GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam

30-Mar-19
GMR Institute of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mr. G.SASIDHAR,
Course Title: Kinematics of Machinery(16ME402)

30-Mar-19 1
1
30-Mar-19 1
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Evocation
 Objectives and Outcomes
Objectives
The students will be able to learn to:
1. Basic knowledge on the GEARs

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this session, students will able to
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1. Understand Classifications of Gears and followers.

2. Understand the concept of velocity ratio.
3. Exemplify the applications of GEARs and Gear trains.
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GEARS vs Belt drives

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GEARs vs Friction wheels

 GEARs vs Friction wheels
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Kinematically, the friction wheels running without slip and toothed

gearing are identical. But due to the possibility of slipping of wheels,
the friction wheels can only be used for transmission of small
powers.
 Gears
History:

• 2600 B.C. , China

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• 4th Century B.C., Aristotle

• 15th Century, Leonardo da
Vinci
 Gears
Gears are toothed members that transmit rotary
motion from one shaft to another.
Advantages:
❖ Reliable performance over a wide range of loads & speed
❖ Small Size and Compactness
❖ Long service life
❖ High Efficiency (96-99%)
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Disadvantages:
❖ Require high accuracy in manufacture and assembly
❖ Noisy at higher operating speeds
❖ Unable to absorb shocks in service

Applications: GEARS are widely used for

• Automotive
• Manufacturing
• Power Plant
• Measuring Instruments
• Mechanical Watch
 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
Classification
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts
2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears.
3. According to the type of gearing
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4. According to position of teeth on the gear surface.

5. According to shape of teeth/profile
 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to the position of axes of the shafts
The axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be
(a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.
❖ The two parallel and co-planar shafts connected by the gears are called spur
gears.
❖ Another name given to the spur gearing is helical gearing, in which the teeth
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are inclined to the axis.

❖ The double helical gears are known as herringbone gears.
❖ The two non-parallel or intersecting, but coplanar shafts connected by gears are
called bevel gears.
❖ The two non-intersecting and non-parallel i.e. non-coplanar shaft connected by
gears are called skew bevel gears or spiral gears
• When equal bevel gears (having equal teeth) connect two shafts whose axes
are mutually perpendicular, then the bevel gears are known as mitres.
 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to the position of axes of the shafts
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 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to the peripheral velocity of the gears.
The gears, according to the peripheral velocity of the gears may be classified as :
(a) Low velocity, (b) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity.

▪ The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity gears.
▪ Gears having velocity between 3 and 15 m/s are known as medium velocity
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gears.
▪ If the velocity of gears is more than 15 m/s, then these are called high speed
gears.
 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to the type of gearing
The gears, according to the type of gearing may be classified as :
• (a) External gearing, (b) Internal gearing, and (c) Rack and pinion.
• In external gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh externally with each other
The larger of these two wheels is called spur wheel and the smaller wheel is
called pinion. In an external gearing, the motion of the two wheels is always
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unlike.
• In internal gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other.
The larger of these two wheels is called annular wheel and the smaller wheel
is called pinion. In an internal gearing, the motion of the two wheels is always
like.
• Sometimes, the gear of a shaft meshes externally and internally with the gears
in a straight line (wheel with infinite radius). Such type of gear is called rack
and pinion. The straight line gear is called rack and the circular wheel is called
pinion.
 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to the type of gearing
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 Types of Toothed Wheels (Gears)
According to position of teeth on the gear surface.
The teeth on the gear surface may be
(a) straight, (b) inclined, and (c) curved.
• We have discussed earlier that the spur gears have straight teeth,
• Where as helical gears have their teeth inclined to the wheel rim.
• In case of spiral gears, the teeth are curved over the rim surface.
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According to shape of teeth/profile

