SPECIES FOUND ON MANGOVE ECOSYSTEM AT BARANGAY LASANG, BUCANA,

DAVAO DEL SUR

Shelby Rose C. Gelayo, Shenny Claire C. Ormo

College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southeastern

Philippines, Barrio Obrero, Davao City

srgelayo1098@gmail.com, shennyclaireormo@gmail.com

Introduction
The Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands located completely within the
tropics of the Southeastern Coast of Asia. By supporting 0.9% of the world's endemic plants and
vertebrate species, the Philippine islands is labeled as one of the top biodiversity “hot spot” regions
worldwide. The country was contemplated as one of the richest diversity of coastal plants in the
world. In 1918, an estimation of 500,000 hectares of mangrove forest has recorded and by 1994-
1995 the number of mangroves had declined to 100, 00 hectares (Canizares & Seronay, 2016).
Due to the intense anthropogenic stresses, the reduction of these significant ecosystems has an
attribution in the extreme declination in the environmental quality. The thrust of the Philippine
government and its society is the restoration of these mangal ecosystems. One such location is the
community of Lasang in Davao City in the south of the Philippine islands (Salting, 2007).
Mangroves are among the world’s most productive ecosystems. A diverse invertebrate
accumulation is associated with the mangal, with mollusks being one of the prevailing species in
terms of species richness, biomass, and abundance. Numerous studies were dedicated to the
horizontal distribution of invertebrate fauna in general and of particular groups in mangroves.
Research of Berry (1963) was dictated the general faunal zonation in the mangrove ecosystem.
The researcher distinguished a bivalve zone, a Nerita zone, an Uca zone, a Littoraria (as Littorina)
zone, and burrower zone. The position of mangroves in relation to the seashore is a factor in the
contribution of species composition, like in the landward area of mangal vegetation - the most
common gastropods belonged to the families Ellobiidae, Assimineidae, and Neritidae, while in the
seaward fringe of mangroves - Potamididae (Zvonareva et al., 2015).
Due to disturbance, exploitation, or rehabilitation of mangrove association, it changes the
species composition, diversity, biomass, and abundance of invertebrates. Therefore, such
parameters might consider the status of the mangrove ecosystem and can be identified as an
indicator of changes in both natural and planted mangroves. With the gradual increase in the
number of residents at the lower reaches of the river, these were significant for the occurrences of
different species specifically their diversity may be affected with unregulated harvesting and
mangrove cutting activities (Zvonareva et al., 2015).
The study investigated and assessed the occurrences of different species associated with
mangroves in Barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao Del Sur. Furthermore, the study aimed at two
specific objectives. The identification of the different species up to genus level, based on their
morphological characteristics and to determine the economic value of identified species to the
residents in Barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao Del Sur. The identification of the species present in
Barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao Del Sur was the first to study conducted in the area.
 Materials and Methods
The research site of this study was conducted at Barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao del Sur,
Philippines. The site lies along 7’15’15.5’ North latitude and in longitude 125’40’15.2’ East
(Figure 1). The collection of the samples was performed along eight to three o’clock in afternoon.
The samples were collected by handpicking method (Geiger et al., 2017). Some species were
collected by hand digging and with use of stick for the gastropods that attach to a hard surface like
rocks and for crab samples were performed by handpicking.
Furthermore, species like mudskipper were not collected but initially photographed. Only
one representative per species was collected from the disturbed area due to ecosystem functions.
The collected samples were placed in a bottle, washed in tap water to remove the dirt that clings
on the species and soaked with 70 % denatured alcohol to preserve the specimen for identification.

Figure A. Mangroves area in barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao Del

Sur (Google Earth, 2018)
Species Identification
All samples were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level based on the
identification keys of (Bruch, 1984), (Poutiers, 1998) and (Yolanda et al., 2016). Gastropods and
bivalve samples were identified with the use of FAO multivolume field guide and dichotomous
keys for species identification. Morphometric data such as shell length, width were measured to
aid species identification. Identification of the collected species was based on its characteristics
like color, shape, size and other distinguishing characteristics were noted. The measurement of the
samples was carried out by means of a dissecting microscope.
Determination of economical values of species
The identified species was determined the economic value through conducting the
interview to the barangay residents with several questions. Few related kinds of literatures are used
for the basis of the fact that other specimens can be used as the essential source of food or in
medicinal properties.

