1 IntoOOP

4/8/2018
Object Oriented Programming

Spring 2018
Week 4: Structure, Introduction to Object-Oriented

Programming and Software Development
April 8, 2018
Dr. Mumraiz Kasi (BUITEMS) Spring 2018 : Object Oriented Programming 4/8/2018 1
Objectives
After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be
able to
• Understand Structures and its use
• Name the basic components of object-oriented programming
• Differentiate classes and objects.
• Differentiate class and instance methods.
• Differentiate class and instance data values.
• Draw program diagrams using icons for classes and objects
• Describe significance of inheritance in object-oriented
programs
• Name and explain the stages of the software lifecycle
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Structures
Structures
• A Structure is a container, it can hold a bunch of things.
– These things can be of any type.
• A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be composed of data of different types.
• In contrast, array is homogeneous since it can contain only data of the same
type.
• Syntax:
struct identifier { };
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Structures examples
Examples:
 Student record: student id, name, major, gender, start year, …
 Bank account: account number, name, currency, balance, …
 Address book: name, address, telephone number, …
 In database applications, structures are called records.
struct basics
 Definition of a structure:
struct <struct-type>{
Each identifier
<type> <identifier_list>;
defines a member
<type> <identifier_list>; of the structure.
...
};
 Example:
struct Date {
The “Date” structure
int day;
int month; has 3 members,
int year; day, month & year.
};
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 Example:
struct StudentRecord {
char Name[22];
int Id; The “StudentRecord” structure
char Dept[22]; has 4 members of different types.
char Gender;
};
 Example:
struct StudentGrade{
char Name[22];
char Course[5]; The “StudentGrade” structure
int Lab[12]; has 6 members with 5 members
int Homework[3]; of different array types.
int Exam[2];
double ave;
};
Using a struct
 Declaration of a variable of struct type:
<struct-type> <identifier_list>;
 Example:
StudentRecord Student1, Student2;
Name Name
Student1 Student2
Id Gender Id Gender
Dept Dept
Student1 and Student2 are variables of

StudentRecord type.
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Accessing Members
• You can treat the members of a struct just like variables.

• You need to use the member access operator '.'
(pronounced "dot"):
cout << student1.Name << endl;

student1.Id = 23847;
student1.Gender = ‘F’;
Abc Def
Student1
23847 F
COMP
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struct-to-struct assignment
 The values contained in one struct type variable
can be assigned to another variable of the same
struct type.
Chan Tai Man
 Example:
strcpy(Student1.Name, 12345 M Student1
"Chan Tai Man");
Student1.Id = 12345; COMP
strcpy(Student1.Dept, "COMP");
Student1.gender = 'M';
Student2 = Student1; Chan Tai Man
12345 M Student2
COMP
Arrays of structures
 An ordinary array: One type of data
0 1 2 … 98 99
 An array of structs: Multiple types of data in each

array element.
0 1 2 … 98 99
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 Example:
StudentRecord Class[100];
strcpy(Class[98].Name, "Chan Tai Man");
Class[98].Id = 12345;
strcpy(Class[98].Dept, "COMP"); Chan Tai Man
Class[98].gender = 'M';
Class[0] = Class[98]; 12345 M
COMP
...
0 1 2 … 98 99
Pointers to Structures
• Pointers to structures are used often.

• There is another member access operator used with
pointers: ->
StudentGrade *sptr;
…
cout << "Name is" << sptr->name;
cout << "Ave is " << sptr->ave;
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void update_grades(StudentGrade *stu)

{
double tot=0;
struct StudentGrade{
char Name[22];
char Course[5];
int Lab[12];
int Homework[3];
for (int i=0;i<3;i++)
int Exam[2]; tot += stu->Homework[i];
double ave;
};
for (int i=0;i<12;i++)
tot += stu->Lab[i];
stu->ave = tot/15;
}
Object Oriented Programming
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Classes and Objects
• Object-oriented programs use objects.

