Design of R.C.C.

Retaining wall with horizontal backfill

1.0 INPUT DATA :-

Grade of concrete = (fcu) = 35 N/mm²

Grade of steel = (fy) = 460 N/mm²

Elevation difference = 0.8 m

Above the FGL in heel side retaining wall height = 0.15 m

Apart from the soil pressure the wall will also have surcharge load(w)= 2 t/m²

1.1 Bearing capacity calculation :- (refer soil report) (TRANSMITTAL NO-TF-KPTL-RGM-160625-027)

B 1.30 m Width of foundation
Df 1.25 m depth of foundation
Ф' 18.10 Soil friction
c' 0.98 KN/m3 cohesion of soil
γ 15.00 KN/m3 unit weight of soil
N'c 10.90
N'q 3.36
N'γ 0.88
FOS 3.00 safety factor

Strip Foundation
qu-Strip 82.26 Kpa Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity
=0.98x10.9 + 15x1.25x3.36 + 0.5x15x1.3x0.88
qn-Strip 27.42 Kpa Net bearing capacity
2.80 Ton / m2
qsafe 46.17 Kpa Safe Gross Bearing Capacity
4.71 Ton / m2

Unitweight of soil (g) = = 1.5 t/m³

Net Bearing capacity as per soil report (q) = = 2.80 t/m²

Gross Bearing capacity = = 4.71 t/m²

Angle of repose in degree (Φ) = 18.1

Angle of wall friction (δ) = 2/3 of Φ = 12.1

Density of concrete considered = 2.5 t/m³

Where β = angle of back fill slope = 0 degree

θ = wall slope angle from vertical = 0 degree

Active earth pressure coefficient (Ka) from columbs theory = 0.472

Passive earth pressure coefficient (Kp) from columbs theory = 2.561

2.0 Dimensions of Retaining wall

Wall thickness at bottom assumed = 0.125 m

Wall thickness at top assumed = 0.125 m

Total base width of retaining wall assumed = 1.30 m

Thickness of base slab assumed = 0.125 m

Let us provide 0.45 m depth of foundation.

Total Height of the retaining wall (H) = 0.8+0.45 = 1.25 m

Frictional co-efficient (μ) = 0.327

0.125
3.0 Stability of Wall
0.15
Let W1 = weight of of wall A
W2 = weight of Base slab
W3 = weight of cover slab 0.8
M
0.45
D E B C
0.125
0.125 1.300
Designa
Force ‘t’ Lever arm ( toe) (m) Moment about toe (D) in t-m
tion

W1 0.797 0.65 0.52

W2 0.406 0.65 0.264

W2 0.163 0.65 0.106

TOTAL ∑W = 1.37 t ∑MR = 0.89 t-m

Active Earth pressure load = P = Ka γ (H² /2)

= 0.47x1.5X(1.25^2)/2 = 0.550 ton
Surcharge pressure load = KawH
= 0.47X2X1.25 = 0.000 ton
 Passive earth pressure load P1 = Kp γ (H1² /2)
= 2.56x1.5X(0.45^2)/2 = 0.389 ton

3.1 Overturning Check

Overturning moment = Mo = 0.55x1.25/3 +0x1.25/2 = 0.229 t-m

Passive pressure moment 0.388975828120141x0.45/3 = 0.058 t-m

Resistance moment = 0.890 t-m

Total stabilising moment = 0.95 t-m

F.S. against overturning = ∑MR/Mo = 0.95/0.23 = 4.145 >2
Hence O.K

3.2 Sliding Check

Total horizontal force = ∑P = 0.55+0 = = 0.55 ton

Passive pressure = soil pressure at toe side = 0.39 ton

Total weight = = 1.366 ton
Frictional force = μ X Ʃ W = 0.327 X 1.365625 = 0.447 ton

Total horizontal resistance = 0.836 ton

F.S. against sliding = µ∑w /∑P = 0.84/0.55 = 1.519 >1.5
Hence safe

3.3 Pressure distribution :-

Net moment = ∑M = ∑MR - Mo 0.95 - 0.23 = = 0.72 ton
Distance x of the point of application of resultant from toe
x = ƩM / ƩW = 0.72/1.37 = 0.53 m

ecentricity e = b/2 - x = 1.3/2 - 0.53 = = 0.122 m

Press at toe = ƩW/b ( 1 + 6e/b) = (1.365625/1.3)[1+6x0.12/1.3]

= 1.643 t/m²<4.71t/m²
Hence O.K

Press at heel = ƩW/b ( 1 - 6e/b) = (1.365625/1.3)[1-6x0.12/1.3]

= 0.458 t/m²>0 No Uplift
Since no uplift, no pressure correction is required.