Results and Discussion

The identification of the different species present in Barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao del
Sur was first conducted in the area. However, the area was disturbed by the residents due to their
illegal and unwanted activities, investigations of species in the location were comprised about 14
species segregated into 13 families. These species were ranged into four classes (Fishes,
Crustaceans, Bivalves, and Gastropods). There were six families (Potamididae, Ellobiidae,
Nassariidae, Olivellidae, and Neritidae) under mollusks species, four families under crustacean
species (Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, Ocypodidae, Sesarmidae) and one family (Oxudercidae) under
fish species (Table 1).
Table 1. List of the identified mangrove species and its common name

Family Name Common name Scientific Name Total number

Mollusks Species

Potamididae Horn Snail Telescopium telescopium 1

Unknown Cerithidea sp. 5
Ellobiidae Saltmarsh Snail Ellobium aurisjudae 1
Nassariidae Nassa Mud Snail Nasarius pullus 1
Olivellidae Dwarf Olive Shell Olivella biplicata 1
Neritidae Black-Mouth Nerite Snail Neritinia cornucopia 1
Nerite Snail Nerita sp. 1
Isognomonidae Oyster Isognomon sp. 1
Crustaceans Species

Coenobitidae Terrestrial Hermit Crabs Coenobita sp. 1

Diogenidae Hermit Crab Diogenes sp. 1
Ocypodidae Brachyuran Crab Tubuca coarctata 1
Fiddler Crab Uca sp. 3
Sesarmidae Mangrove Tree Crab Aratus pisonii 1
Fish Species

Oxudercidae Mudskipper Periopthalmus sp. 1

The family of Potamididae (Telescopium sp. & Cerithidea sp) and Pteriidae (Nerita sp. &
Neritinia sp.) were recorded two different genus. Family from Ellobiidae, Nassariidae, Olivellidae,
and Neritidae has only one genus garnered under mollusks species. Meanwhile, in crustacean
species, the family of Ocypodidae has two different genera: Tubuca sp and Uca sp. The
Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, and Sesarmidae have only one genus recorded. Lastly, under the family
of Oxudercidae, only one genus also was noted.
These species were identified based on its characteristics in which, one sample to
Telescopium telescopium, Tubuca coarctata, Nerita sp., Diogenes sp., Cthalamus sp., Neritinia
cornucopia, Nasarius pullus, Periopthalmus sp., Olivella biplicata, Ellobium aurisjudae,
Coenobita sp. and Aratus pisonii. Additionally, three samples for Uca sp. and five samples for
Cerithidea sp. Among 20 species identified, consisting of 12 mollusks species (8 genera and 6
families), 7 crustacean species (5 genera and 4 families) one fish species (one genera and one
family) were recorded at the study sites (Table 1).
Out of 12 mollusks species, the 5 individuals under genus Cerithidea were noted. On the
Riau Province of Indonesia, Yolanda et al., 2016 reported five species belonging to the four genera
of mud whelks. The Genus Cerithidea (Swainson, 1840) belongs to the family of Potamididae.
They were elongate, spire decollates and whorls convex with six to seven rounded spiral cords
measures about 28 mm to 43.3 mm. Their body whorl rounded with moderate suture. Outside of
shell was brown or dull purplish brown or yellowish with a darker brown zone. (Poutiers, 1998).

