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CAPSTONE PROJECT

Synopsis
Smart Differential Transformer Protection using Arduino and GSM
Project group members: ELE, 6th semester
Group No-28 (COM-7)
Ankur Garg (101604026)
Bharat Bansal (101604047)
Chetan Modi (101604050)
Gagandeep Jindal (101604060)
Gurupdesh Singh (101604063)

Under the guidance of


Dr. SK Aggarwal
Associate Professor
EIED, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Engineering Department


Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala
Post Bag No. 32, Patiala – 147004
Punjab (India)
1. Abstract
Transformers are the important equipment’s in the power system. Therefore, the continuity
of its operation is very necessary. So better protection scheme should develop for
transformers. Differential protection technique can be employed to protect the transformers.
in this paper, we have used differential relay mechanism with gsm module and voice
announcement circuit. The gsm and voice circuit is synchronized with Arduino
microcontroller. Arduino microcontroller is very high speed and cost effective device
with fine accuracy. By programming in the Arduino the protection of transformers can be
done. Programming is quite efficient and easy than 8051 microprocessor used in differential
relay mechanism, so it is better to use Arduino place of 8051 microcontroller. The simulation
results successfully justified this proposed system in proteus software also.
2. Introduction
Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long
lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer
protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions,
such as over excitation protection and temperature-based protection may aid this goal by
identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive
transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays is appropriate for
critical transformers of all applications. One of the most important pieces of equipment in
power systems is the power transformer, which is used in different sizes, types, and
connections. A power transformer functions as a node to connect two different voltage
levels. Therefore, the continuity of its operation is of vital importance in maintaining the
reliability of power supply. Any unscheduled repair work, especially replacement of a faulty
transformer, is very expensive and time consuming.
According to many years of experience, differential protection provides the best overall
protection for a power transformer. In principle, this protection scheme makes use of current
difference flowing through different terminals of the transformer so as to distinguish between
internal and external faults. It is also well recognized that differential current relays are
affected by various factors such as inrush current, over-excitation, transformer tap
changer operation, and current transformer (CT) saturation. For example, CT saturation
leads to inaccurate current measurement and, therefore, may cause mal-operation of
differential relays.
In addition, when the transformer tap changer is moved up and down with respect to the middle
point at which the relay is adjusted to, the differential relay might initiate a trip signal without
the presence of any fault.
Current Differential Protection (By using ACS712)
Another common form of protection for apparatus such as transformers, generators,
busses and power lines is current differential. This type of protection works on the basic
theory of Kirchhoff's current law, which states that the sum of the currents entering and exiting
a node will equal zero. Differential protection requires a set of current transformers (smaller
transformers that transform currents down to a level which can be measured) at each compares
the currents and calculates the difference between the two.
3. Literature Review

Electric Power system an electric Power system refers to a network that constitutes electrical
components/machines used in the supply, transmission and digestion of electric power. The
figure shows below clarification a complete power electric system. It involves generation,
transmission and distribution of electric power to various categories of consumers. The
generation plant is normally located far from the load centre. There are different levels of
electric power consumption depending on the motive for which a customer uses electricity.
Electrical power consumers may be commercial, domestic or industrial [3]. These consumers
require different levels of electric power supply. In order to meet their specific requirement,
certain devices that adjust the voltage levels accordingly have to be used. Some of those
components include prevent devices, capacitor banks, step down and step up transformers etc.
4. Research Gap -Contrary to Literature there is no communication between the transformer
and the generating system. Use of 2 GSM modules for both serviceman and generator make
it more efficient by double Suring the generating station about the power cuts. Use of LCD
for real time current flow display is the second thing that makes this smart. Clearing fault
by just one retrieve message is another step towards better way to deal with small internal
faults.

5. Objectives
 Design and build an over current relay using Arduino and a current sensor
 Development, analysis and calibration of the current sensor
 Development of the LCD program to display the sensed levels
 Development of the ADC program to convert the analogue sensor output to equivalent
digital form within the Arduino
 Development of warning (audio and visual) and relay control system program
 Small Fault Clearance using GSM