Maximum Corrected gross pressure at heel side = 1.64 Ton/sqm.

i.e. < 4.71 Ton/sqm. OK

Minimum gross pressure at toe side = 0.458 Ton/sqm.

Pressure p at the junction of toe slab and stem = 1.64-(1.64-0.46)X0/1.3

= 1.64 t/m²

Pressure p' at the junction of heel slab and stem = 1.64-(1.64-0.46)x(0+0.125)/1.3

= 1.53 t/m²

0.125
A

0 0.125 1.3
Toe D E B C
Heel
1.3

0.458
1.53
1.643 1.64
Pressure diagram under base slab

4.0 FLEXURE DESIGN :-

4.1 DESIGN OF TOE WALL:-

The weight of soil on toe slab is neglected

The pressure working on the slab are i. upward soil pressure

ii. downward weight of slab

Downward weight of slab = 0.125x2.5 = 0.3125 ton/m²

Hence net pressure at D = 1.64-0.3125 = 1.330 ton/m²

and net pressure at E = 1.64-0.3125 = 1.33 ton/m²

Total force = S.F. at E = (1.33+1.33)x0/2 = 0.000 ton

Lever arm from E = = 0.000 m

Maximum B.M. = 0x0 = 0.000 ton-m

Factored moment 1.5 x 0 = 0.000 ton-m

Provide gross depth D = 125 mm

Clear cover = 75 mm

effective depth d provided = = 45 mm

L w= 1m Bending Width
d= 45 mm effective depth
k= 0 Factor K = Mul*1000/(Lw*d2*f'c)
k'= 0.156 Design is Single Reinforced Section!
z'= 1 Factor z' = (0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/0.9)
Z= 42.75 Moment arm Z = min(z'*d,0.95d)
Asc= 0 mm² Required Asc =(k-k')f'cbd2/(0.87fy*(d-d'))
Asr= 0 mm² Required area of Steel = Mul/(0.87fy*Z) for single reinf. Sec.
& Asr = k'fcbd2/(0.87*fy*Z)+Asc
Asmin= 58.5 mm² Minimum area of steel = 0.0013*(Lw*1000*D)

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 58.5 mm² Hence OK!

% of reinforcement provided (pt) = (524x100) / (1000x45) = 1.164 %

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c as a distribution bar at top

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 58.5 mm² Hence OK!

Check for Shear:

Shear force at distance "d" from wall face = (1.33+1.33)x(0-0.045)/2 = -0.06 ton/m

Factored Shear stress developed (Ƭv) = (-0.06X10^4 x 1.5)/(1000X45) = -0.020 N/mm²

% of reinforcement provided(pt) = = 1.164 %

Shear Strength = 0.79*(min(((100*As/bd)^1/3),3)*max((400/d)^1/4,1)/1.25 for 25 concrete grade

(TABLE 3.8 OF BS 8110, PART 1, 1997)
Permissible shear stress Ƭc = = 1.284 N/mm²
Hence O.K
4.2 DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
Three forces acting on the slab are i. downward load of soil
ii. downward load of heel slab
iii. upward soil pressure

