Trilogy by Gibson, the future is
interact and technology invades the human body in different forms, as seen in The
Artificial Kid. Not only bodies but the whole of life is under the influence of this
postmodern age. In an interview with Larry McCaffery, Sterling relates his views on
In the novels, Sterling treats technology as a part of real life that influences
everything related to it. Technology influences and even changes human life in
various ways. Sterling mainly deals with themes such as information technology,
The first of Bruce Sterling‟s novels, The Artificial Kid, takes place on a
different planet named Reverie. Sterling creates a world of coral continents and
levitating islands. Reverie is, in a sense what may become of Earth in the future, if
technology continues to improve in its current speed together with social and
serious class division. The protagonist of the work, Arti, is a biologically modified
young man from “the Decriminalized Zone”, an area which is free from any legal
and social rules. He becomes a popular star by selling his own videos in which he
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engages in bloody fights with other fighters. The upper class buys his videos for the
sake of entertainment. Arti or The Kid, as his friends call him, creates a theatrical
effect with his numchucks, and uses his floating cameras to document the story of his
established a “utopian” system on it centuries ago. A man named Moses Moses is the
leader of this system, and he is introduced as a sort of Jesus Christ, in that his
65). When Moses Moses awakes from his seven centuries of “cryosleep”, and Arti
discovers that he was a man of politics in his previous life with the same body, they
both have to escape from “cabal” and Reverie. He was Rominuald Tanglin, before
becoming Arti, and he was one of the most powerful men on the planet. Thus, the
Artificial Kid appears to be one person, but he has two groups of enemies. He
becomes the destiny of his planet as he learns about his past, which is a common
biological modification which is one of the subject matters Cyberpunk has adopted
from hard science. The main character of the work Arti is indeed a product of
advanced technology. The novel also reflects another generic feature of the
Cyberpunk novel, that is the emphasis on the combination of low life (Arti‟s life as a
wrestler takes place in bloody combats to entertain rich people who appear as the
advanced science and technology and making use of technology to earn money to
survive). Arti lives with technology and, in a sense, he becomes integrated with
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technology. For example, he uses floating cameras over his body to record his fights
and to prepare a documentary of his own life. Arti, thus is represented as a kind of
Arti is both the protagonist and the narrator of the work, and he appears as a
kind of anti-hero, unwilling for any type of adventure. He starts his struggle in the
bottom part of the planet like other Cyberpunk protagonists. Arti explains why he is
Like the protagonists of the previously studied novels of Gibson, Arti‟s main concern
is himself alone at the beginning of the novel. He just wants to survive in a limited
environment, through fighting (and filming his fights in order to sell) like Case or
Bobby in Neuromancer and Count Zero. Arti does not care about the rest of the
planet or he does not have a purpose like fighting to save the future of it.
the sky right at the beginning of The Artificial Kid, as Gibson does in Neuromancer:
“The sky over Telset, my island city, is clear as the camera zooms in; I was careful to
check with the weather satellites before I did the taping” (The Artificial Kid, 1). This
of sky as “the colour of television, tuned to a dead channel”, still presents the
hand, Sterling‟s way of describing the first scene, right at the very beginning as “a
single block, a single street, a single person, me, and my own image swells to fill the
the human body in The Artificial Kid. The time in which the work takes place is
advanced medicine are capable of changing lives in various ways. The body turns
a sort of computer that can be formatted or reset. Artificial Kid explains his “first”
and current lives: Rominuald Tanglin was his previous personality and although his
memory is erased, he has an idea about his previous life due to records kept by
Professor Crossbow, his “tutor and mentor for the first twenty years” of his life (The
Artificial Kid, 3). How he gained a new personality or how he was “born” is
Arti‟s body is not a young one but aging gains a different sense in the
Cyberpunk world since time appears to be something that lost its influence on human
lives. Men can live longer and can have control over their bodies as long as they are
not controlled by someone else. The current time system is referred to as “standard”,
for example, Tanglin is two hundred and seventy-one “standard” years old. Professor
Crossbow ends Tanglin‟s life with a machine and creates Artificial Kid in his body:
eye ducts and slide down across the broad cheeks. The
Although he has a new personality and a totally new memory, the body remembers
its old reflexes. This creation scene reminds the science fiction reader of the birth of
identity and he can learn about the world and his previous personality through
records. Thus, in Sterling‟s novel human memory turns into something that can be
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history, in that people record all their lives and keep their memories in personal
computers. “It must have hurt Tanglin to erase the hundreds of years of taped
memories in the personal computer I inherited from him” (The Artificial Kid, 5).
Since Cyberpunk is about the breakdown of opposites such as the natural and the
artificial, The Artificial Kid presents a chance to read Cyberpunk as an analysis of the
Having long lives with different memories, human beings have more chance
to change their lives. For example, they start to live on various planets in The
Artificial Kid, and technology is highly developed on all the planets. The planet
legal and social restraint, is governed by Elders or the Cabal, and Arti has to fight
against the new Cabal to survive and save Reverie. One of the island cities of
Reverie, Telset, where Arti was born, was “cooked” by pioneer Reverids five
hundred years ago to “a state of red-hot viscosity with powerful orbital lasers, killing
all native life” (Artificial Kid, 7). Later, other species also settle on the island and the
island turns out to be a “riotous scramble of species from a dozen planets, each
seeking a niche in a chaotic, cosmopolitan system” (The Artificial Kid, 7). Arti
defines Telset as “wired” which does away with the need for compactness(The
Artificial Kid, 7). To Arti, “the primary recreation of her [Telset‟s] citizens is tape:
drone tape, art tape, life tape, memory tape” (The Artificial Kid, 7). In such a city,
Arti starts his career as a junior gang member of the “Cognitive Dissonants”, a group
led by Chill Factor and his Ice Lady, who were responsible for his development as an
The beginning of the second chapter gives us an idea about the general
inhabitants and the life style of the island. The house of Many Mansions is visited by
various people from different layers of society. Among these guests there are poets,
explorers, rising porn stars and ambitious tape craftsman. The assembling of people
from various fields of study and different layers of life in the house of Mr. Manies
and their discussion on social life and technology may remind science fiction readers
These people from different occupations and social strata come together and talk
about life.
