Defining and on-defining Which nd chat, Who and whom Unit 18 Relative clauses and non-finite clauses Explanations 1 Defining defining claus specifies which person or thing we mean. It cannot be ‘separated from the person o thing it describes. By 4.30, there was only one painting which hadn't ben old. 2 Non-defning ‘Anon-defininglause contains catrainformaton, In writing itis separated by commas and in speech, fused ali usually indicated by intonation, 187 630,swhich was almost closing time, ear allthe paintings bad been sold 3 Some ofthe points given below depend onthe typeof clause. 1 Thesearealteratvesins defining, although whichis fleto bemoreformal. By 420, there ws only one penting that hadn't been old 2 Thatisnot normally used to introduce a non-defning clause ‘The tran, eobich was already an hour late, Broke down again 3. That cannot follow aprepostior. Te wasa service for which [eal be eternally grateful 4 Thats often used instead of who in everyday speech in defining clauses. Do you know the girl that ives next door? 1 Whom isthe object form of who nd is used formally in object clauses. “He-wasa person whom everyone reperded as trastoorthy. 2. However thisis now fltcobe excessively formal by most speakersand whois commoaly wed ineead 3. Whom hasto beusedft follows preposition. Towwhom it may concer Tosobom am l speaking? “However in everyday us, iti unl to avoid this kind of constuction, Whom speaking? See when and where below 1Advanced Language Practice Whose When and where Omitting the selaive Omitting whichlwho + be Which Clauses beginning with what and ‘whatever “This meinsof whom, lis used in both defining snd noa-defining clauses ‘Sroeal gues, oboe cars sere parked outside, were waiting atthe doot Swoeralguentstboreoomrbad been broken into complained to bemanager 1 Non defining Herethey follow a named time or place Come back at 330, when I won't be 0 busy. Topped in Maidstone, ebere my sister owns shop. 2 Defining Wher follows words suchs time, day, moment. Theres hardly a momenccaben | done sbisk of you Sophia. Wherefollowe words sich place, bons, er This the treet where liv. “Thiss posible in defining object clauses. “etous «person everyone regarded as rtworthy. Sentences ening ina preposition or phrasal verb [Asoutlined in Who and whom above, it iscommon ro end a defining clause ‘witha preposition ora phrasal verb. “That's the house used to lve in couldn’ remember which staion co getoffat He'snot someone scho relly geton ith. Isis may be possible to reduce a verb phrase after who/which vo an adjectival hea in defining clave, especialy va define phrases such ase only one, theless one, “Jn eas the only ome of his platoon who hed not beon taken prisoner ‘is oa the only one of i platoon no taken prisoner. 383 4.30, here seas oly one painting nt sold. 1 A non-defining clause ean comment onthe whol situation described inthe sin clase There was nobody lefton the train, which made me suspicions. 2. Phrses with which, such ast which vime/pint, in which cae, by which tia which event canbe used in the same way. ‘watched te play until che end ofthe first at, atwohich poine fel ed seer eno 1 earning sign ‘Overbeat"may come on, in which ener off the ‘pplanceat once 1 Whee meaning he sing or things which an be wed to start clauses. ‘can’ believe what you told me yesterday What you should do rite ater tothe manager See Jnit 1 Emphasis. 12Nom finite clauses scontining an “ang form 1 ‘Choose the most suitabe words underine, Unit 18 Relative clan nn oe deer 2 Whatever whoever, whichevercan be used in similar way Yow can ely on Helen todo whatever sbecan Whoever arrives fist cap tur onthe heating ‘These are clases without main verb. The examples given here are non- defining. Notethathe two clauses have the same subject. 1 Actions happening atthe same time ‘Waving their sarces and shouting, the fans ran onto the pitch. 2 Onesction happening before another Opening he eter, she found hat it contained a cheque for 81000 ‘This typeof clause often explains thereon or something happening ‘Realising here was no one at ome, Ifthe parcel nthe shed. Both these types of seatence might begin with on or upon Onopening she letter... Upon realising, 43 Anevent whichis thereslt of another event 1 did’ get wet, having remembered o take my umbrella 4 Wherea passive construction might be expected, this is often shortened toa past participle “Having been abandoned by biscaleagues te Minster sas forcedto resign. Abandoned by his colleagues, the Ministersot forced to reign Activities 2) What was the name of the pesomthiat/which bought your old ear? ) Allehe doors were open, that/which seemed her odd 6) Fllstay here ix by thavthich time Jane should have phoned | AI 4) Whaveves/Whichever you do, don't pressthisred buton, «) Thisisthe school which Lused zo go/l std togoto, #) Driving carcesly/As he was driving cates the poiceartested Davi, 1) Iiscems od thavwhatyou should be hee on holiday too, 1h) Thisis Sophia, who/hom staking over my job whes leave ') On the Sunday, thatwhich was my bisthday, we went out for a mel i) Thesuecess ofa shared holiday depends on wha/whom you share with, 19