Total weight of soil = 1.125x 1.5 = 1.6875 ton/m²

Total weight of heel slab = 0.125x2.5 = 0.313 ton/m²

Total upward soil reaction = (1.53+0.46) /2 = 0.994 ton/m²

Net upward pressure = -1.010 ton/m²

Moment developed at B -1.01x1.3^2/2 = -0.850 ton-m/m

Factored moment 1.5 x -0.85 = -1.275 ton-m

Provide gross depth D = 125 mm

effective depth d provided = = 45 mm

L w= 1m Bending Width
d= 45 mm effective depth
k= -0.1798942 Factor K = Mul*1000/(Lw*d2*f'c)
k'= 0.156 Design is Single Reinforced Section!
z'= 1.1707328 Factor z' = (0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/0.9)
Z= 42.75 Moment arm Z = min(z'*d,0.95d)
Asc= 0 mm² Required Asc =(k-k')f'cbd2/(0.87fy*(d-d'))
Asr= -745.24141 mm² Required area of Steel = Mul/(0.87fy*Z) for single reinf. Sec.
& Asr = k'fcbd2/(0.87*fy*Z)+Asc
Asmin= 58.5 mm² Minimum area of steel = 0.0013*(Lw*1000*D)

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 58.5 mm² Hence OK!

% of reinforcement provided (pt) = (524x100) / (1000x45) = 1.164 %

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c as a distribution bar at top

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 58.5 mm² Hence OK!

Check for Shear:

Shear force at distance "d" from wall face = -1.01x(1.3-0.045) = -1.27 ton/m

Shear stress developed (Ƭv) = (-1.27X10^4 x1.5)/(1000X45) = = -0.423 N/mm²

% of reinforcement provided(pt) = 1.164 %

Shear Strength = 0.79*(min(((100*As/bd)^1/3),3)*max((400/d)^1/4,1)/1.25 for 25 concrete grade

(TABLE 3.8 OF BS 8110, PART 1, 1997)
Permissible shear stress Ƭc = = 1.284 N/mm²
Hence O.K

4.3 Thickness of stem:-

Height of stem (H1)= AB = 1.25-0.125 = 1.13 m

Unit weight of soil = 1.5 t/m³

B.M at B due to active earth pressure = KaγH1³/6= = 0.47x1.5x1.13³/6

= 0.168 t-m

B.M at B due to surcharge = KawH1²/2 = 0.47x2x1.13²/2 = 0.60 t-m

B.M at B due to passive earth pressure = 2.56x1.5x0.33³/6 = 0.02 t-m

Effective moment at B (M) = -0.74 ton-m

Effective moment at 1.0 m height from top (at elevation difference point) = 0.236 ton-m

maximum bending moment for design of wall = 0.236 ton-m

Factored bending moment = 0.354 ton-m

Provide D = 125 mm effective cover = 75 mm

Effective thickness = 45 mm

Top thickness of retaining wall 125 mm at the top

L w= 1m Bending Width
d= 45 mm effective depth
k= 0.0499302 Factor K = Mul*1000/(Lw*d2*f'c)
k'= 0.156 Design is Single Reinforced Section!
z'= 0.9410464 Factor z' = (0.5+sqrt(0.25-k/0.9)
Z= 42.34709 Moment arm Z = min(z'*d,0.95d)
Asc= 0 mm² Required Asc =(k-k')f'cbd2/(0.87fy*(d-d'))
Asr= 208.81228 mm² Required area of Steel = Mul/(0.87fy*Z) for single reinf. Sec.
& Asr = k'fcbd2/(0.87*fy*Z)+Asc
Asmin= 58.5 mm² Minimum area of steel = 0.0013*(Lw*1000*D)

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 208.812 mm² Hence OK!

% of reinforcement provided (pt) = (524x100) / (1000x45) = 1.164 %

Provided= 10 dia bar 150 c/c as a distribution bar at top

Asprovided= 524 Area of reinforcement provided
Result: 524 > 58.5 mm² Hence OK!

Check for Shear.

Shear force = at 1 m height from top of the wall 1.298 ton

Factored Shear stress developed (Ƭv) = (1.3 X 10^4 x 1.5) / (1000 X 45) = 0.433 N/mm²

Shear Strength = 0.79*(min(((100*As/bd)^1/3),3)*max((400/d)^1/4,1)/1.25 for 25 concrete grade