• An object is a thing, both tangible and intangible. Account, Vehicle,
Employee, etc.
• To create an object inside the computer program, we must provide a
definition for objects—how they behave and what kinds of information they
maintain —called a class.
• An object is called an instance of a class.
Graphical Representation of a Class
<Class Name> We use a rectangle to

represent a class with
its name appearing
inside the rectangle.
Example: Account Motorcycle
The notation we used here is based on the industry standard notation

called UML, which stands for Unified Modeling Language.
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Graphical Representation of an Object
We use a rectangle to
represent an object and
<Object Name> place the underlined
name of the object
inside the rectangle.
Example:
This is an object named

SV198 SV198.
An Object with the Class Name
This notation indicates

<Object Name> : <Class Name> the class which the
object is an instance.
Example:
This tells an object

SV198 : BankAccount SV198 is an instance of
the BankAccount class.
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Messages and Methods

• To instruct a class or an object to perform a task, we send
a message to it.
• You can send a message only to the classes and objects
that understand the message you sent to them.
• A class or an object must possess a matching method to be
able to handle the received message.
• A method defined for a class is called a class method, and
a method defined for an object is called an instance
method.
• A value we pass to an object when sending a message is
called an argument of the message.
Sending a Message
Message deposit with

the argument 250.00 is
sent to a BankAccount
object SV198.
deposit 250.00
SV198 : BankAccount
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Sending a Message and Getting an Answer
Ask for the current

balance of this
particular account.
getCurrentBalance()
SV198 : BankAccount
current balance
The current balance of

SV198 is returned.
Calling a Class Method
Ask for the maximum

possible speed for all
MobileRobot objects is
returned.
MobileRobot
getMaximumSpeed()
maximum speed
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Class and Instance Data Values
• An object is comprised of data values and methods.

• An instance data value is used to maintain information specific to individual
instances. For example, each BankAccount object maintains its balance.
• A class data value is used to maintain information shared by all instances or
aggregate information about the instances.
• For example, minimum balance is the information shared by all Account objects,
whereas the average balance of all BankAccount objects is an aggregate
information.
Sample Instance Data Value
SV129 : BankAccount SV098 : BankAccount SV211 : BankAccount
current balance current balance current balance

908.55 1304.98 354.00
All three BankAccount

The actual dollar
objects possess the
amounts are, of course,
same instance data
different.
value current balance.
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Sample Class Data Value

BankAccount
minimum balance There is one copy of
minimum balance for
100.00 the whole class and
shared by all instances.
This line is an
instance-of
relationship.
SV129 : BankAccount SV098 : BankAccount SV211 : BankAccount
current balance current balance current balance

908.55 1304.98 354.00
Object Icon with Class Data Value
SV129 : BankAccount
minimum balance When the class icon is

100.00 not shown, we include
the class data value in
current balance the object icon itself.
908.55
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Inheritance
• Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP to design two or more entities that are

different but share many common features.
– Features common to all classes are defined in the superclass.
– The classes that inherit common features from the superclass are called
subclasses.
• We also call the superclass an ancestor and the subclass a descendant.
A Sample Inheritance
• Here are the superclass Account and its subclasses Savings
and Checking.
Account
Checking Savings
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Inheritance Hierarchy
• An example of inheritance hierarchy among different types
of students.
Student
Graduate Undergrad
Masters Doctoral Law Commuting Resident
Software Engineering
• Much like building a skyscraper, we need a disciplined approach in

developing complex software applications.
• Software engineering is the application of a systematic and disciplined
approach to the development, testing, and maintenance of a program.
• In this class, we will learn how to apply sound software engineering
principles when we develop sample programs.
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Software Life Cycle

• The sequence of stages from conception to operation
of a program is called software life cycle.
• Five stages are
– Analysis
– Design
– Coding
– Testing
– Operation and Maintenance
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4/8/2018

Object Oriented Programming

Week 4: Structure, Introduction to Object-Oriented

• A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be composed of data of different types.

Student1 and Student2 are variables of

• You can treat the members of a struct just like variables.

cout << student1.Name << endl;

Student2 = Student1; Chan Tai Man

 An array of structs: Multiple types of data in each

• Pointers to structures are used often.

void update_grades(StudentGrade *stu)

Object Oriented Programming

Classes and Objects

• Object-oriented programs use objects.

Graphical Representation of a Class

<Class Name> We use a rectangle to

Example: Account Motorcycle

The notation we used here is based on the industry standard notation

Graphical Representation of an Object

This is an object named

An Object with the Class Name

This notation indicates

This tells an object

Messages and Methods

Message deposit with

Sending a Message and Getting an Answer

Ask for the current

The current balance of

Calling a Class Method

Ask for the maximum

Class and Instance Data Values

• An object is comprised of data values and methods.

Sample Instance Data Value

SV129 : BankAccount SV098 : BankAccount SV211 : BankAccount

current balance current balance current balance

All three BankAccount

Sample Class Data Value

SV129 : BankAccount SV098 : BankAccount SV211 : BankAccount

current balance current balance current balance

Object Icon with Class Data Value

minimum balance When the class icon is

• Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP to design two or more entities that are

Masters Doctoral Law Commuting Resident

• Much like building a skyscraper, we need a disciplined approach in

Software Life Cycle

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