Study and Characterization of Fractal Antenna

Geometries for Bluetooth Applications

PREPARED BY
ARPITA CHAKRABURTTY-14800314026 (E.C.E)
SANCHARI PODDAR-14800314089 (E.C.E)
DEBOTTAM BASU-14800314040 (E.C.E)
PORNITA RAY-14800314067 (E.C.E)
ROVIK DAS-14800314083 (E.C.E)

Under Supervision of Prof. SOURAV PAL

(Asst. Professor, E.C.E, FIEM)
 Acknowledgement
It is a great pleasure to express our deepest gratitude and indebtedness to our internal
guide, Prof. Sourav Pal, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Future Institute of Engineering & Management, Kolkata for his supervision, constant
help and encouragement throughout the entire period.

We are very much grateful to Dr. Dipankar Ghosh,(Head of the Department),

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Future Institute of
Engineering & Management, for necessary suggestions and helpful scientific
discussions to improve the quality of this thesis.

We are also thankful to the all faculty and technical staff members of the department
for their help whenever we needed it.
 Abstract
In our proposed model, a noble Koch-like fractal curve is proposed to transform
wideband bow-tie into so called Koch-like sided fractal bow-tie dipole.A small isosceles
triangle is cut off from center of each side of the initial isosceles triangle, then the
procedure iterates along the sides like Koch curve does, forming the Koch-like fractal
bow-tie geometry. Compared with conventional bow-tie dipole and Sierpinski gasket
with the same size, this fractal-like antenna has almost the same operating properties in
low frequency and better radiation pattern in high frequency in multi-band operation,
which makes it a better candidate for applications of PCS, WLAN, WiFi, WiMAX, and
other communication systems.
 DESIGN FLOWCHART
STUDY OF BOWTIE AND FRACTAL ANTENNA

DIMENSION CALCULATION

EFFECT OF ITERATION ON RESONATING

FREQUENCIES FOR FRACTAL AND BOWTIE FREQUENCY LEFT SHIFT
ANTENNA

OUR PROPOSED STRUCTURE WHERE

FRACTAL IS MERGED WITH BOWTIE

RESULTS :
WIDEBAND ANTENNA
What is microstrip antenna?
 Microstrip antenna consists of
a radiating patch on one side
of a dielectric substrate which
has a ground plane on the other
side.
 For better results a thick
dielectric substrate having a
low dielectric constant is
desirable since it provides
better efficiency, larger
bandwidth and better radiation.
 Can be produced at small size Fig 1: Microstrip Antenna Structure
 Microstrip patches are efficient
radiators
 What is a Bowtie Antenna?

 In order to achieve our goal we went

through several other antenna structures
and we decided to work on Bowtie
antenna.
 It is an antenna that consists of two
triangular pieces of flat metal plates.
 It is arranged in the configuration of a
bowtie with the feed point at the gap
between the apexes of the triangles

Fig 2: Bowtie Antenna Structure

 So why, among all other antennas we choose
Bowtie antenna?
 Firstly, it provides a scope for multi
band application compared to a thin
wired dipole antenna
 It provides high radiation efficiency.
 It shows higher gain.
 It has low fabrication cost.
 It is compact in size and so it is easy to
manufacture.
 Since it is known for ISM band
performance, we can practically
implement this structure.
Fig 3: Bowtie Structure with dimension
 Dimension Calculation
In general, microstrip antennas are half wavelength structures and are operated at the
fundamental resonant mode TM01 or TM10. Based on the cavity model approximation,
the fundamental or first resonant frequency of the triangular patch is given by

where Se is the effective side length, εe is the effective permittivity of the

dielectric i.e air and the integers m, n, l satisfy the condition m + n + l = 0.
Instead of using m, n, and l , only m, n has been used for simplicity, it is implied
that l = - (m + n), where Se is

where S is the original side length of the ET-patch and h is the height of the
radiating patch from ground plane. We would like to demonstrate the degree
of size reduction obtained by shorting the zero voltage plane.
 Frequency vs Return Loss curve with
varying Dimensions (60mm)

Fig 4(a): Bowtie antenna with dimension 60 mm. Fig 4(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve at 60 mm
dimension
 Frequency vs Return Loss curve with
varying Dimensions (90mm)

Fig 5(a): Bowtie antenna with dimension 90mm Fig 5(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve at
90mm. dimension
 Frequency vs Return Loss curve with
varying Dimensions (83mm)

Fig 6(a): Bowtie Antenna with dimension 83 mm Fig 6(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve at 83
mm dimension
Observations
 By studying the graphs we observed how change in dimension is
bringing a change in the frequency.
 Changing the arm dimensions leads to a change in resonating
frequency.
 But the challenge remains in attaining an antenna with a high
gain along with wide band characteristics of the Bowtie
Antenna.
Koch Fractal Geometry
So, after researching on various fractal
geometries we started our work on Koch-
fractal structure.
* It is built by starting with an equilateral
triangle, removing the inner third of each
side, building another equilateral triangle
at the location where the side was
removed, and then repeating the process
indefinitely.
* By doing so, current path can be
meandered easily and hence electrical
path increases thereby reducing the
resonating frequency.