possibilities as a place where economic structure shapes lives. Arti defines his age as
the “day of the techno-medicine” (The Artificial Kid, 8), but he adds that it is still
not so easy to heal up: “you can‟t fight all the time, there are limits: medical bills and
stuff” (The Artificial Kid, 8). Therefore, it appears that physical health is subject to
economic power. For Sterling, The Articial Kid is about violence and politics and
media. How all three became interwoven is presented through the story of Arti. He
fights to earn money and fame, but he is successful with his techniques of taping. If
he cannot sell his videos of combat he cannot earn money and he cannot survive.
such as The Artificial Kid seems to be the only art systematically dealing with the
most crucial political, moral and cultural issues of our day (McCaffery,1988).
he has no interest in the opposite sex, nor does he have any kind of physical feature
that indicates he belongs to a certain sex. As Baudrillard and Haraway underline, the
human and technology are no longer so dichotomous in the postmodern era, and this
dissolution leads to the disappearing of the duality of male and female as in the case
of Artificial Kid. Through to the end of the Artificial Kid, Kid starts to change
physically after he becomes unable to take the suppressants that present the
This change also influences his character and he starts to be interested in the opposite
sex. Saint Anne Twiceborn, whose surname is significant in that she also presents a
Anne was the only woman. I saw her with new eyes,
curves; that they were not static, not just the outside
relationships as it was also pointed out in the chapter on the work of Gibson.
The relationship between man and woman is thus also seen to be subject to
control, since techno-medicine has reached the stage at which it canan advanced
point to control hormones and character: “I‟ve stayed on libido suppressants ever
since Professor Crossbow first gave them to me. My hairless face and high-pitched
work. For instance, Kid‟s weakest point is presented as his cameras, in that Kid feels
worthless when he loses his cameras which appear as a part of his body. It is as if he
needed his cameras to exist and he loses his identity together with the cameras when
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they are lost: “My cameras are gone. It blinded me” (The Artificial Kid, 217). The
loss of his cameras becomes a major step in his integration with his prior personality,
reality that he created for himself through his cameras, in other words, in his own
being no different from one another. The image he created through videos has more
Cloning of human beings and limbs, which is one of the main concerns of
Cyberpunk literature is also employed by Sterling in The Artificial Kid. For example,
Mr. Quizein, the food programmer of Money Manies, loses his two legs during an
ray attack while swimming in the reef and he awaits the clone growth of a new pair
as human beings in The Artificial Kid. Animals are subject to change due to
advanced science. There are altered pets, mutant and hybrid products created by men
Anne Twiceborn, talks about how she was misinformed about the government in
Reverie:
15).
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Thus, in Sterling‟s work it is seen that the people of the near future desire
is a subject of amazement “Christ, we‟ve still got a government here. Not run by big
companies. Well, not directly…” (Mona Lisa Overdrive, 218) because governments
countries without a government, Reverie has a government and it is said that it has
been without a government only once in its history, when Moses Moses died.
“Reverie was ruled by a conspirator‟s council. Faceless men and women. Everyone
agreed that they were all rich, all immensely wealthy” (The Artificial Kid, 22). Later,
theCabal takes the power. Like the previous faceless Board of Directors, they are
Cabalists. Seven are men and six are women. The men
Clearly, as seen in the examples from the works of William Gibson and Bruce
that reflects the changing economic order in The Artificial Kid. Thus, it reflects the
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social and cultural expectations of the period in which it was written. The use of the
word “artificial” in the title and the in the name of the protagonist becomes
B. Schismatrix (1985)
Between 1982 and 1984, Sterling published five short stories, known as
factions and the stories depict a mid-future solar system around the 2200s (though
the story continues to the twenty-sixth century) where the people on Earth and people
in space have agreed never to have any contact with one-another. Humanity is
presented as divided into two camps, as the Shapers, who prefer genetic
enhancements and utilize bioengineering, and the Mechanists, who utilize prosthetics
Since the work is full of Cyberpunk themes and concerns, the summary that is
given in this part is detailed in order to present the universe and the language Sterling
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created for the work. The protagonist of Schismatrix, Abelard Lindsay was born in
the ancient lunar colony Mare Serenitatis Circumlunar Corporate Republic, (a name
that will be analysed later in the chapter). Although, he comes from an aristocratic
family, he commits himself to the Shapers. He leads a rebellion against the rulers of
the republic with his best Shaper protégé, Philip Constantine and Preservationist
Vera Kelland. They oppose the “Mechanists” who use technology in order to have
longer lives. They turn out to be idols for the younger generation in their pursuit of
culture. Kelland and Lindsay agree to commit suicide in order to have an influence
on society. Kelland dies but Lindsay cannot kill himself. Constantine attempts to kill
Lindsay but he kills a Mechanist instead of him and this creates a scandal. Lindsay is
The colony that he is exiled to has become a place for “sundogs”, all types of
criminals and refugees after its environmental collapse. Lindsay meets Kitsune, a
servant of the Geisha Bank, which is a powerful money centre; however, she in fact
rules the bank through the remotely operated body of her now brain-dead ancestor.
Lindsay uses his diplomatic talents to reorganize Zaibatzu. The adventures continue
Mechanist pirates, and in the process helps Kitsune to openly take power of the
Geisha Bank. This presentation of the character of Kitsune and the Geisha Bank is
quite remarkable in that Kitsune‟s genetically modified body and her control over an
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relationship between the Shapers and the Mechanists, an open fight starts, due to
conflicts and sabotage. The atmosphere created by Sterling in the work carries all the
become ordinary. Nora and Lindsay, who become lovers, eventually murder their
companions to save one another. Before the asteroid's life system dies in the battle,
Sterling adds aliens to his work, which separates this novel from the works so
farexamined in the thesis. Peace finally comes to the Schismatrix when the aliens
arrive. Sterling depicts the alien Investors as obsessed with trade and wealth. The
and the Shapers and Mechanists put their differences aside for the sake of profit.