1 2 3 4

6
7 8
5

11
9 10
12
Figure B. Species of mollusks found in disturbed mangrove area. 1) Telescopium sp.,
2) Cerithidia sp., 3) Cerithidea sp., 4) Cerithidia sp., 5) Cerithidia sp., 6) Cerithidia
sp., 7) Ellobium aurisjudae 8) Nassarius sp, , 9) Olivella biplicata, 10) Nerita sp.,
11) Neritinia cornucopia, 12) Isognomon sp.

k l m
. . .
 One collected sample of genus Telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) among mollusks species. It
was identified as T. Telescopium or commonly known as horn snails or also called as “Rodong”
that have a cone looks like an ice cream cone. The appearance was brown or black with the length
of 6 to 15 cm tall. The species was velvety black with a highly extendible proboscis and have a
third eye on their mantle margin, in addition to a pair of eyes at the tentacles (Yolanada et al.,
2016).
According to the conclusion of Ranjan and Babu (2016), these snails (Cerithedia sp. and
Telescopium telescopium) have been successfully used as bioaccumulation indicators or monitors
in the past and will also play a prominent role in this area of environmental surveillance in the
future. It is known that mollusks accumulate organic and metallic pollutants at concentrations
several orders of magnitude above those observed in the environment. These snails may serve as
bioindicators of health and ecological changes in the mangrove ecosystem and biofilters in
wastewater. Some potamidids are also used as a food source for human (Yolanda et al., 2016).
One collected sample from genus Ellobium (Roding, 1978) was identified as Ellobium
aurisjudae that measured about 2 to 4 cm and with golden white or light brown coloration. Genus
Ellobium were characterized by the swollen shell and obtusely shouldered sculpture coarsely
latticed on shoulder slope that becomes obsolete on the remainder of body whorl (Ismail et al.,
2017).
One collected sample from genus Nassarius (Dumeril, 1805) was identified as Nassarius
pullus that has a small sized usually, it measures up to 10 mm and 25 mm in length. The shell was
ovate and characterized with a pointed spire that composed of six or seven whorls and forms a
large, white, and polished callosity. The white aperture was ovate, terminated above by the outer
lip. The outer lip was thin, slightly denticulated at the base (Kiener, 1881). Ecologically, most
nassariids of Nassarius are thought to be facultative scavengers inhabiting inter to subtidal shallow
marine environments. As scavengers, nassariids of Nassarius are important in maintaining the
balance of the ecological system, especially for the balance of benthic community (Zou et al.,
2012).
One collected sample from genus Olivella (Swainson, 1831 belong to family Olivellidae
and identified as Olivella biplicata. O. biplicata or dwarf olive shell has a small size about 11 mm
and subquadrate of five completely smooth flat whorls. They characterized with one to two smooth
whorls. It has a radula rachiglossate, rachidian teeth wide with a convex or elliptical base.
Operculum was semicircular and filled with the whole aperture. Growth lines, closely spaced over
the entire surface. This species usually found in the sandy or rocky intertidal zone (Pastorino,
2009).
One collected sample from the genus Nerita (Linnaeus, 1758) belongs to a family of
Neritidae. The nerite snail is an intertidal, marine, and mainly tropical. It measures 2 to 4 cm. The
shell was a distinctive semi spherical, globular shape, like a half marble. The shell was thick and
heavy. They are characterized by a globulose, porcellaneous shell, with a moderately elevated to
flat spire and with the yellowish brown coloration. This species occupies high tidal rocky shores
and have thick shells that usually occurred on mangrove tree trunks and roots, monsoon canal
walls, muddy banks, and rocky areas in or near mangroves (Tan & Clements, 2008).
 One collected sample from genus Neritinia (Benson, 1836) belongs to the family of
Neritidae. This species is commonly known as black-mouth nerite snail. The shell was rapidly
expanding body whorl, nearly symmetrical when viewed from dorsum and spire sunken. The color
was black or dark grayish with the black outline. The coloration has also purplish and greenish
spiral bands. The width of the shell is 10 to 13 mm with a length of 13 to 19.6 mm (Vallejo, 2013).
This species usually submerged on mud, plant matter like fallen leaves and branches in stagnant
pools and under stones in streams, and on concrete banks of drains (Tan & Clements, 2008).
One collected sample from genus Isognomon (Lightfoot, 1786) belongs to the family of
Pteriidae that has a small valve, slightly convex, triangular in outline, strongly inequilateral, with
its posterior part accounting for 87 % of the valve length. Very short anterodorsal margin makes
an acute angle with the slightly concave anterior margin. The distinct ridge runs anteroventrally
from the beak, which results in an elongation the valve. Valve becomes abruptly flattened toward
the anterior margin. The external surface is covered with fine concentric lines (Studencka, 1982).
Filter feeder. Large flat shell measures up to 13cms. Often round but sometimes “hammer” shaped.
Elongate hinge and this species have abyssal threads similar to mussels.

