1.

A type of electromagnetic wave

whose wavelength ranges from
1.0 mm to 30 cm, used in radar, Microwaves
to carry radio transmissions, and
in cooking or heating devices.
2. Straight path, unobstructed by
the horizon, between a Line of Sight
transmitting and receiving
antenna.
3. A widely employed broadband
transmission medium commonly Microwave Link
used to transport the analog
FDM or digital PCM.
4. A communication system that
utilizes the radio frequency band Microwave Communication
spanning 2 to 60 GHz
5. A _% bandwidth provides more
frequency range at microwave 1%
frequencies than that of HF.
6. Is a graphical representation of
the path traveled by the radio Path Profile
waves between the two ends of
a link
7. A numerical figure that considers
the non-ideal condition of the
atmosphere refraction that K Curve
causes the ray beam to be bent
toward the earth or away from
the earth.
8. The microwave beam is bent Sub-Standard Condition
away from the Earth
9. The fictitious earth radius
appears to the microwave Standard Condition
beams to be longer than the
true earth radius.
10. This condition results in an
effective flattening of the Super-Standard Condition
equivalent earth’s curvature.
11. This condition results to zero
curvature (as if the earth is flat)
and the microwave beam Infinity Condition
follows the curvature of the
earth.
12. The number of feet or meters an
obstacle is raised higher in Earth Curvature or Earth Bulge
elevation (into the path) owing
to _______
13. Areas of constructive and
destructive interference created
when electromagnetic wave Fresnel Zone
propagation in free space is
reflected (multipath) or
diffracted as the wave intersects
obstacles.
14. A situation when there is no net
change in attenuation or “no
gain, no loss” condition occurs 60%
when ___% of the first Fresnel
radius clears a path obstructed
in microwave systems
15. A French physicist _____, defines
the propagation of a radio wave
as a three-dimensional elliptical Augustin Fresnel
path between the transmitter
and receiver.
16. ____ tower are of a single pole
design and are generally used in
cellular and personal
communication service. They Monopole
are free standing and are usually
built cylindrically or with multiple
sides. ___ towers are often
placed on the roofs of tall
buildings.
17. _____ towers have a larger
footprint than monopoles, but
still requires a much smaller area Self-Supporting
than guyed towers. These towers
tend to be the most expensive to
build.
18. ____towers are lighter and more
cost efficient than self-supporting
towers where space is
inexpensive. For this reason, ____ Guyed
towers are more often used in
rural settings.
19. _____ antenna is a type of
antenna which is operated at
microwave frequency and they
are widely used in many
practical applications .A _____
antenna is a major system Microwave
component that allows a
microwave system to transmit
and receive data between
microwave sites. A ______
antenna is located at the top of
a tower at each microwave site
20. ____ antennas are attractive
due to their light weight,
conformability and low cost. Microstrip
These antennas can be
integrated with printed strip-line
feed networks and active
devices.
21. A ____ antenna is a column of
ionized gas in which the free
electrons emit, Absorb and
reflect radio signals just as the
free electrons in a metal Plasma
antenna. The ____ antenna can
be made to appear and
disappear in milliseconds. The
____ antenna has an adjustable
high frequency cut off.
22. It uses multiple antennas at both
the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication
performance. It is one of several
forms of smart antenna MIMO (Multiple-input and Multiple-
technology. It offers significant output)
increases in data throughput
and link range without additional
bandwidth or increased transmit
power.
23. ____ antennas are highly suitable
for frequencies where
waveguides are the standard
feed method, as they consist Horn
essentially of a waveguide
whose end walls are flared
outwards to form a megaphone-
like structure.
24. A ____ antenna is an antenna
that uses a parabolic reflector, a
curved surface with the cross- Parabolic
sectional shape of a parabola,
to direct the radio waves.
25. The received the RF carrier is
down-converted to an IF
frequency, amplified, reshaped, IF Repeater / Heterodyne Repeater
up-converted to an RF
frequency and then
retransmitted.
26. The received RF carrier is down-
converted to an IF frequency,
amplified, filtered, and then Baseband Repeater
further demodulated to
baseband.
27. The received microwave signal is
not down-converted to IF or
baseband; it simply mixed RF Repeater
(heterodyned) with a local
oscillator frequency in a
nonlinear mixer.
28. ______ is designed from
conducting material in
rectangular shape which is
hollow from the center and fully Rectangular Waveguide
polished from interior.
29. ______is designed from a
conducting pipe which is hollow Circular Waveguide
from the center and polished
from interior portion.