Lindsay and Mavrides become powerful Shaper leaders, but the Investor peace does
not last long and chaos comes back again. After this event, Philip Constantine takes
control of the Ring Council. Nora decides to stay in the Rings, while Lindsay escapes
to the Mechanist cartels in the asteroid belt, where Kitsune has again secretly taken
power. Lindsay starts to work to bring about the détente he believes will reunite him
with Nora Mavrides a long time. Meanwhile Lindsay seeks to bring Nora to the new
colony. However, Constantine discovers Mavride's plan to defect and forces her to
kill herself. Later, Constantine and Lindsay are left catatonic in an Arena after a duel.
Lindsay wakes up in his old house, which became the Neotenic Cultural Republic
years after the duel. The wars between those who want to keep unmodified human
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form and those who are searching for new possibilities for mankind continue. As part
of the treatment that restored Lindsay's mind, his original Shaper diplomatic training
has been removed. Lindsay decides to break with his past and start a new life. He
becomes a post-humanist and turns back and attempts to create an abyssal ecology on
Europa. Finally, after many other adventures, Lindsay is transformed into a bodiless
world in it extreme form in the work. The main themes and concerns of this
complicated plot are: an economically and socially changed world under the
influence of advanced technology, genetic modification of the human body and the
subject‟s alienation in an ultra technological future. This work may also be regarded
of the present, as being the past the unknown future. Sterling carries discussions to a
step further by presenting people as divided into two who argue different hard
sciences to be more important than the other. Hence, he points out that future will not
be a scene for the debates on favouring technology or not, but it will be a time in
improvements.
Schismatrix differs from the other five novels analysed in this thesis, in that it
covers a longer period of time, approximately 350 years in the future, from A.D.
2200 to 2550. According to Larry McCaffery, the epic sweep and space opera scale
of Sterling‟s major work, does not disguise the fact that its central concerns are
In the work Sterling presents, humanity outside the planet Earth and human
beings are shown as if they are deciding their ownevolution. They have a chance to
control the way their body and mind is shaped. This results in a conflict between
different political, economic and technological forces, because individuals and their
Sterling creates a universe with its own culture, philosophical and ideological
approaches, and language in this work. As for the language, he uses his own
vocabulary with many neologisms like “nongenetic” (p. 114), which is used to refer
used for human beings who have prosthetic modifications, and who are regarded as
inferior by the rest of the society. According to Bukatman, science fiction constructs
the new is aestheticized and examined through language, iconography and narration
(Bukatman, 93: 10). This is completely true for the work of Sterling in that the
narrative technique and the language he uses aim to deal with the “new” in an
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aestheticized way through the dichotomy between the form and the content. What is
meant by “new” here is, what technology brings, because Sterling proposes that the
instance, contend that technology is destroying the essence of humanity, and they set
strict limits on anti-human technologies, while the Zen Serotonin cult uses
more like Earth, develops so much that men succeed in controlling plants, animals
and bacteria: “The soil was mine tailings, held by dampness and a fine plastic mesh.
Like Shapers themselves, the plants were altered to live without bacteria”
(Schismatrix, 83). In addition, Sterling uses moving images and similes in his
follows: “Her pale, clear complexion showed health without vitality, as if her skin
were a perfectly printed paper replica. Mummified kiss-curls adorned her forehead”
(Schismatrix, 4).
that can be repaired or reshaped as in The Artificial Kid. Alexandrina‟s knees, for
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example, are said to have been recently replaced with Teflon kneecaps that still
bother her. Another example of presenting the body as a kind of machine is the case
of Kitsune whose body has been modified in order to be an ideal prostitute. She is
described as an “artificial creature” (p.38) and in this respect her character generates
the shock effect created by the “punk” part of the Cyberpunk word. The surgical
assault on her body turns a “human woman” into a blank-eyed erotic animal. She
describes herself as follows: “They gave me to the surgeons… They took my womb
out, and they put in brain tissue. Grafts from the pleasure center, darling. I‟m wired
to the ass and the spine and the throat. And it‟s better than being God” (Schismatrix,
34). She is shown as having a pure and abstract life, a hot, distorted parody of
sainthood: “Kitsune‟s world was the fantastic, seamless realm of high pornography.
Lust was ever present, amplified and tireless, broken only by spasms of superhuman
intensity” (Schismatrix, 38). Female characters like Kitsune and Molly from
Gibson‟s Trilogy are the heroines of the Cyberpunk world that appears to be male-
centred. Both of them are described as young, beautiful, lascivious, and biologically
prostitution given below is quite ironic, and can be seen as presenting the view of
women in Cyberpunk works, that could be the subject for another thesis: “cause once
they plant the cut-out chip, it seems like free money…Renting the goods, is all. You
Japanese culture and terms since Japan was regarded as a byword for technological
development. He uses the term “Zaibatsu” frequently in the work. This was
considerable from the nineteenth century to World War II. Zaibatsus were large
Besides, the Zaibatsu establishes a system like Orwell‟s Nineteen Eighty Four
(George Orwell, 1949), in which people are controlled not only through being
watched all the time by cameras but also by drugs that influence their psychology
and physiology. When Lindsay sees signals from Constantine, for example, he wants
to shout, but he cannot, because he knows that “he was watched” (Schismatrix, 4).
(Schismatrix, 10).
When Lindsay asks for political asylum from the Zaibatsu, he accepts this total
implanted in his body or if he carries any software attack systems, then they change
his intestinal flora to sterilize him and replace it with Zaibatsu standard microbes.