(TABLE 3.8 OF BS 8110, PART 1, 1997)
Permissible shear stress Ƭc = = 1.284 N/mm²
Hence O.K
 CORRECTION FACTOR FOR NEGATIVE PRESSURE AS PER IS : 2950
0.34 4.17 4.30 4.42 4.56 4.69 4.84 4.98 5.13 5.28 5.45 5.62 5.80 5.97
0.33 3.94 4.06 4.18 4.30 4.43 4.57 4.71 4.85 4.99 5.15 5.31 5.47 5.64
0.32 3.70 3.82 3.93 4.05 4.17 4.30 4.43 4.57 4.70 4.85 4.99 5.15 5.31
0.31 3.52 3.63 3.74 3.85 3.96 4.08 4.21 4.34 4.47 4.60 4.74 4.89 5.05
0.30 3.33 3.44 3.54 3.65 3.75 3.87 3.98 4.11 4.23 4.36 4.49 4.64 4.78
0.29 3.18 3.28 3.38 3.48 3.58 3.69 3.80 3.92 4.04 4.16 4.29 4.43 4.57
0.28 3.03 3.13 3.22 3.32 3.41 3.52 3.62 3.73 3.84 3.96 4.08 4.22 4.35
0.27 2.91 3.00 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.37 3.47 3.58 3.68 3.80 3.91 4.04 4.17
0.26 2.78 2.87 2.95 3.04 3.13 3.23 3.32 3.42 3.52 3.63 3.74 3.86 3.98
0.25 2.67 2.75 2.84 2.92 3.01 3.10 3.19 3.29 3.39 3.49 3.60 3.72 3.83
0.24 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.97 3.06 3.16 3.25 3.36 3.46 3.57 3.68
0.23 2.47 2.55 2.63 2.70 2.78 2.87 2.95 3.04 3.14 3.23 3.33 3.44 3.55
0.22 2.38 2.46 2.53 2.61 2.68 2.76 2.84 2.93 3.02 3.11 3.20 3.31 3.41
0.21 2.30 2.37 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.67 2.75 2.84 2.92 3.01 3.10 3.20 3.30
0.20 2.22 2.29 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.58 2.66 2.74 2.82 2.91 2.99 3.09 3.18
0.19 2.15 2.22 2.29 2.36 2.43 2.50 2.58 2.65 2.73 2.81 2.90 2.99 3.08
0.18 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.49 2.57 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.89 2.98
0.17 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.49 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.89
0.16 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.63 2.72 2.80
0.15 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.64 2.72
0.14 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.63
0.13 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56
0.12 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48
0.11 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41
0.10 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34
0.09 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28
0.08 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21
0.07 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15
0.06 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08
0.05 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02
0.04 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96
0.03 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90
0.02 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.84
0.01 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72 1.78
0.00 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72
ey/b
ex/b 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
0.00 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.48 1.54 1.60 1.66 1.72
0.12 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48