6. Detailed Methodology
Here Arduino is used as a brain. The circuit diagram as shown in below diagram. Here we used
two current sensor ACS712 is which is connected to the Arduino through A0 and A1 pin. This
relay is used to initiate the voice circuit which gives voice alert. Here we used 12v DC 1-phase
relay which is connected to the 13 no pin of Arduino. As we can see GSM and voice circuit
also integrated with Arduino.
Whenever internal fault occurs in transformer the currents seen by the Current sensors on
primary and secondary differs by some amount. As a resulting voltage sensed by the Arduino
from primary and secondary differs. As there is a difference in the voltage sensed by the
Arduino. Arduino give a signal to the relay according to predefined program. And when the
relay is activated by the Arduino the relay will activate the voice announcement circuit. The
voice circuit will give output predefined voice as alert to the operator. After three consecutive
voice alerts Arduino will give a trip signal to the relay board and which is connected in series
with the supply will open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup will be
disconnected. And GSM will send a message showing a current different and place of which
one transformer getting the fault to the operator. And also operator can perform the respective
action for faulty transformer from anywhere through sending a message back to the GSM.
Some faults happen to the transformer which is not a harmful for the system, so for that
condition power transformer should not isolate from the power system, so here we designed
system for such situation. Let we choose allowed current difference is 0.5 amp, so at that
difference GSM send a message to the operator like INTERNAL FAULT ON
TRANSFORMER T1 DUE TO CURRENT DIFFERENCE OF 0.5 PLEASE GIVE A
MISSED CALL ON THE SAME NUMBER TO ALLOW THE SUPPLY.so when operator
give call to GSM the system will automatically back to the operation.
When serious faults like short circuit of winding happens the current difference will increase
to allowed difference 0.5 so GSM will send a message to the operator like INTERNAL FAULT
ON TRANSFORMER T1 DUE TO CURRENT DIFFERENCE OF >0.5 PLEASE SOLVE
THE ISSUE, so now if operator give call
to GSM the transformer will not get back to operation so operator will have to visit site
personally to solve the issue. Here Arduino is used as a brain. The circuit diagram as shown in
below diagram. Here we used two current sensor ACS712 is which is connected to the Arduino
through A0 and A1 pin. This relay is used to initiate the voice circuit which gives voice alert.
Here we used 12v DC 1-phase relay which is connected to the 13 no pin of Arduino. As we
can see GSM and voice circuit also integrated with Arduino.

Under normal operating conditions currents on primary and secondary are same. So, the
proportionate voltages generated by the current sensors on primary and secondary are same.
These two voltages will be applied to the Arduino. Under normal operating conditions these
two voltages will be same in magnitude and difference is zero. So, the Arduino gives no signal
to the relay. Whenever internal fault occurs in transformer the currents seen by the Current
sensors on primary and secondary differs by some amount. As a resulting voltage sensed by
the Arduino from primary and secondary differs. As there is a difference in the voltage sensed
by the Arduino. Arduino give a signal to the relay according to predefined program. And when
the relay is activated by the Arduino the relay will activate the voice announcement circuit.
The voice circuit will give output predefined voice as alert to the operator. After three
consecutive voice alerts Arduino will give a trip signal to the relay board and which is
connected in series with the supply will open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup
will be disconnected. And GSM will send a message showing a current different and place of
which one transformer getting the fault to the operator. And also operator can perform the
espective action for faulty transformer from anywhere through sending a message back to the
GSM. Some faults happen to the transformer which is not a harmful for the system, so for that
condition power transformer should not isolate from the power system, so here we designed
system for such situation. Let we choose allowed current difference is 0.5 amp, so at that
difference GSM send a message to the operator like INTERNAL FAULT ON
TRANSFORMER T1 DUE TO CURRENT DIFFERENCE OF 0.5 PLEASE GIVE A
MISSED CALL ON THE SAME NUMBER TO ALLOW THE SUPPLY.so when operator
give call to GSM the system will automatically back to the operation. And when serious faults
like short circuit of winding happens the current difference will increase to allowed difference
0.5 so GSM will send a message to the operator like INTERNAL FAULT ON
TRANSFORMER T1 DUE TO CURRENT DIFFERENCE OF >0.5 PLEASE SOLVE THE
ISSUE, so now if operator give call to GSM the transformer will not get back to operation so
operator will have to visit site personally to solve the issue.
Side by Side there is another GSM MODULE sending message at the time of trip to generating
system and a LCD is also monitoring the voltage levels for the demand.
7. Deliverables

We will provide the better protection scheme for the transformers by letting the
operator clear the small faults from a call and also provide a smart monitoring system
of transformers. A better and efficient way of power distribution will be developed
through this project and we will also provide the way to reduce the man power.

8. Role of group members

9. Conclusion
From this project we have concluded that at internal fault current at both winding differ by
a huge value which can be measured accurately by current sensor and also side by side we
have monitored it to the power generating station with the help of simple LCD. We have
derived very reliable protection as Current transformer is bypassed and it is only for small
size transformer. For bigger size either current sensor with high rating is used or simply
current is stepped down by CT.
10. References

[1] M.A.Date, BhuvaneshOza, N.C.Nair “Power System Protection” Hand Book Edition 2002
[2] AdilNaseem, Naveed Alam“ Protection Of Distribution Transformer Using ARDUINO
Platform” Science International Journal; ISSN 1013-5316
[3] Cristina Ciulavu, Elena Helerea “Power Transformer Incipient Faults Monitoring “Annals
of University of Cariova, Electrical Engineering; ISSN 1842-4805
[4] Ishant Sharma, Tarak Patel, Prof.Dhaval Tailor “Differential Protection of Transformer
Using Arduino” International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering
Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016
[5] Don Wilcher, “Learn Electronics with Arduino”, illustrated Edition, Apress, 2012
[6] Sarfaraz Nawaz Syed, S. Radhika, M.N. Sandhya Rani “Differential Current Protection of
Transformer
[7] using Arduino with Voice Alert” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and
Technology, Volume 6 Issue 2 December 2015
[8] Michael Margolis “Arduino Cookbook” Hand Book Edition 2011
[9] Arduino – Home Page from http://www.arduino.cc.
[10] GSM - https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/gsm-gprs-modules
[11] Voice Circuit https://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/high-quality-voice-
recorder-using-ic-apr33a
[12] Voice circuit interface with Arduino http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=206878

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