Today, the world is facing new microbes or viruses every day such as swine flue or
bird flu and travellers are facing similar controls at airports. Therefore it may be said
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that the author‟s predictions about the future are not unperceivable to the reader of
Another topic familiar to the reader of the end of the twentieth century was
the length of human life, which is still a frequently debated concern in media. In
Artificial Kid and Schismatrix, this concern of human beings for a longer life span is
referred to in many different parts of the novel. Second Justice in Schismatrix, for
(Schismatrix, 52). In this novel, Sterling continues to bring up his discussions about
life expectancy and life standards which he had started in his earlier works. The
various cases in which the ages of people are referred to. Alexandrina, for instance, is
fifty year older than Lindsay but she still looks very young and beautiful. Therefore,
inborn or natural elements lose their importance in such a world. Beauty and
intelligence become obtainable features if one can afford them: “The Shaper woman
floated closer. Lindsay saw that she was beautiful. It meant very little. Beauty was
cheap among Shapers” (Schismatrix, 70). The Mechanists as opposed to the Shapers
use different ways for longer lives. They keep their elders in a matrix of life-support
tubes, eyes wired to a video input, in a sterile suite flooded with oxygen at nights.
which the brain is loaded like the memory of a personal computer: “ „How many
language do you speak?‟ „Four, normally. With memory enhancement I can manage
Human life becomes longer and easier for some people in the universe of
Schismatrix, but on the other hand it is limited and over-controlled for some others
who want to survive away from their own world. For example, strict rules are
death. You may claim your right at any time, under any
biological wars which the world has started to discuss seriously nowadays.
Biological war is a military technique in which biological agents are used to create
disease causing viruses or toxins and the development of technology allows the
creation of various viruses, fungi or bacteria in the work. Biological weapons (often
referred to as bioweapons) are living organisms and they can annihilate the existence
One of the themes that distinguish Schismatrix from the other five Cyberpunk
novels analysed in the thesis is contact with extraterrestrial life forms, called,
“aliens”, depicted in Schismatrix as “Investors”, who are obsessed with trade and
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wealth, and encourage humanity to focus on business instead of war. This appears as
reflection of Western history, the “Investors” being drawn very much like the
Western Countries who had colonised many parts of the world and enslaved human
beings for their own profit and welfare. However, the people of the Schismatrix
universe are faced with uninhabitable space and they have to reshape the planets for
Sterling depicts the Earth and the other inhabited parts of the universe as ruined or
destroyed and this appears as a kind of warning to humanity about what the result of
the advanced technology may be. The conditions become so risky that human beings
“Control” appears as a kind of key word in this world. There are two extremes in
terms of control, the first extreme is using power to rule others or the world (s) or
even not having control over one‟s own body and life. The first extreme is the
aforementioned control of the worlds and the second one is total submission to others
as in the case of Lindsay‟s obeying Zaibatsu: “He would never know when they were
watching. At any moment, unseen fingers might close a switch, and he would fall”
(Schismatrix, 14). Likewise, in the planet of Schismatrix, people may also be taken
under control through drugs as in the case of Kid in The Artificial Kid “Is it true that
when you‟re fully operational, you yourself don‟t know if you are speaking the truth?
That they used psychodrugs to destroy your capacity for sincerity?” (Schismatrix,
20).
together all appear in Sterling‟s novels. His sentence in Schismatrix is like a short
(Schismatrix, 42). The combination of man and machine, one of the features that
the Schismatrix. For instance Mr. Dze tells Lindsay that space is filled with hundreds
eventually turns them into something you wouldn‟t call human” (Schismatrix, 42).
The developments in aesthetic surgery support the increase of paranoia in the society.
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Not only in the virtual world but also in the real world everything may be a subject of
doubt. As it is seen in the novel, people may change their faces through simple
surgery: “ „What‟s in the bag? State? Ice-cold drugs? Hot software?‟ „No,‟ Lindsay
said. „It can wait. First we have to check everyone‟s face. Make sure it‟s their own‟”
(Schismatrix, 20).
presents a future world where people are capable of changing their genetic structure
and playing with DNA. Thus, the natural loses its triumph over the technological:
“Her sinuous movements, the ominous perfection of her features, and the sharp,
somehow over-attentive intensity of her gaze all told him that she was Reshaped”
(Schismatrix, 54).
Sterling. For example, biological weapons as mentioned above that have become a
hot issue in the twenty-first century are also a matter of concern for Sterling. One
instance is, in Lindsay‟s nightmare, Constantine‟s breeding of moths for stings and
deals with one of the greatest fears of modern man, to become defeated by machines
“Mankind is a dead issue, now cousin. There are no more souls. Only states of mind”
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(Schismatrix, 59). Thus, it is clear that in Schismatrix man is also regarded as a kind
computer whose brain is the only important part, and this can also be modified or
open to process.
this dissertation, Sterling‟s Islands in the Net offers a view of an early twenty-first
century world that seems peaceful with social order and corporations working in
harmony. This novel appears quite different from the rest because of this proposal of
an ordered world presented in the beginning, in which a young married couple are
living their everyday ordinary lives and bringing up a little baby. However, later, the
protagonist is pushed into adventures beyond her control and her peaceful life gets
ruined. The work presents a vast series of adventures all over the world, from
Grenada, Mali, and Singapore to Africa. Thus the Cyberpunk themes such as a global
changing world, all of them being the outcomes of the late capitalist era again come
The novel takes place between 2023 and 2025. The protagonist Laura
democrats, Rizome and she runs a resort with her husband, David, on the island of
Rizome organizes a conference between itself and the data havens “EFT
Commerzbank of Luxemburg”, “The Yung Soo Chim Islamic Bank and Grenada
Stubbs, is assassinated after first day of the conference. The organization of Free
assassination. Rizome decides to send Laura and her family to Grenada to show that
They witness the quite interesting experiments on the island done by “mad-
doctors”. The ruling party of Grenada is the New Millennium Movement and its
Prime Minister is Eric Louison, who uses voodoo tradition as a means of keeping
order in the country. This use of voodoo, as that of Gibson‟s in the Trilogy, is worthy
of consideration. It not only adds an exotic tone to the works, but it also creates a
postmodern age as Baudrillard pointed out, voodoo creates the opportunity to present
Laura spends two years in prison gets involved in The Young Soo Chim
Islamic Bank, F.A.C.T. and Inadin Cultural revolutionists and goes through a series
of adventures to complete her mission. She travels to Mali and South Africa, faces
assassinations, revolutions, atom bombs, relief camps and she gets involved in a
romantic relationship with an American journalist. She uses the “Net” all through her
adventures for communication with the rest of the world. She is trapped whenever
she is cut off from the Net. Sterling combines exotic settings and ordinary characters
In Islands in the Net, Sterling presents discussions about daily life and
expectations of future life. “The new-millennium” in the work not only means new
opportunities but also new popular tricks and senseless ideas and images for Sterling.