13 14 15 16

17 18
19 20

Figure C. Species of crustaceans and fish found in disturbed mangrove area.

13) Coenobita sp., 14) Diogenes sp., 15) Tubuca coarctata, 16) Uca sp., 17)
Uca 18) Uca sp., 19) Aratus pisonii, 20) Periophthalmus sp.

One collected sample from the genus Coenobita (Latreille, 1829) belongs to the family of
Coenobitidae. Terrestrial hermit crabs were usually live inside its shell. This species rostrum was
obsolete and posterior carapace not much expanded laterally. They have a spirally coiled body
with the soft abdomen. They measured up to two centimeters with the milky white coloration of
shells (Haigi & Ball, 1988). According to Szabo (2012) this genus Coenobita were not considered
to be a food source. Terrestrial hermit crabs in the family Coenobitidae (genera Coenobita) are
commonly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions that occupy various habitats ranging from
shore to in land forests, and the two shore dwelling species. All coenobitid crabs are terrestrial,
except during the larval phase (Haigi & Ball, 1988).
One collected sample from genus Diogenes (Dana, 1851) belongs to the family of
Diogenidae. The diogenid hermit crabs of genus Diogenes are typically characterized by the
possession of an intercalary rostriform process in the middle of ocular acicles, which is a unique
feature for Paguroidea (Nirmal, 2015). Hermit crabs are found ranging from the deeper parts of
the oceans to intertidal habitats. Despite their importance, the population biology of these
organisms are still poorly known. Hermit crabs are common inhabitants of coastal areas
particularly the intertidal and sub-tidal zones where they represent a significant portion of the
macrobenthic assemblage (Raval, 2015).
One collected sample from genus Tubuca (Mine Edwards, 1852) belongs to the family of
Ocypodidae. This species is commonly known as brachyuran crab or sometimes called fiddler
crabs and belongs to the family Ocypodidae. This species was identified as T. coarctata that
characterized with the observation to its transversely rectangular carapace, trapezoidal, or
transversely ovate carapace. It measures 2 to 13 cm tall. The dorsal surface was convex and usually
smooth or with grooves (Bezerra, 2012).
Three collected samples from genus Uca (Leach, 1814) known as fiddler crabs and belongs
to family Ocypodidae. There are small, semi-terrestrial crabs that were characterized by extreme
cheliped a symmetry in males. Male crabs bear one greatly enlarged pincer either right or left, for
combat and mating rituals, whereas the claws of females are roughly equal in size. They were
known for their sexually dimorphic claws. Their carapace spatulate have broadened anteriorly and
front deflexed that usually pale turquoise gray. The smallest Uca species have a length about 6
mm and above (Sakai, 2018).
One collected sample from genus Aratus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) commonly known as
mangrove tree crab and belongs to the family Sesarmidae. This was identified as Aratus pisonii
where small crabs males measured about 20 mm long and females slightly less. The large eyes
were set far apart and the carapace was wider at the front than at the back. It has a mottled brown
and olive color that helps the crab to blend in its surroundings. The legs were either brown or
mottled and there are tufts of black hairs near their tips. These could be the aids of crab when
climbing among the mangrove foliage (Erickson et al., 2008)
It is initially photographed from the genus Periophthalmus (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801)
belongs to the family of Oxudercidae that measures up to 4 to 5 cm. Their eyes were situated
dorsally, and bulge above the dorsal head profile. These species are similar to fish with modified
pectoral fins to facilitate locomotion while out of the water and characterized by dark brown
coloration. They can be readily observed foraging in mangrove forests or on exposed mudflats.
Furthermore, its first and second dorsal fins closely set, the distance between fins less than half the
first spine length of the first dorsal fin. This Periophthalmus pelvic frenum was absent, pelvic fins
separate throughout their length, no basal membrane joining innermost pelvic fin rays with light
brown scattered pigment on the dorsal area (Jaafar et al., 2016).
Conclusions
The investigation of the species occurred in disturbed mangrove area had been destroyed
the diversity due to the residents activities. The great population who is living in Bucana and the
