A National Level Paper Presentation

On
GRID COMPUTING
At
SPURTHI

Submitted by
B.V. Subrahmanyam J. Sarath Chandra
E-Mail: veeramanimail@gmail.com E-Mail: sarath.jan17@gmail.com

Branch of Computer Science and Engineering

Gudlavalleru Engineering College

Gudlavalleru-521356

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 Abstract

Grid computing, emerging as a new paradigm for next-

generation computing, enables the sharing, selection, and

aggregation of geographically distributed heterogeneous resources

for solving large-scale problems in science, engineering, and

commerce. The resources in the Grid are heterogeneous and

g e o g r a p h i c a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d . Av a i l a b i l i t y, u s a g e a n d c o s t p o l i c i e s

v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e p a r t i c u l a r u s e r, t i m e , p r i o r i t i e s a n d g o a l s .

It enables the regulation of supply and demand for resources.

It provides an incentive for resource owners to participate

in the Grid; and motivates the users to trade-off between

deadline, budget, and the required level of quality of service. The

thesis demonstrates the capability of economic-based systems for

wide-area parallel and distributed computing by developing users’

quality-of-service requirements-based scheduling strategies,

a l g o r i t h m s , a n d s ys t e m s . I t d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s b y

p e r f o r m i n g s c h e d u l i n g e x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e Wo r l d - Wi d e G r i d f o r

solving parameter sweep—task and data parallel—applications.

This paper focuses on introduction, grid definition.It covers

about grid characteristics, types of grids and an example

describing a community grid model. It gives an overview of grid

tools, various components, advantages followed by conclusion.

1. INTRODUCTION:

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 This The Grid unites servers and storage into a single
system that acts as a single computer - all your applications tap
i n t o a l l y o u r c o m p u t i n g p o w e r. H a r d w a r e r e s o u r c e s a r e f u l l y
u t i l i z e d a n d s p i k e s i n d e m a n d a r e m e t w i t h e a s e . T h i s We b s i t e
sponsored by Oracle brings you the resources you need to
evaluate your organization's adoption of grid technologies. The
Grid is read y when you are.
2. THE GRID:
The Grid is the computing and data management
infrastructure that will provide the electronic underpinning for a
global society in business, government, research, science and
entertainment, integrate networking, communication, computation
and information to provide a virtual platform for computation and
data management in the same way that the Internet integrates
resources to form a virtual platform for information. The Grid is
the computing and data management infrastructure that will
provide the electronic. Grid infrastructure will provide us with
the ability to dynamically link together resources as an ensemble
to support the execution of large-scale, resource-intensive, and
distributed applications.
Grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables
the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically
distributed "autonomous" resources dynamically at runtime
d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i r a v a i l a b i l i t y, c a p a b i l i t y, p e r f o r m a n c e , c o s t , a n d
users' quality-of-service requirements.
3.GRID COMPUTING CHARACTERSTICS .
An enterprise-computing grid is characterized by three primary
features -
• Diversity;
• Decentralization; and
• Dynamism

Diversity:

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 A typical computing grid consists of man y hundreds of
managed resources of various kinds including servers, storage,
Database Servers, Application Servers, Enterprise Applications,
and system services like Director y Services, Security and Identity
Management Services, and others. Managing these resources and
their life cycle is a complex challenge.
Decentralization:
Tr a d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t e d s ys t e m s h a v e t y p i c a l l y b e e n m a n a g e d
from a central administration point. A computing grid further
compounds these challenges
since the resources can be even more decentralized and may be
geographically distributed across many different data centers
within an enterprise.
Dynamism:
Components of a traditional application typically run in a
static environment without the needing to address rapidly
c h a n g i n g d e m a n d s . I n a c o m p u t i n g g r i d , h o w e v e r, t h e s ys t e m s a n d
applications need to be able to flexibly adapt to changing
demand. For instance, with the late binding nature and cross-
platform properties of web services, an application deployed on
the grid may consist of a constantly changing set of components.
At different points in time, these components can be hosted on
different nodes in the network. Managing an application in such a
d yn a mi c env ironment can be a chal lenging undertaking.
4. A COMMUNITY OF GRID MODEL:
Over the last decade, the Grid community has begun to
converge on a layered model that allows development of the
c o m p l e x s ys t e m o f s e r v i c e s a n d s o f t w a r e r e q u i r e d t o i n t e g r a t e
Grid resources. The Community Grid Model (a layered abstraction
of the grid) being developed in a loosely coordinated manner
t h r o u g h o u t a c a d e m i a a n d t h e c o m m e r c i a l s e c t o r.
The bottom horizontal layer of the Community Grid Model
consists of the hardware resources that underlie the Grid. Such
resources include computers, networks, data archives,

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instruments, visualization devices and so on. M o r e o v e r, the
resource pool represented by this layer is highly dynamic, both as
a result of new resources being added to the mix and old
resources being retired, and as a result of var ying observable
performance of the resources in the shared, multi-user
environment of the Grid.