David. This speech also provides an idea about the future Sterling presumes through
his work:
Net, 3).
conversation between Carlotta and Laura. Carlotta tells Laura that the Prime Minister
of Grenada uses “Optimal Persona”. When Laura asks about it, she gathers
through your body! And two days later you drop dead
The references to a new type of social life and culture, and illegal technology
in Islands of the Net can be seen as a mirror to Jameson‟s comments on “the erosion
of the older distinction between high culture and so-called mass or popular culture”
(Jameson, 1988:2). The world presented in the work of Sterling is the stage for
“multinational capitalism” as referred to by Jameson and the new social life is the
and Sterling also deals with it in the Islands in the Net. Laura tells how genetics is
advanced and how man turns into a toy in the hands of science-men: “Genetics,
Laura thought. You pass them on to the next generation. Then they relax and start to
crumble on you. They do it anyway. You just have to pay a little extra for using the
individuals in the work. Andrei Tarkovsky, the technician David and Laura meet in
Grenada, gives Laura synthetic THC, but she does not want to take it and argues that
drugs are a way of invading people‟s freedom. However, Andrei says that drugs only
trap people if they have nothing better in their lives and makes an interesting
comment on the American life style: “If America suffers from drugs, perhaps you
The artificial world or the cyber world is the central motif in the work, in that
people gain power through their ability to use it. Advancement in technology is a
Every year of her life, Laura thought, the Net had been
According to Sterling “where people go, politics follow” (Sterling, 1992: xiv)
and since cyberspace is filled with people from every layer of life from journalists,
doctors, lawyers, artists, civil servants, students, police, spies etc. to hackers and
thieves, the political importance of the “Net” or “Matrix” is also growing quickly.
Sterling explains his concern in cyberspace in this way and he adds that: “The way
we live in cyberspace is a funhouse mirror of the way we live in the real world. We
take both our advantages and our troubles with us” (Sterling, 1992: xiii).
As seen in the study of Gibson‟s works in the Second Chapter and the
previous two novels in this chapter, the Cyberpunk world is introduced as governed
war. Governments run wars. Not corporations.‟ „That‟s premillenium talk,‟ Laura
The Net, or the Matrix, as the new scene where wars take place among those
who want to have control over data is not a safe place as Yoshio comments: “the Net
has too many holes. All these criminals-Singapore, Cyprus, Granada, even Mali
The Third World War is here” (Islands in the Net, 176). Information turns out to be
the most important entity in the Cyberpunk world. The free circulation of all
information becomes the main purpose, however there are still limits: passwords and
inaccessible data storages. Because of having the limits, the developed world (or the
includes no action and this has nothing to do with the New-Millennium Movement”
(Islands in the Net, 185). He thinks that all information should be free.
information technologies in the Cyberpunk world, since all the banking procedures
are followed in the virtual world through computers. Thus, data-hackers are the
pirates of the modern world who can control power relations in the world more than
governments:
–that the coded files are totally secure, even against the
Only hackers and the corporations that hire these hackers are close to power in that
The first decade of the twenty first century has witnessed the realization of
this prophesy. One of the features of Cyberpunk literature is that it is concerned with
the near future. The works of Sterling analysed in this thesis, were written during and
through the end of the 1980‟s and early 1990‟s, and their futuristic descriptions are
already familiar with us in the first decade of the twenty first century, since the
Although the Internet was not so widespread when the novel was written
Sterling‟s comment about the power of shared network in his novel is quite straight-
representing Rizome, she carries “Vienna glasses” (Islands in the Net, 73) that are
able to record everything and able to connect to the Net all the time. In spite of not
carrying guns, these glasses protect her, like a kind of “armor of the Net” (Islands in
the Net, 73). Thus it is possible to say that, the Net equals is an important weapon
The human body and the human brain are referred to as machines or parts of
machines from time to time. Laura‟s brain is mentioned as a personal computer, for
example, when she is wired: “With her eyes and ears wired on separate realities, her
brain felt divided on invisible seams, everything going slightly waxy and unreal. She
Islands in the Net differs from the rest of the novels also in with the character
traits of its protagonist. Laura, as opposed to all other protagonists like Case, Bobby,
Kid or Mona, is a successful businesswoman who has her own job and family. She is
also a mother, but this does not keep her from setting out on a dangerous voyage for
Rizome for her people. Thus, she is not an anti-hero like Case, nor is she an ignorant
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person like Kid. Sterling himself comments thus on his own choice of
People like Laura and David Webster are the ones who
try to control their own lives and think in the long term.
Even if the characters are ordinary middle class people, still they are
influenced by technology and the new economic system established by its influence.
The influence of the Net on life during the Cyberpunk age and the power it gives to
its users is revealed during the conversation between Carlotta and Laura:
male authors, dealing with young male characters and addressing a limited audience
who are made up of young males, it is significant that two among the six novels
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(Islands in the Net and Mona Lisa Overdrive) take female characters as their
protagonists (Mona and Laura). They are presented as brave, strong and competent
characters. Besides, apart from being novels written to address the young readers
who are interested in all forms of aesthetic creations having the elements of
Cyberpunk, it appears that both Gibson‟s and Sterling‟s works are full of short-term
and long-term predictions, which have partly came true, as in the case of the
“Internet” as a kind of “global nervous system” combining the whole world; the
novels also present predictions which might come true in a few decades.