30. The most common waveguide
used in a microwave radio
installation is the ______. This has
corrugated copper walls with a Elliptical Waveguide
plastic sheath for protection. The
corrugations result in a strong
cable with limited bending
ability
31. _____is simply modulating two
different RF carrier frequencies
with the same IF intelligence,
then transmitting both RF signals
to a given destination. At the
destination, both carriers are
demodulated, and the one that
yields the better-quality IF signal Frequency Diversity
is selected.

- arrangements provide complete

and simple equipment
redundance and have the
additional advantage of
providing two complete
transmitter-to-receiver electrical
paths. Its obvious disadvantage
is that it doubles the amount of
frequency spectrum and
equipment necessary.
32. ____the output of a transmitter is
fed to two or more antennas
that are physically separated by
an appreciable number of
wavelengths.
- arrangements provide for path
redundancy but not equipment Space Diversity
redundancy.
- is more expensive than
frequency diversity because of
the additional antennas and
waveguide.
- provides efficient frequency
spectrum usage and a
substantially greater protection
 than frequency diversity.
33. ______a single RF carrier is
propagated with two different
electromagnetic polarizations
(vertical and horizontal).
Electromagnetic waves of
different polarizations do not
necessarily experience the same
transmission impairments. Polarization Diversity
- is generally used in conjunction
with space diversity. One
transmit/receive antenna pair is
vertically polarized, and the
other is horizontally polarized. It is
also possible to use frequency,
space, and polarization diversity
simultaneously.
34. _____ is using more than one
receiver for a single radio- Receiver Diversity
frequency channel.
35. _____is another form of hybrid
diversity and undoubtedly
provides the most reliable
transmission; however, it is also
the most expensive
- It combines frequency, space, Quad Diversity
polarization, and receiver
diversity into one system. Its
obvious disadvantage is
providing redundant electronic
equipment, frequencies,
antennas, and waveguide,
which are economical burdens.
36. _____is a somewhat specialized
form of diversity that consists of a
standard frequency-diversity
path where the two
transmitter/receiver pairs at one Hybrid Diversirty
end of the path are separated
from each other and connected
to different antennas that are
vertically separated as in space
diversity
37. Microwave link where there is no
diversity or protection are
classified as unprotected and Unprotected Diversity
also as 1+0. There is one set of
equipment installed, and no
diversity or backup.
38. Two sets of microwave
equipment (ODUs, or active
radios) are installed generally Hot Standby
connected to the same
antenna, tuned to the same
frequency channel.
39. ____ is the RF power coming out
of the antenna port of a
transmitter. It is measure in dbm,
watts or milliwatts and does not Transmit Power
include the signal loss of the
coax cable or gain of the
antenna
40. Attenuation per length will be
found on the waveguide Transmission Line Loss
specifications
41. ___ is the ratio of how much an
antenna boosts the RF signal Antenna Gain
over a specified low gain
radiator
42. ___ is the actual power as Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
measured in the main lobe (or (EIRP)
focal point) of an antenna
43. The loss incurred by an
electromagnetic wave as it
propagates in a straight line Free Space Loss
through vacuum with no
absorption or reflection of
energy from nearby objects.
44. ____ is the actual received
signal level (usually measured
in negative dBm) presented to Receive Signal Level
the antenna port of a radio
receiver from a remote
transmitter.
45. The _____ (also called link
reliability) is the percentage of Path Reliability
time that the received signal
is above the required threshold.
46. The point where “capture
effects” takes place and the FM Improvement Threshold
output signal-to-noise ratio
suddenly jumps to 30dB
47. A fudge factor included in the
system gain equation that
considers the non-ideal and
less predictable characteristics Fade Margin
of radio wave propagation,
such as multipath propagation
and terrain sensitivity
48. The ratio of the minimum
wideband carrier power at
the input to a receiver that
will provide a usable
baseband output to the Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
wideband noise power present
at the input of a receiver, the
noise introduce within the
receiver, and the noise sensitivity
of the baseband detector.
49. The microwave beam barely
touches the obstruction (zero Grazing Path
clearance).
50. The microwave beam is Obstructed Path
hindered by an obstruction.
51. _______is simply modulating two
different RF carrier frequencies
with same IF intelligence, then Frequency Diversity
transmitting both RF signals to a
given destination.
52. ______the output of a transmitter
is fed to two or more antennas
that are physically separated by Space Diversity
an appreciable number of
wavelengths.
53. A single RF carrier is propagated
with two different Polarization Diversity
electromagnetic polarizations.
54. Object put into orbit around
Earth or any other planet in order Satellite
to relay communications signals
or transmit scientific data.
55. Is the angle subtended by the
direction of travel of an
electromagnetic wave radiated Angle of Elevation
from an earth station antenna
pointing directly toward a
satellite and the horizontal
plane.