1.72
5.49 5.66 5.85 6.04 6.25 6.46
5.21 5.38 5.56 5.74 5.94 6.14
4.94 5.09 5.26 5.43 5.62 5.81 6.02 6.23 6.46 6.69
4.71 4.86 5.02 5.19 5.37 5.55 5.75 5.95 6.17 6.39
4.49 4.63 4.79 4.94 5.11 5.28 5.47 5.66 5.87 6.08 6.32 6.56
4.30 4.44 4.59 4.74 4.90 5.06 5.24 5.43 5.63 5.83 6.06 6.29
4.11 4.24 4.39 4.53 4.69 4.84 5.02 5.19 5.38 5.57 5.79 6.01 6.26 6.51
3.96 4.08 4.22 4.36 4.51 4.66 4.82 4.99 5.18 5.36 5.57 5.78 6.02 6.26
3.80 3.92 4.05 4.18 4.33 4.47 4.63 4.79 4.97 5.15 5.35 5.55 5.78 6.01 6.29 6.56
3.66 3.78 3.91 4.03 4.17 4.31 4.46 4.62 4.79 4.96 5.16 5.35 5.57 5.79 6.06 6.32
3.53 3.64 3.76 3.88 4.02 4.15 4.30 4.44 4.61 4.77 4.96 5.15 5.36 5.57 5.83 6.08
3.41 3.52 3.63 3.75 3.88 4.01 4.15 4.29 4.45 4.61 4.79 4.97 5.18 5.38 5.62 5.87
3.29 3.39 3.51 3.62 3.74 3.86 4.00 4.14 4.29 4.44 4.62 4.79 4.99 5.19 5.42 5.65
3.18 3.28 3.39 3.50 3.62 3.74 3.87 4.00 4.15 4.30 4.46 4.63 4.82 5.02 5.24 5.47
3.08 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.50 3.61 3.74 3.86 4.01 4.15 4.31 4.47 4.66 4.84 5.06 5.28
2.98 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.39 3.50 3.62 3.74 3.88 4.02 4.17 4.33 4.51 4.69 4.90 5.11
2.89 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.50 3.62 3.75 3.88 4.03 4.18 4.36 4.53 4.74 4.94
2.80 2.88 2.98 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.39 3.51 3.63 3.76 3.91 4.05 4.22 4.39 4.59 4.79
2.71 2.79 2.88 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.39 3.52 3.64 3.78 3.92 4.08 4.24 4.44 4.63
2.63 2.71 2.80 2.89 2.98 3.08 3.18 3.29 3.41 3.53 3.66 3.80 3.96 4.11 4.30 4.49
2.56 2.63 2.72 2.80 2.89 2.98 3.08 3.18 3.30 3.41 3.55 3.68 3.83 3.98 4.17 4.35
2.48 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.89 2.99 3.09 3.20 3.31 3.44 3.57 3.72 3.86 4.04 4.22
2.41 2.48 2.56 2.63 2.72 2.80 2.90 2.99 3.10 3.20 3.33 3.46 3.60 3.74 3.91 4.08
2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.81 2.91 3.01 3.11 3.23 3.36 3.49 3.63 3.80 3.96
2.28 2.34 2.41 2.48 2.56 2.64 2.73 2.82 2.92 3.02 3.14 3.25 3.39 3.52 3.68 3.84
2.21 2.28 2.34 2.41 2.49 2.57 2.65 2.74 2.84 2.93 3.04 3.16 3.29 3.42 3.58 3.73
2.15 2.21 2.28 2.34 2.42 2.49 2.58 2.66 2.75 2.84 2.95 3.06 3.19 3.32 3.47 3.62
2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.42 2.50 2.58 2.67 2.76 2.87 2.97 3.10 3.23 3.37 3.52
2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.35 2.43 2.50 2.59 2.68 2.78 2.88 3.01 3.13 3.27 3.41
1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.28 2.36 2.43 2.52 2.61 2.70 2.80 2.92 3.04 3.18 3.32
1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.21 2.29 2.36 2.45 2.53 2.63 2.72 2.84 2.95 3.09 3.22
1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.22 2.29 2.37 2.46 2.55 2.64 2.75 2.87 3.00 3.13
1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.22 2.30 2.38 2.47 2.56 2.67 2.78 2.91 3.03

0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28

0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28
1.78 1.84 1.90 1.96 2.02 2.08 2.15 2.22 2.30 2.38 2.47 2.56 2.67 2.78 2.91 3.03
2.56 2.63 2.72 2.80 2.89 2.98 3.08 3.18 3.30 3.41 3.55 3.68 3.83 3.98 4.17 4.35
6.39 6.69
6.16 6.46
5.94 6.23
5.74 6.02
5.55 5.81 6.14 6.46
5.37 5.62 5.94 6.25
5.19 5.43 5.74 6.04
5.02 5.26 5.56 5.85
4.86 5.09 5.38 5.66
4.71 4.94 5.21 5.49
4.57 4.78 5.05 5.31 5.64 5.97
4.43 4.64 4.89 5.15 5.47 5.80
4.29 4.49 4.74 4.99 5.31 5.62
4.16 4.36 4.60 4.85 5.15 5.45
4.04 4.23 4.47 4.70 4.99 5.28
3.92 4.11 4.34 4.57 4.85 5.13
3.80 3.98 4.21 4.43 4.71 4.98
3.69 3.87 4.08 4.30 4.57 4.84
3.58 3.75 3.96 4.17 4.43 4.69
3.48 3.65 3.85 4.05 4.30 4.56
3.38 3.54 3.74 3.93 4.18 4.42
3.28 3.44 3.63 3.82 4.06 4.30
3.18 3.33 3.52 3.70 3.94 4.17

0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34

0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34

3.18 3.33 3.52 3.70 3.94 4.17
4.57 4.78 5.05 5.31 5.64 5.97