The teeth shape may be classified as
(a) cycloid, (b) involute, and (c) circular.
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GEAR Profile
 Terms used in GEAR:
GEAR Profile
1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same
motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is
usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch diameter.
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles.
4. Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have
replaced at the pitch circle.
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5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to
two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is
1
usually denoted by ϕ. The standard pressure angles are 14 °and 20°.
2
6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the
tooth.
7. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the
tooth.
8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric
with the pitch circle.
9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called
root circle.
 Terms used in GEAR:
GEAR Profile
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle
from a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted
by 𝑝𝑐
𝜋𝐷
Mathematically, Circular pitch, 𝑝𝑐 = where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
𝑇
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
Note : If 𝐷1 and 𝐷2 are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the teeth 𝑇1 and 𝑇2
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𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 𝐷 𝑇
respectively, then for them t o mesh correctly, 𝑝𝑐 = 1 = 2 𝑜𝑟 1 = 1
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝐷2 𝑇2
11. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in mm.
𝑇 𝜋
It is denoted by 𝑝𝑑 . Mathematically, Diametral pitch, 𝑝𝑑 = =
𝐷 𝑝𝑐
12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth.
𝐷
It is usually denoted by m. Mathematically, module 𝑚 =
𝑇
Note : The recommended series of modules in Indian Standard are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,
5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 20. The modules 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9,
11, 14 and 18 are of second choice.
 Terms used in GEAR:
GEAR Profile
13. Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth,
in a meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as
clearance circle.
14. Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circles
of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
15. Working depth. It is the radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance
circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.
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16. Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
17. Tooth space . It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along
the pitch circle.
18. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as
measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, the backlash should be zero, but in actual
practice some backlash must be allowed to prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors
and thermal expansion.
19. Face of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth above the pitch surface.
20. Flank of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth below the pitch surface.
21. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
22. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis.
 Law of Gearing
Condition for Constant Velocity Ratio of Toothed Wheels–Law of Gearing:
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The common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always
pass through the pitch point. This is the fundamental condition which must be
satisfied while designing the profiles for the teeth of gear wheels. It is also known
as law of gearing.
 Law of Gearing
Condition for Constant Velocity Ratio of Toothed Wheels–Law of Gearing:
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The common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always
pass through the pitch point. This is the fundamental condition which must be
satisfied while designing the profiles for the teeth of gear wheels. It is also known
as law of gearing.
 Velocity of sliding of teeth
The velocity of sliding is the velocity of one tooth relative to its mating tooth
along the common tangent at the point of contact.
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 Forms of teeth
In actual practice following are the two types of teeth commonly used :
1. Cycloidal teeth ; and 2. Involute teeth.
Cycloidal teeth:
▪ A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls
without slipping on a fixed straight line.
▪ When a circle rolls without slipping on the outside of a fixed circle, the curve traced by
a point on the circumference of a circle is known as epi-cycloid.
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▪ If a circle rolls without slipping on the inside of a fixed circle, then the curve traced by
a point on the circumference of a circle is called hypo-cycloid.

The common normal XX at the point of contact between two cycloidal teeth always passes
through the pitch point, which is the fundamental condition for a constant velocity ratio.
 In actual practice
Forms of teeth
following are the two types of teeth
commonly used :
1. Cycloidal teeth ; and 2. Involute teeth.
Involute teeth:
▪ An involute of a circle is a plane curve generated by a point on a
tangent, which rolls on the circle without slipping or by a point
on a taut string which in unwrapped from a reel as shown in Fig.
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▪ Normal at any point of an involute is a tangent to the circle..

 Involute teeth:
Forms of teeth

When the power is being transmitted, the maximum tooth pressure

(neglecting friction at the teeth) is exerted along the common
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normal through the pitch point. This force may be resolved into where ϕ is the pressure angle
tangential and radial or normal components. or the angle of obliquity

Note:
❑ The tangential force provides the driving torque
❑ The radial or normal force produces radial deflection of the rim and bending of the
shafts.
 A single reduction gear of 120 kW with a pinion 250 mm pitch
circle diameter and speed 650 r.p.m. is supported in bearings on
either side. Calculate the total load due to the power
transmitted, the pressure angle being 20°
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In cycloidal teeth, a convex face always has contact with a concave flank resulting in less
wear. But in involute teeth, two convex surfaces are in contact and thus there is more wear.
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 Systems of gear teeth
The following four systems of gear teeth are commonly used in practice :

• The increase of the pressure angle from 14 1/2 °to 20°results in a stronger
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tooth, because the tooth acting as a beam is wider at the base.