the „60s underground: a group of angry rejectionists are eventually won over by the
220). Sterling defines David and Laura as the enemies of terrorism and instability,
Although Cyberpunk novels do not take the remote future as their setting, the
writers appear to reflect change not only in technology but also in culture. For
example, Laura‟s mother‟s comment shows the changing values of youth. “Young
people these days, maybe they don‟t hanker after a Mercedes or Jacuzzi. But they‟ll
brag like sixty about their data access” Islands in the Net, 26). As understood from
the quotation, the writer assumes that, reaching data will be a matter of pride in the
future. The speed of technology changes the view of time as well, in that even the
1890s are referred to as the Stone Age. This is what Paul Virilio calls “dromology”,
and Laura in the Islands of the Net. They argue about whether corporations can sign
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diplomatic treaties or not. While Laura, as a person who became successful in the old
order, is advocating that they cannot, Yoshio says that a treaty is only a contract and
governments is also discussed during the same conversation by Laura, David, Yoshio
and Mika. Laura criticizes Yoshio‟s approach about F.A.C.T., the group that
attacked Rizome. Yoshio confesses that they paid F.A.C.T. in order to be protected
by them against the pirates. Thus, F.A.C.T is used as a kind of free army by
Kymeria, in spite of being regarded as a kind of terrorist group by the rest of the
world. This debate results in a long conversation on global security. Yoshio comes to
the conclusion that all the barriers (that happen to be governments), should be
removed for the flow of the Net. An interesting comment on modern governments is
uttered by Yoshio at this point: “Modern governments are weak. We have made them
weak. Why pretend otherwise? We can play them against one another. They need us
worse than we need them” (Islands of the Net, 179). The idea that the world is
These huge companies control all the elements of power in Islands in the Net.
Sterling, in a way summarizes the whole Cyberpunk world in one sentence; “Power
is where action is” (Islands in the Net, 28), and the Net or the virtual world is exactly
the place where the action takes place in Cyberpunk novels. Sterling‟s novels suggest
a foresight into the future of the world. For instance he puts forward what will
become of the poor in Islands in the Net: “Low-grade scop [edibles], fresh from the
vats and dried like cornmeal, cost only a few cents a pound. Everyone in the ghetto
suburbs ate scop, single-cell protein. The national food of the Third World” (Islands
138
in the Net, 30). In addition, in another case the consumption of single-cell protein is
explained as inevitable for the whole world due to changing agricultural production.
“The Retreat had been a working farm once, before single-cell protein came in and
Although Sterling had wrote Islands in the Net nearly twenty years ago and
technology has advanced a lot since then, Sterling appears to expose the problems of
current times such as software theft and invasion of people‟s privacy in the virtual
world:
are annoyances, but it‟s not yet more than the system
burden, and multinationals are always tempted to move out from under it” (Islands in
the Net, 38). David, Emerson and Laura discuss what will become of the world at
this point. An important question is asked by Laura about the future of the world.
38).
In conclusion they decide that people will have to fight for the privilege of the
innocence and the life style in the old sense should be protected, which would be
something worthwhile. When the current web-sites such as Facebook that limit
private life more and more everyday are examined, it appears that Sterling‟s
Sterling. For instance, Laura is interviewed by the Vienna spook, Voroshilov. The
way he is depicted presents the use of high-technology: “A long fiber optic cord
trailed the earpiece down into the vest of his suit. Laura saw now that the sunglasses
were videocams, the new bit-mapped kind with a million little pixel lenses. He was
filming her” (Islands in the Net, 62). Of course, today this appearance is not
surprising, since even children have mobile phones, with huge memory systems and
cameras of millions of pixels; but for the readers of twenty years ago this sounded
quite inspiring.
The Cyberpunk world which is about the activities that take place inside
computers and over telephone lines is led by hackers and crackers, as Sterling
140
mentions in his work titled The Hacker Crackdown (1992). The characters of the
cyberpunk world escape from their imperfect “real” lives in which they are not
satisfied with the conditions, into the virtual world, to establish a new life or to have
different values and standards that they can play with . Carlotta, who helps Laura in
Granada, is appears as an example of this kind of a failure in real life. She describes
herself as a cracker:
read and write. I‟m diselxic, or what ever they call it.
with all its fucking data? No, you never told thought of
Drugs and voodoo are yet other topics that both of the writers employ in
painkiller or something that keeps the characters away from reality as in the case of
Mona: “Just go with it, she thought, the wiz giving her a sweet second boost that
tripped her into the river of pretty people without even having to think about it”.
(Mona Lisa Overdrive, 77), in Sterling‟s novels drugs appear as a sort of medium to
control people. For example, Kid uses drugs as suppressants to change his hormonal
system: “You don‟t want to go with me, Anne. My suppressants have worn off.
Hormones are turning me into an animal. I don‟t know what is happening to me”
(The Artificial Kid, 217). In the Cyberpunk world human beings have control over
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most natural and chemical substances that influence the human body. Turning a
normal person into a killing machine is just a matter of a few drugs. For instance, the
body of Sticky in Islands in the Net is described as a “drug factory”: “He‟s not an
„acceptable person‟- He‟s like an armed warhead! You wondered about drug
All of the six novels studied in this thesis include similar plot developments
first to survive, then to save the world. They all make use of advanced technology in
an efficient way, or there is a team helping them with their knowledge and equipment
It is noteworthy that both of the authors are from the Western world and are
white males, who employ figures from the east as the source of threat or danger. For
instance, Yakuza or Japanese business men in Gibson‟s works or the Islamic republic
or business men from Singapore in Sterling‟s novels are introduced as either the
advanced technology and a self-enclosed culture, the Easterner and the East turns out
science fiction genre with all the aforementioned concerns and frames. Sterling
especially sets Islands in the Net and the Artificial Kid in a fictional near future world
technology have come to dominate all forms of life as is seen in Gibson‟s Trilogy
too. As Hollinger points out, Cyberpunk as a genre that deals with the relationship of
with the cybernetic breakdown of the classic “nature/culture” opposition and the
oppositions between the natural and the artificial, the human and the machine. They
highlight the discussion on the human‟s secure place in the centre and present the
fears of the changing world system. Sterling presents man as a complex biological,
changing view of art with language full of unusual technical terms and metaphors
that are regarded as postmodern characteristics. The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix and
Islands in the Net are outstanding examples of Cyberpunk science fiction that appear
after the 1980s, with their concerns that appear as the combination of advanced
CONCLUSION:
has its own cultural dimensions. It was born both as a reaction against and a
authors. What distinguishes Cyberpunk science fiction from the earlier science
fiction is that the authors of Cyberpunk science mainly deal with “hard” sciences
their stories in a dystopic near future. As a product of the 1980s, Cyberpunk stories
present isolated protagonists who are talented in the use of technology, but their
connection to the society in which they live is weak. The protagonists of Cyberpunk
novels are mostly anti-heroes, pushed into adventures just to save their own lives.