Fig 7: Koch Fractal Geometry

Fig 8(a): First iteration of Koch with feed location Fig 8(b): Current Distribution Pattern at First
at(3.8,0.5) iteration
Fig 9(a): Smith Chart from First iteration Fig 9(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve from First
iteration
Fig 10(a):Second iteration with feed Location Fig 10(b): Current Distribution Pattern at Second
at(3.9,0.5) iteration
Fig 11(a): Smith Chart from Second iteration Fig 11(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve from
Second iteration
Fig 12(a): Third iteration at feed location (4,0.5) Fig 12(b): Current Distribution Pattern at Third
Iteration
Fig 13(a): Smith Chart from Third iteration Fig 13(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve from Third
iteration
 Comparative Study
NO. OF FEED DIMENSION RESONANT RETURN BANDWIDTH GAIN
ITERATIONS LOCATION (mm.) FREQUENCY LOSS (MHz) (dBi)
(fr)(MHz) (dB)
1 (3.8,0.5) 19 mm 3.2 -35.4326 17 MHz 2.49067
2 (3.9,0.5) 19 mm 3.06 -33.3472 6 MHz 3.78896
3 (4,0.5) 19 mm 3.01 -30.991 5 MHz 3.921

Fig 14 : Comparative Study of three iterations in Koch Fractal

Fig 15(a): First Iteration at feed location (2.3,0.5) Fig 15(b): Current Distribution Pattern at First
Iteration
Fig 16(a): Smith Chart from First iteration Fig 16(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss from First
Iteration
Fig 17(a):Second Iteration at feed location (2.6,0.8) Fig 17(b): Current Distribution Pattern at Second
Iteration
Fig 18(a): Smith Chart from Second Iteration Fig 18(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve from Second
Iteration
Fig 19(a):Third Iteration at feed location (3,0.5) Fig 19(b): Current Distribution Pattern at Third
Iteration
Fig 20(a): Smith Chart from Third Iteration Fig 20(b): Frequency Vs Return Loss Curve from
Third Iteration
 COMPARATIVE STUDY
NO. OF FEED DIMENSION RESONANT RETURN BANDWIDTH GAIN
ITERATIONS LOCATION FREQUENCY LOSS (MHz) (dBi)
(fr)(MHz) (dB)

1 (2.3,0.5) 19 mm 2.91 -22.8447 5 MHz 6.966

2 (2.6,0.8) 19 mm 2.68 -21.7369 4 MHz 8.27619

3 (4,0.5) 19 mm 2.55 -17.0707 3 MHz 9.3149

Fig 21: Comparative Study of three iterations in Inverted Koch Fractal

Fig 22: Proposed Bowtie Antenna structure combined with Koch Fractal
Fig 23(a): Bowtie Antenna With Koch Fractal Fig 23(b): Current Distribution Pattern in
at feed location (14,0) First Iteration
Fig 24(a): Frequency vs Return Loss curve Fig 24(b): Smith Chart from First Iteration
from First Iteration
Fig 25(a): Bowtie Antenna With Koch Fractal at Fig 25(b): Current Distribution Pattern in Second
feed location (14,0) Iteration
Fig 26(a): Frequency vs Gain curve from Second Fig 26(b): Smith Chart from Second Iteration
Iteration
 COMPARATIVE STUDY
STRUCTURE FEED DIMENSION RESONANT RETURN BANDWIDTH GAIN
LOCATION (mm.) FREQUENCY LOSS (MHz) (dBi)
(fr)(MHz) (dB)
KOCH (4,0.5) 19 mm 3.01 -30.991 5 MHz 3.921
INVERTED KOCH (4,0.5) 19 mm 2.55 -17.0707 3 MHz 8.27619
BOWTIE (14,0) 83 mm 2.77 -32.6746 600 MHz 9.3149

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

Bowtie Koch Inverted Koch

-35

Fig 27: Comparative Study Between Koch,Bowtie And Koch Loaded Bowtie
3D Radiation Pattern of Bow-Tie Antenna

Fig 28: Radiation pattern of Bow-Tie Antenna

 Fabricated Antenna

Fig 29(a): Top view of Fabricated Antenna Fig 29(b): Side view of Fabricated Antenna
 Final Observations:
• From the shown results of koch-fractal structure on the bowtie antenna we can
conclude that we have obtained an antenna that works perfectly in wideband
applications.
• So, we have achieved the goal of our project.
•So far we have designed Bowtie antenna configuration and Koch
fractal configuration using Zealand IE3D software. We have also
fabricated our proposed fractal slot loaded Bowtie configuration.
We observed that our antenna configuration is suitable for the
wideband operation in frequency band 3 GHz to 2.36 GHz.

•Now in future we want to further broaden the bandwidth so that

our antenna can for work ultra wideband operation at low
frequency.

•We also want to utilize various modern techniques like PIN diode
loading for optical tuning operations. Area of our antenna geometry
is quiet large so we want to design an antenna in future that is
compact and also shows ultra wide band operation.
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