• The 20°stub involute system has a strong tooth to take heavy loads.
 Length of path of contact
MN is the common normal at the point of contacts and the common tangent to the base
circles.
The point K is the intersection of the addendum circle of wheel and the common tangent.
The point L is the intersection of the addendum circle of pinion and common tangent.
The length of path of contact is the length of common normal cut-off by the addendum
circles of the wheel and the pinion.
• Thus the length of part of contact is KL
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which is the sum of the parts of path of

contacts KP and PL.
• Contact length KP is called as path of approach
• Contact length PL is called as path of recess.
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Length of path of contact

 Length of Arc of Contact
Arc of contact is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the
beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
In Figure, the arc of contact is EPF or GPH. The arc GP is known as arc of
approach and the arc PH is called arc of recess.
The angles subtended by the arcs at O1 arecalled angle of approach and angle of
recess respectively.
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The length of the arc of approach (arc GP)

The length of the arc of recess (arc PH)

The length of the arc of contact (GPH)

 The number of teeth on each of the two equal spur gears in
mesh are 40. The teeth have 20°involute profile and the
module is 6 mm. If the arc of contact is 1.75 times the circular
pitch, find the addendum.
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 Interference in Involute Gears
• If the radius of the addendum circle of pinion is increased to O1N, the point of contact L
will move from L to N.
• The tip of tooth on the pinion will then undercut the tooth on the wheel at the root and
remove part of the involute profile of tooth on the wheel. This effect is known as
interference, and occurs when the teeth are being cut.
• Similarly, if the radius of the addendum circle of the wheel increases beyond O2M, then
the tip of tooth on wheel will cause interference with the tooth on pinion.
✓ The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its
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mating gear is known as interference.

 Interference in Involute Gears
• The points M and N are called interference points. the tooth on pinion.
• The limiting value of the radius of the addendum circle of the pinion is O1N and of the
wheel is O2M.
✓ Interference may only be prevented, if the addendum circles of
the two mating gears cut the common tangent to the base circles
between the points of tangency..
Maximum length of path of approach
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Maximum length of path of recess

∴ Maximum length of path of contact,
and maximum length of arc of contact
 Interference in Involute Gears
Minimum Number of teeth required to avoid interference in pinion wheel
t =Number of teeth on the pinion,,
T =Number of teeth on the wheel,
m =Module of the teeth,
r =Pitch circle radius of pinion = m.t / 2
G =Gear ratio = T / t = R / r
φ =Pressure angle or angle of obliquity.
AP.m =Addendum of the pinion, where AP is a fraction by which the
standard addendum of one module for the pinion should be multiplied
in order to avoid interference.
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This equation gives the minimum number of teeth required on the pinion in order to avoid
interference.
 Interference in Involute Gears
Minimum Number of teeth required to avoid interference in pinion
The minimum number of teeth on the pinion which will mesh with any gear (also
rack) without interference are given in the following table :
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 Interference in Involute Gears
Minimum Number of teeth required to avoid interference in Gear wheel
• T =Minimum number of teeth required on the
wheel in order to avoid interference,
• AW.m =Addendum of the wheel, where AW is
a fraction by which the standard addendum
for the wheel should be multiplied.
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This equation gives the minimum number of teeth required on the Gear wheel in order to
avoid interference.
 Determine the minimum number of teeth required on a pinion,
in order to avoid interference which is to gear with,
1. a wheel to give a gear ratio of 3 to 1 ;
2. 2. an equal wheel.
The pressure angle is 20°and a standard addendum of 1 module for the
wheel may be assumed.
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