They are not concerned with existential problems since they mostly prefer a virtual
life to their real existence. Thus, Cyberpunk science fiction is regarded as a literary
form that is basically concerned with the rhetorical productions of the “Dataist Era”
manifestation of power and path to freedom. This place of freedom is virtual space,
in other words the Internet, and they use this space in order to protect themselves
from the system. They exist as long as they can flow into cyberspace. The
Cyberpunk culture has this idea in its background, and it is possible to say that this
Moreover, Cyberpunk writers are regarded as the first generation whose lives
are already science fictional. The main focus of Cyberpunk science fiction is the
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combination of advanced technology and people from the lower social and economic
strata. As such, Cyberpunk works are well situated within postmodern literature since
they reflect the social, cultural and economical changes of the late capitalist period
such a highly technological world and a blurring of the boundaries between high and
popular cultural products; between the human and the artificial; between the real and
the virtual are prevailing topics in Cyberpunk works. Gibson and Sterling present
political and medical developments. The two writers are regarded as the forerunners
of the movement, as Mark Bould also confirms: “If Gibson was Cyberpunk‟s stylist,
Sterling was its propagandist, announcing its arrival and declaring its demise” (Boult,
2005: 222). The picture they present about the near future is a dark one in that, the
importance in such a world, and technology is developed and easily accessed but
humane values are victimised to this progress. Such a picture might be accepted as a
kind of warning to humanity about being careful about the improving technology.
In the six novels studied in this thesis, Gibson and Sterling mainly deal with
in the works of the Neuromancer and Islands in the Net. These corporations are
technology and data. To survive in such a world turns out to be a matter of chance,
since crime and violence become ordinary. As pointed out in the First Chapter, the
position of the individual has changed in a situation in which profit and power
technology to become a part of power. For instance, they implant biochips, like Case
in Neuromancer, to fill data into their brain and train themselves in certain subjects,
like various fighting techniques or instructions of a machine; or, they implant blades,
like Molly, under her fingernails and jack-up their nervous system.
(Baudrillard, 1996: 71). For him, technology appears as an instrument ruled by man,
however, “in fact the world is using this machinery to impose itself, and we are
comment, the so-called opposition between the human being and the machine
reaches to a maximum, and turns out to be a major conflict. The subject of the
revenge of the machine, that became a frequently treated subject through the end of
in the case of Kid from Artificial Kid, who records his bloody fighting contests by
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means of flying cameras around his head, to sell to rich people in order to amuse
them. Olsen‟s comment on the appearances of human beings in cyber fiction as being
transmuted into a sort of “techno-centaur” proves to be true in that sense, the human
being, his brain and his memory are open to process (Olsen, 1992). They can be
The characters who appear in the novels studied are “decentred subjects
627). Case, Molly, Bobby, Kid or Lindsay are all presented as characters who are far
from the safe atmosphere of a family and home; they don‟t feel responsibility
towards other people and they are too concerned with their own lives and existence.
There is “no meaning, no affection and no communal bonds” (Sponsler, 2001; 627)
in their lives. Thus, they represent Cyberpunk prototypes, the anti-heroes of the near
of their predecessors in the movie industry, such as Star Wars or Star Trek,in that the
human qualities of the characters such as Case, Molly, Arti or Lindsay are always
victorious over advanced technology, and these characters always master it.
are analysed, the argument which illustrates the Cyberpunk movement as the
Kroker and Virilio is proven. For example, it‟s being anti-foundational, sceptical of
authority, suspicious of the possibility of human anatomy and fascinated by the way
fiction and Cyberpunk, underline that science fiction possesses the capacity to
Baudrillard, Kroker and Haraway as well as Gibson and Sterling‟s fictions is defined
its era by Bukatman (1993: 11). In addition, the language of Cyberpunk science
depends heavily upon imagination; the reader participates in the process of creating
meaning and imagery all through the reading activity. From time to time, it may
also follow science fiction movies, games, and animations and become familiar with
their language. Samuel Delany, the writer of The Jewel-Hinged Jaw: Notes on the
Language of Science Fiction, observes that the dense and jargon- ridden language of
science fiction, which may even sometimes be hard to decipher with its abundance of
technical terms and imagery, aims to explain a posthumanist future (Delany, 2009).
opposition in various ways as pointed out in the previous chapters. Hence, they
create an atmosphere in which subject and object merges and by doing so, they warn
Virilio names it, between “speed” and “inertia” (Virilio, 1986). They are trying to be
a part of a society in which speed in every sense and area reaches a maximum.
148
and how long they can be a part of where they belong. As Kroker mentions in his
works, Gibson and Sterling‟s Cyberpunk works propose speculations about what
happens when information technology escapes the high-tech labs of Silicon Valley.
Cyberpunk science fiction is a form of science fiction which deals with the
very near future. It depicts a possible future for the world. In fact, one of the
messages of this sub-genre is that the world will turn into the world of these works if
rogue megacorporations, social chaos and technology out of control on a large scale.
world and mythology which differ from previous science fiction worlds and themes,
in that Cyberpunk has the “Net” or the “Matrix” instead of space ships, aliens or
galactic federations. The “Web”, the “Net”, the “Matrix”, or the “cyberspace” is the
improved human-beings who work for rival mega corporations instead of rival
empires or countries. The protagonists, who can easily access technology, live in a
world whose ecological balance is destroyed by human beings. These anti- heroes
need to be talented in technology in order to survive. They live by their wits, without
ambition to save the world or to be a hero. They are a part of black-markets outside
the law of the social system which is something that they did not choose but fell into.
