Introduction to

Electric Power
Systems
D w i R ian a A ryan i
E l e c t rical En g in eering D e p a rt m e nt
U n iversitas I n d onesia
References
B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, Janaka B.
Ekanayake, Goran Strbac. “Electric Power Systems”. Wiley
Hadi Saadat. “Power System Analysis”. Mc Graw Hill.
John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Jr. “Power System
Analysis “. McGraw-Hill
Power System Overview
Power System
o Generation
o Transmission and sub-transmission
o Distribution
o Loads

System Protection
Energy Control System
Computer Analysis
Generation
Generators
◦ Three phase AC generator / synchronous generator
◦ Two synchronously rotating fields
◦ Generate high power at high voltage 3̴ 0 kV
◦ The capacity can vary from 50-1500 MW

Transformers
◦ To transfer power from one level of voltage to another level
◦ Power on the secondary side is almost the same as the primary side
Generation
Operation of Generators
◦ In thermal power systems, the base load should be supplied by the
most efficient (lowest operating cost) plant which then runs 24 hours
per day, with the remaining load met by the less efficient (but lower
capital cost) stations.
◦ In hydro systems water may have to be conserved and so some
generators are only operated during times of peak load.
◦ The operating reserve is the generating capacity available to
the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand
in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the
supply
1. Spinning reserve
2. Non-spinning / suplemental reserve
Generation
Energy Conversions
 Energy conversion using steam
 Energy conversion using water
 Gas turbines
 Nuclear Power

Renewable Energy Sources

 Solar energy-thermal conversion
 Solar energy-photovoltaic conversion
 Wind Generators
 Biofuels
 Tides
 Wave Power
Transmission
To transfer energy from generating units to the distribution system
Interconnect neighboring utilities; economic dispatch and back up
during emergencies
ANSI voltage standards (line to line): 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230
kV, 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV
HV standards in Indonesia: 30 kV, 70 kV, 150 kV, 275 kV, 500 kV
Subtransmission : the portion of transmission system that connects
the HV substation through the step down transformers to the
distribution systems (69-138 kV)
Distribution
Connects the distribution substations to the consumers’ equipment
Primary distribution lines (industrial)= 4 to 34,5 kV
Secondary distribution lines (commercial & residential)= 110 to 240 V
Overhead and underground typed.
Basic Component of
a Power System

Source:
Hadi Saadat, Power System
Analysis, Mc-Graw Hill
 Symbols for
Representing the
Components of a
Three-phase PS

Source:
B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N.
Jenkins, Janaka B.
Ekanayake, Goran Strbac.
“Electric Power Systems”.
Wiley
Loads
Industrial loads; functions of voltage and frequency (composite loads)
o Very large= transmission network
o Large = sub-transmission network
o Small= primary distribution network

Commercial and residential loads; small reactive power

Daily load curve, peak load, peak generator, load factor = ?

High load factor = power plant operates economically

Utilization factor = ratio of the maximum demand to the installed
capacity
Plant factor = ratio of the annual energy generation to the plant
capacity x 8760 hours
System Protection
Switchgear = some of protective devices directly
connected to the circuits
o Instrument transformers
o Circuit Breakers
o Disconnect Switches
o Fuse
o Lighting arresters

Switchboard in control houses

o Control equipment
o Protective relays
Energy Control Center
Equipped with visual display unit (VDU), keyboards, and light pen.
Computer may give alarms to the operators (dispatchers) when
deviation from the normal state occurs.
Simulation tools and software packages in ECC= SCADA/ Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition .
 Changing Landscape of Power
Systems and Utility Deregulation

Source: CUSP_First Course on Power Systems_©copyright Ned Mohan 2008

©2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.