56. Point in a satellite orbit located Apogee
farthest from Earth.
57. Point in a satellite orbit located Perigee
closest to Earth.
58. Arthur C. Clarke proposes a
station in geosynchronous orbit
to relay communications and 1945
broadcast television. (Coined
the term ‘satellite’)
59. Russia launched Sputnik I that
becomes the 1st active satellite. 1957
Sputnik I transmit telemetry
information for 21 days.
60. Explorer I was launched. The 1st
American satellite, which also 1958
transmits telemetry information’s
for nearly five months.
61. NASA launched Score. Score
was the 1st artificial satellite used
for relaying terrestrial
communications that 1958
rebroadcast President
Eisenhower’s 1958 Christmas
message. (1ST communications
satellite)
62. Echo I was launched. Echo is
consisted of an aluminized
plastic balloon 30 m (100 ft) in 1960
diameter.(1st passive reflector
satellite)
63. AT&T launched Telstar I, the 1st
satellite capable to transmit and
receive simultaneously but 1962
eventually destroyed by the new
discovered Van Allen radiation
belts. (1st duplex satellite)
64. Synchronous communication
launched Syncom I, The first
attempt to place a satellite in
geostationary orbit but 1963
unfortunately was lost during
orbit injection. (Considered as
the 1st geo-stationary satellite)
65. Intelsat or Early Bird was
launched and was the first
commercial
telecommunications satellite
which used 2 transponder, 25 1965
MHz bandwidth which could
simultaneously carry 1 TV signal
and 480 voice channels. (1st
satellite for commercial service)
66. Aguila II, launched in China
becomes the first Filipino 1997
satellite.
67. ___are satellites used for
observation of distant planets, Astronomical Satellites
galaxies, and other outer space
objects.
68. ____are artificial satellites
stationed in space for the Communication Satellites
purposes of telecommunications
using radio at microwave
frequencies
69. ____ are satellites that primarily
are used to monitor the weather Weather Satellites
and/or climate of the Earth.
70. _____are satellites which use
radio time signals transmitted to
enable mobile receivers on the
ground to determine their exact Navigation satellites
location accurately on the order
of a few metres in real time.
71. ____ are Earth observation
satellite or communications Reconnaissance Satellites
satellite deployed for military or
intelligence applications.
72. ____are satellites specifically
designed to observe Earth from
orbit, similar to reconnaissance
satellites but intended for non- Earth Observation Satellites
military uses such as
environmental monitoring,
meteorology, map making etc.
73. ____ are proposed satellites built
in high Earth orbit that use
microwave power transmission Solar Power Satellites
to beam solar power to very
large antenna on Earth where it
can be used in place of
conventional power sources.
74. ____are satellites designed to
carry living organisms, generally Biosatellites
for scientific experimentation
75. ____ are satellites of unusually Miniaturized Satellites
low weights and sizes.
76. The laws concerning the motions
of planets formulated by Kepler’s Law
German astronomer Johannes
Kepler early in the 17th century.
77. The orbit of a planet around the First Law
sun is an ellipse.
78. A straight line from the planet to
the center of the sun sweeps out
equal areas in equal time
intervals as it goes around the Second Law (Law of Areas)
orbit; the planet moves faster
when closer to the sun and
slower when distant.
79. The square of the period (in
years) for one revolution about
the sun equals the cube of the Third Law (Law of Periods or
mean distance from the sun's Harmonic Law)
center, measured in
astronomical units.
80. Satellite rotates in a path that
takes it over the North and South Polar Orbit
poles in an orbit perpendicular
to the equatorial plane.
81. Satellite rotates in an orbit
directly above the equator, Equatorial Orbit
usually in a circular path.
82. Virtually all orbit except those
that travel directly above the Inclined Orbit
equator or directly over the
North and South poles.
83. The angle subtended by the
direction of travel of an
electromagnetic wave radiated
from an earth station antenna Angle of Elevation (AOE)
pointing directly toward a
satellite and the horizontal
plane.
84. The horizontal pointing angle of
an earth station antenna Azimuth Angle
generally referred to true north.
85. The Line-of-Sight (LOS) distance
between an earth station Slant Distance
antenna and the satellite
86. The average distance of a
satellite above the surface of the Orbital Height (Vertical Height)
earth.
87. The period of time that it takes a
satellite to rotate around the Orbital Period
earth.
88. The apparent velocity of a
satellite as it rotates around the Orbital Velocity
earth.
89. The amount of time it takes a
signal to reach the satellite after Propagation Time (One-way)
it leaves the earth station
antenna or vice-versa.
90. The amount of time that elapsed
after the signal reaches the
receiving earth stations after it Propagation Delay (Two-way)
was transmitted by an earth
station.