149
images and codes as at the heart of commodities that took on an autonomy of their
Lyon as explained in the introduction chapter and Cyberpunk authors like Gibson
and Sterling reflect that kind of a world in their works (Lyon, 1994). Since
fantasy, the novels analysed in this thesis reflect this deep concern of the postmodern
world. The characters in Neuromancer, Count Zero, Mona Lisa Overdrive, The
Artificial Kid, or Schismatrix present a kind of inability, or even escape from the
Just as Baudrillard suggests that the world we live in has been replaced by a
duplicate world, where we seek simulated stimuli and nothing more, Gibson and
Sterling set their characters in double worlds where reality gets blurred from time to
(Neuromancer, 6) for example, and the “simstim” where the individual can
experience another person‟s life through stimulation of the brain and the nervous
system turns out to be a daily entertainment (in the Mona Lisa Overdrive) in the
Cyberpunk world. Similarly, in the Artifical Kid, Kid feels as if he has lost his
postmodern science fiction works. Just as the brain receives neural messages caused
by external stimuli and transmits messages to control bodily position, action and the
memory, so the computers are based on databases and are comprised of an electrical,
Age, computers are seen as outer “extensions of man” (Bukatman, 1993:70) and thus
In Neuromancer, Mona Lisa Overdrive, Count Zero and The Artificial Kid
and Schismatrix human beings are not only presented as connected or united with
machines but they also act like machines. The figure of the cyborg is central to the
Cyberpunk novels of Gibson and Sterling. The body transforms from its traditional
shape and structure into something that can be evolved, de-evolved, genetically
for Baudrillard and Haraway, makes Cyberpunk science fiction quite postmodern in
its efficacy to explain the contemporary world. Therefore, Cyberpunk science fiction,
through the analysis of the works of Gibson and Sterling (Kuhn, 1990).
element in Gibson and Sterling‟s novels. The authors present a culturally eclectic
world in which eastern and western traditions are mixed and moulded with advanced
a technological future.
151
autonomous form, it is not possible to say that these works do not reflect the
“matrix” of Gibson and the “Net” of Sterling which constitutes the cultural
consciousness of the postmodern age. This world of simulacra that lacks depth, since
one of the major characteristics of Postmodernism. The characters seen in the novels
analysed in this thesis lack coherence and unification in a world where contemporary
chaos is either ignored or blessed. The (human) subjects such as Arti, Bobby, Laura,
Molly or Abelard try to understand the (non-human) object, but because the object
can only be understood according to what it signifies (and because the process of
(Baudrillard, 1996: 27). The subject, thus, becomes seduced by the object, or by the
To conclude, when the six novels by Gibson and Sterling are viewed, and the
observed, it is clearly seen that the Cyberpunk movement shares the basic concerns
of Postmodernism, since both have little patience with borders such as those lying
between human and machine, between high and low, between country and country,
and between the real and the simulation. Cyberpunk seems to be a branch of popular
152
science fiction dealing with the most crucial political, philosophical, moral, and
cultural issues of the current world, named in total “Postmodernism” and exemplified
addition, each of the works of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling analysed in this
developments in the field of genetic engineering, surgeries that combine the human
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161
“SİBERPUNK” ROMAN:
WILLIAM GIBSON VE BRUCE STERLING’iN ESERLERİNİN 1980
SONRASI BİLİM KURGU EDEBİYATI ÖRNEKLERİ OLARAK
İNCELENMESİ
TÜRKÇE ÖZET
Lisa Overdrive, Count Zero, The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix ve The Islands in the
Net gibi eserleriyle bilim-kurgu edebi türü ve bu türe kısmen karşı çıkarak gelişmiş
olan “Yeni Dalga” akımının ikinci kuşağı olarak anılan “Yeni Yeni Dalga” akımına
bütünleştikleri bir durum, hem de içine düştükleri olumsuz durumların temel kaynağı
“Mechanists” olarak iki gruba ayrılan insanlar parlak bir diplomat olan Abelard
olan bilginin ve daha da önemlisi bunun getirdiği gücün kontrolüne sahip olma,
kimyasal silahlar yüzünden türlerin yok olduğu bir dünya, terörizm, “hacker”
yukarda bahsedilen temaların ortaya çıkış şekillerini ve insanın tarif edilen karanlık
incelemektir.
166
CYBERPUNK FICTION:
THE WORKS OF WILLIAM GIBSON AND BRUCE STERLING AS
EXAMPLES OF THE POST-1980s SCIENCE FICTION TRADITION
ABSTRACT
William Gibson and Bruce Sterling are writers that belong to the “New New
Wave” Movement, known as the second generation of “New Wave” that appeared
through the end of the twentieth century both as a continuation and a reaction to the
previous literary science fiction, with their works such as Neuromancer, Mona Lisa
Overdrive, Count Zero, The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix and Islands in the Net.
Gibson and Sterling whose works are regarded as examples of the “Cyberpunk”
literary movement, basically deal with the relationship, problems and struggle of the
individual with the future technology. While in previous science fictional works,
technology is at the service of human beings; in the works of Gibson and Sterling
technology is both something that characters are united with and is the main source
of the troubles that the individual faces. Furthermore, it may appear as the problem
itself. Therefore, Cyberpunk writers such as Gibson and Sterling are regarded as
writers who focus on the problems and negative sides of advanced technology. For
instance, Gibson depicts the struggle of Case, whose nervous system is ruined by his
ex-hirer and blackmailed because he has stolen from them. He fights against artificial
times through the explanation of two groups of people known as “Shapers”, who deal
with genetics and psychology, and “Mechanists”, who deal with computers and
prosthesis limbs in the 23rd century from the point of view of Abelard Lindsay, who
science and technology, in the field of genetic engineering, organ transplantation and
and the control of power through these networks, a world ruined by chemical
Count Zero, The Artificial Kid, Schismatrix and Islands in the Net.
technology as reflected in the Cyberpunk works are observed closely, it is seen that
the explanations are parallel to those that are use to explain the characteristics of the
the “late capitalist” period, and presented much of it‟s characteristics, it is possible to
Lyotard, Kroker and Virilio, and the relationship between postmodernism and
The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the ways how these themes appear in
the novels of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, man‟s union with technology and