T-Test

A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic obeys a

Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It can be used to test

whether two datasets are significantly different from each other. A t-test

is mostly applied when the values of a scaling term in the test statistic

are known and follow a random distribution pattern. When the scaling

term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate according to the data,

the test statistics (under some conditions) follow a Student's t

distribution.

Two-sample t-tests for a difference in mean include independent

samples or unpaired samples. The independent samples t-test is applied

 when two separate sets of independent and identically distributed

samples are available, one from each of the two populations being

compared. Paired samples t-test is typically composed of a sample of

matched pairs of similar units, or one group of units that has been tested

twice (a "repeated measures" t-test). Paired t-tests are a type of

blocking, and is more accurate than unpaired tests when the paired units

are similar with respect to "noise factors". In a different context, paired

t-tests can be applied to reduce the influence of confounding factors in

an observational study.

Below shows the commonly used t-tests:

 A one-sample location test of whether the mean of a given

population has a value specified in a null hypothesis.

 A two-sample location tests of the null hypothesis such that the

means of two populations are equal. All such tests are often called

Student's t-tests, though strictly speaking this name should only be

applied if the variances of these two populations are also supposed to

be equal; the form of the test used when this assumption is dropped is

occasionally called Welch's t-test. These tests are usually referred to as

"unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically used

when the statistical units underlying the two samples to be compared

are non-overlapping.
 A test of the null hypothesis that the difference between two

responses measured on the same statistical unit has a mean value of

zero. For instance, suppose we measure the size of a cancer patient's

tumor before and after a treatment. If this treatment is effective, we

suppose the tumor size for many of the patients to be smaller following

the treatment. This is usually referred to as the "paired" or "repeated

measures" t-test.

 A test of whether the slope of a regression line is significantly

different from zero.

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