huge amount of solids wastes that this population produces are affecting the marine environment
and their organisms. These factors are blocking the social and economic development of the
community because the principal working and feeding resources have been affecting by the
pollution particularly the water and the food. The pollution is decreasing the fish population,
crustaceans and mollusks population as well as it affects the income of the locals because they
cannot have a good catch. Additionally, they are not allowed to feed due to the fact that the
mollusks organisms are contaminated and are causing diseases to the locals. The pollution also
affects the density of molluscan population. As well as the behavior and sizes of mollusks species.
The plastic, rubber, bottle glasses and improper waste disposal of residents are the major factors
that influences the distribution of species in the barangay Lasang, Bucana, Davao del Sur. These
hazardous activities tend to decrease species population directly or indirectly, specifically may
change abnormally their size. The abnormal change of species might also affect the commercial
trade off of the residents. Others tend to disregard the crabs in the polluted mangrove areas. The
crabs in the polluted areas are smaller compared to the crabs that are in the intertidal zone of
Lasang, Bucana. Marine gastropods and bivalves were noted in this area that continued improper
waste disposal may affect biodiversity and influence the health of the residents. During the
informal conversation of residents, they are encouraged to collect crabs in the intertidal zone
instead of in the nearer mangrove polluted area to have a good catch since that zone is not polluted.
The most common species sold in the market are snails, crabs, shells and oyster.
Specifically, genus Telescopium specifically horn snails, and oysters used as food sources and can
be sold in the market that has a great commercial importance. Informal conversation with the
collectors revealed that oysters and snails are sold at Php 20 per kilogram. Other shells species are
also sold at Php 20 per kilogram depends on the quality of the shells. Crabs are sold at Php 80 per
kilogram. However, there were a higher number of hermit crab, fiddler crabs and mudskippers in
the study area that were not allowed to eat because of the area were over polluted and only these
species can survive from this disturbed ecosystem. Residents also said that commonly harvested
crabs inhabit upper reaches of the mangrove forest (Tubuca sp. and Uca sp.) are becoming rare
and smaller in size in areas close to human settlements. As a consequence, the locals are now
venturing into distant areas hoping for larger or a good catch.
Most of these species, having a wider range of distribution might be a potential biological
indicator, especially the dominant species, nassa mud snail, Nassarius sp. shows the integrity
bioindicator of the mangrove ecosystem (Arrivillaga & Baltz, 1999) for an in-depth climate change
adaptation and mitigation studies but, threats to the area generally include habitat degradation and
human improper waste disposal. They are consistently undervalued, degraded and are being lost
at an alarming rate due to human intervention such as coastal development, deforestation, tin
mining, urbanization, salt production, conversion into paddy fields and aquaculture ponds, over-
harvesting of timber and fuel wood, pollution, i.e., dumping of domestic sewage and crude oil
exploration. The mangrove habitat loss and degradation have posed major threats to a wide array
of fauna bringing them among the ranks of endangered and extinct species. (Zakaria & Rajpar,
2015). Hence, threats to the area generally include habitat degradation and pollution especially
human settlements pauses a threat to the existence of mangrove associated fauna. The results from
this study support moderately high species diversity with high numbers of individuals indicate
fairly disturbed ecosystem in the area. As Area has been threatened by anthropogenic activities
that result in the loss of mangrove and contribute to the reduction of mollusk communities, the
scientific baseline data obtained from the study would provide an in depth understanding of the
current fauna diversity status for better future conservation and management initiatives. The
habitat loss and degradation has seriously affected their population. For their continued survival
and existence, they need special attention for protection and conservation.
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