Figure 1: La yered architecture of the Communit y Grid Model.

The next horizontal layer (common infrastructure) consists
o f t h e s o f t w a r e s e r v i c e s a n d s ys t e m s , w h i c h v i r t u a l i z e d t h e G r i d .
The key concept at the common infrastructure layer is community
agreement on software, which will represent the Grid as a unified
virtual platform and provide the target for more focused software
and applications.
The next horizontal layer (user and application-focused
Grid middleware, tools and services) contains software packages
built atop the common infrastructure. This software serves to
enable applications to more productively use Grid resources by
masking some of the complexity involved in system activities
s u c h a s a u t h e n t i c a t i o n , f i l e t r a n s f e r.

5. TYPES OF GRID
Grid computing can be used in a variety of ways to address
various kinds of application requirements. Often, grids are
categorized b y the type of solutions that they best address. The
t h r e e p r i m a r y t yp e s o f g r i d s a r e

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Computational grid
A computational grid is focused on setting aside resources
s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r c o m p u t i n g p o w e r. I n t h i s t y p e o f g r i d , m o s t o f t h e
machines are high-performance servers.
Scavenging grid
A scavenging grid is most commonly used with large
numbers of desktop machines. Machines are scavenged for
available CPU cycles and other resources. Owners of the desktop
machines are usually given control over when their resources are
available to participate in the grid.
Data grid
A data grid is responsible for housing and providing
access to data across multiple organizations. Users are not
concerned with where this data is located as long as they have
access to the data. For example, you may have two universities
doing life science research, each with unique data. A data grid
would allow them to share their data, manage the data, and
manage security issues such as who has access to what data.
Another common distributed computing model that is often
associated with or confused with Grid computing is peer-to-peer
computing. In fact, some consider this is another form of Grid
computing.
6.GRID COMPONENTS:A HIGH LEVEL PERSPECTIVE
Depending on the grid design and its expected use, some of
these components may or may not be required, and in some cases
they may be combined to form a hybrid component.

6.1. Portal/user interface

Just as a consumer sees the power grid as a receptacle in
the wall, a grid user should not see all of the complexities of the
computing grid. Although the user interface can come in many
forms and be application-specific. A grid portal provides the
interface for a user to launch applications that will use the

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resources and services provided by the grid. From this
perspective, the user sees the grid as a virtual computing resource
just as the consumer of power sees the receptacle as an. interface
t o a v i r t u a l g e n e r a t o r.

Figure 2: Possible user view of a grid

6.2. Security
A m a j o r r e q u i r e m e n t f o r G r i d c o m p u t i n g i s s e c u r i t y. A t t h e
base of any grid environment, there must be mechanisms to
p r o v i d e s e c u r i t y, i n c l u d i n g a u t h e n t i c a t i o n , a u t h o r i z a t i o n , d a t a
encr yption, and so on. The Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI)
component of the Globus To o l k i t provides robust security
mechanisms. The GSI includes an OpenSSL implementation. It
also provides a single sign-on mechanism, so that once a user is
authenticated, a proxy certificate is created and used when
performing actions within the grid. When designing your grid
environment, you may use the GSI sign-in to grant access to the
portal, or you may have your own security for the portal. The
portal will then be responsible for signing in to the grid, either
using the user's credentials or using a generic set of credentials
for all authorized users of the portal.

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 Figure 3: Security in a grid environment

6.3. Broker
Once authenticated, the user will be launching an
application. Based on the application, and possibly on other
p a r a m e t e r s p r o v i d e d b y t h e u s e r, t h e n e x t s t e p i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e
available and appropriate resources to use within the grid. This
task could be carried out by a broker function. Although there is
no broker implementation provided by Globus, there is an LDAP-
based information service. This service is called the Grid
Information Service (GIS), or more commonly the Monitoring and
Discovery Service (MDS). This service provides information
about the available resources within the grid and their status. A
broker service could be developed that utilizes MDS.

Figure 4: Broker service

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6.4. Scheduler
Once the resources have been identified, the next logical
step is to schedule the individual jobs to run on them. If sets of
stand-alone jobs are to be executed with no interdependencies,
t h e n a s p e c i a l i z e d s c h e d u l e r m a y n o t b e r e q u i r e d . H o w e v e r, i f y o u
want to reserve a specific resource or ensure that different jobs
within the application run concurrently (for instance, if they
require inter-process communication), then a job scheduler should
be used to coordinate the execution of the jobs. The Globus
To o l k i t d o e s n o t i n c l u d e s u c h a s c h e d u l e r, b u t t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l
schedulers available that have been tested with and can be used in
a Globus grid environment. It should also be noted that there
could be different levels of schedulers within a grid environment.
For instance, a cluster could be represented as a single resource.
The cluster may have its own scheduler to help manage the nodes
it contains. A higher-level scheduler (sometimes called a meta
scheduler) might be used to schedule work to be done on a
c l u s t e r, w h i l e t h e c l u s t e r ' s s c h e d u l e r w o u l d h a n d l e t h e a c t u a l
scheduling of work on the cluster's individual nodes.

Figure 5: Scheduler

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6.5. Data management
If any data -- including application modules -- must be
moved or made accessible to the nodes where an application's
jobs will execute, then there needs to be a secure and reliable
method for moving files and data to various nodes within the
g r i d . T h e G l o b u s To o l k i t c o n t a i n s a d a t a m a n a g e m e n t c o m p o n e n t
that provides such services. This component, know as Grid Access
to Secondary Storage (GASS), includes facilities such as
G r i d F T P. G r i d F T P i s b u i l t o n t o p o f t h e s t a n d a r d F T P p r o t o c o l ,
but adds additional functions and utilizes the GSI for user
authentication and authorization. Therefore, once a user has an
authenticated proxy certificate, he can use the GridFTP facility to
move files without having to go through a login process to every
node involved. This facility provides third-party file transfer so
that one node can initiate a file transfer between two other nodes.

Figure 6: Data management

6.6. Job and resource management
Wi t h a l l t h e o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s w e h a v e j u s t d i s c u s s e d i n p l a c e ,
we now get to the core set of services that help perform actual
work in a grid environment. The Grid Resource Allocation
Manager (GRAM) provides the services to actually launch a job
on a particular resource, check its status, and retrieve its results
when it is complete.

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 Figure 7: Gram

6.7 Job flow in a grid environment

Enabling an application for a grid environment, it is
important to keep in mind these components and how they relate
and interact with one a n o t h e r. Depending on your grid
implementation and application requirements, there are many
wa ys in which th ese piec es can be put together to cre ate a
solution.
7 . A D VA N TA G E S
G r i d c o m p u t i n g i s a b o u t g e t t i n g c o m p u t e r s t o w o r k t o g e t h e r.
Almost every organization is sitting on top of enormous, unused
c o m p u t i n g c a p a c i t y, w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d . M a i n f r a m e s a r e i d l e 4 0 %
of the time Wi t h Grid computing, businesses can optimize
computing and data resources, pool them for large capacity
workloads, share them across networks, and enable collaboration.
Many consider Grid computing the next logical step in the
evolution of the Internet, and maturing standards and a drop in
the cost of bandwidth are fueling the momentum we're
e x p e r i e n c i n g t o d a y. Vi r t u a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o m p u t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t .

8. CHANLLANGES OF GRID

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 A word of caution should be given to the overly
enthusiastic. The grid is not a silver bullet that can take any
application and run it a 1000 times faster without the need for
bu ying an y more machines or software. Not ever y application is
suitable or enabled for running on a grid. Some kinds of
applications simply cannot be parallelized. For others, it can take
a large amount of work to modify them to achieve faster
throughput. The configuration of a grid can greatly affect the
performance, r e l i a b i l i t y, and security of an organization's
computing infrastructure. For all of these reasons, it is important
for us to understand how far the grid has evolved today and which
features are coming tomorrow or in the distant future
9. CONCLUSION
Grid computing introduces a new concept to IT
infrastructures because it supports distributed computing over a
network of heterogeneous resources and is enabled by open
standards. Grid computing works to optimize underutilized
resources, decrease capital expenditures, and reduce the total cost
of ownership. This solution extends beyond data processing and
into information management as well. Information in this context
covers data in databases, files, and storage devices. In this
article, we outline potential problems and the means of solving
them in a distributed environment. .

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