Compression

Problem 1:

Given: Column with height of 12; fixed-hinged and supports

Req’d: Largest slenderness Ratio

Bending about x-axis

𝑘 𝑥 𝐿𝑥 0.7 (12) 0.7(12)
𝑆𝑅𝑥 = = = = 2.91
𝑟𝑥 𝐼𝑥 𝑏ℎ 3
√ √
𝐴 12𝑏ℎ
Bending about y-axis
𝑘 𝑦 𝐿𝑦 1.0(7)
𝑆𝑅𝑦(𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟) = = = 24.25
𝑟𝑦 3
√ ℎ𝑏
12𝑏ℎ
𝑘 𝑦 𝐿𝑦 0.7(5)
𝑆𝑅𝑦(𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = = = 12.12
𝑟𝑦 ℎ𝑏 3
√
12𝑏ℎ

Problem 2: (Investigation)

Check the adequacy of a W21 x 93 A36 column axially loaded

with P=1300KN and laterally unsupported in x & y direction
(L=6m).

Properties:

A=17613mm2

D=549.10mm

rx=221.17mm

ry=46.86mm
Solution:

Compare actual fa vs. Allowable Fa

If fa ≤ Fa; adequate section

𝑝 1300 × 103
𝑓𝑎 = = = 73.81 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑎 17613
Fa = ?
𝑘𝐿
𝑣𝑠. 𝐶𝑐
𝑟

𝑘𝐿 0.5 (6000) 2𝜋 2 𝐸 2𝜋 2 (200000)

= 𝐶𝑐 = √ = √
𝑟 46.86 𝐹𝑦 245

𝑘𝐿
= 64.02 < 𝐶𝑐 = 126.17
𝑟
therefore Intermediate Column,
𝑘𝐿
5 3( 𝑟 ) (𝑘𝐿/𝑟)3
𝐹𝑠 = [ + − ]
3 8𝐶𝑐 8𝐶𝑐 3

5 3(64.02) (64.02)3
𝐹𝑠 = [ + − ] = 1.841
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)3

(𝑘𝐿/𝑟)2 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ]
2𝐶𝑐 2 𝐹𝑠
(64.02)2 248
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − 2
] = 117.392𝑀𝑃𝑎
2(126.17) 1.841

fa ≤ Fa (Adequate Section)
 Problem 3: (Design)

Design a W-section A36 steel column to resist a load of P =

360KN.

Height of the coumn 4.5m hinged at both ends.

Depth of section is limited to 200mm only.

Choose the most economical section.

Looking at the steel manual,

Since the depth is limited to 200mm, we can choose W8 x ? from steel manual.
𝑘𝐿 𝑘𝐿
Assume 𝑟
= 0, 𝑟
< 𝐶𝑐 intermediate column

5 𝐹𝑦 248
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑎 = = = 148.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
3 𝐹𝑠 5/3
assuming 60% - 80% of Fa (Design Experience)

𝐹𝑎 = 60%(148.8) = 89.28 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑃
𝐹𝑎 =
𝐴
𝑃 360 × 103
𝐴= =
𝐹𝑎 89.28
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 = 4032.26𝑚𝑚2

Try W8x24, A=4568𝑚𝑚2 rx=86.86mm ry=40.83

𝑘𝐿 1 (4500) 2𝜋 2 𝐸
= = 110.21 𝐶𝑐 = √ = 126.17
𝑟 40.83 248

𝑘𝐿
< 𝐶𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑙. 𝐹𝑠 = 1.911 𝐹𝑎 = 80.265𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑟
𝑃 360 × 103
𝑓𝑎 = = = 78.81𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑎 < 𝐹𝑎 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒)
𝐴 4568
Try W8x21, A=3974𝑚𝑚2 rx=88.21mm ry=31.99

𝑘𝐿 1 (4500) 2𝜋 2 𝐸
= = 140.67 𝐶𝑐 = √ = 126.17
𝑟 31.99 248

𝑘𝐿
> 𝐶𝑐 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔. 𝐶𝑜𝑙.
𝑟
12𝜋 2 (200000)
𝐹𝑎 = = 52.045𝑀𝑃𝑎
23(140.67)2
360 × 103
𝑓𝑎 = = 90.59𝑀𝑃𝑎
3974
𝑓𝑎 > 𝐹𝑎 (𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
Therefore, Adopt W8x24 column.

Problem 4:

Check the adequacy of the

column section below.
P=2100KN, Lu=6m, k=0.7,
Fy=248MPa.

A = 4742𝑚𝑚2

x = 17.12mm

d = 304.8mm

rx = 112.43mm

ry = 19.81mm

tw = 9.8mm

bf = 77.4mm

tf = 12.7mm

Ix = 59937× 103 𝑚𝑚4

Iy = 1861× 103 𝑚𝑚4

Solution:

Compare fa vs Fa;

If fa < Fa (Section adequate)

Or

Compare Pactual < Pallo. ;

If Pactual < Pallo. (Section adequate)

𝑃 𝑘𝐿
𝑓𝑎 = 𝐹𝑎 = ? =? 𝑟 =?
𝐴𝑡 𝑟
locate centroid

𝐴𝑡 𝑦̅ = ∑ 𝐴𝑦

𝐴𝑡 = 450(12) + 2(4742)

𝐴𝑡 = 14884 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡 𝑦̅ = 𝐴𝑝 𝑦𝑝 + 2𝐴𝑐 𝑦𝑐
304.8
14884𝑦̅ = (450)(12)(6) + 2(4742)(12 + )
2
𝑦̅ = −106.93

𝐼𝑥 = [𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑2 ]𝑝 + 2[𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑2 ]𝑐

450(12)3 304.8
𝐼𝑥 = [ + (450)(12)(106.93 − 6)2 ] + 2 [59937 × 103 + 4742(12 + − 106.93)2 ]
12 𝑝
2 𝑐

𝐼𝑥 = 206.17 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑦 = [𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑2 ]𝑝 + 2[𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑2 ]

12(450)3
𝐼𝑦 = [ ] + 2[1861 × 103 + 4742(225 − 17.12)2 ]
12

𝐼𝑦 = 504.69 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑥 206.27 × 106
𝑟𝑥 = √ = √ = 117.72𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑇 14884

𝐼𝑦 504.69 × 106
𝑟𝑦 = √ = √ = 184.14𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑇 14884
Checking now the adequacy of the composite section,

2100 × 108
𝑓𝑎 = = 141.09𝑀𝑃𝑎
14884

𝑘𝐿 0.7 (6000) 2𝜋 2 (200000)

𝐹𝑎 = ? = = 35.68 𝐶𝑐 = √ = 126.17
𝑟 117.2 248

𝑘𝐿
< 𝐶𝑐 (𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛)
𝑟
5 3(35.68) (35.68)3
𝐹𝑠 = [ + − ] = 1.77
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)3

(35.68)2 248
𝐹𝑎 = [1 − ] = 134.51𝑀𝑃𝑎
2(126.17)2 1.77

𝑓𝑎 > 𝐹𝑎 (𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Problem 5:

Determine the max length of W14x82 section if it used as a hinged column to support an axial load of
1200KN. Fy = 450MPa

W14x82 Properties:

A = 15548𝑚𝑚2

rx = 153.66mm

ry = 62.94mm

Required: maximum length, L

Given:

k = 1.0

P = 1200KN

Fy = 450MPa

A = 15548𝑚𝑚2

rx = 153.66mm
ry = 62.94mm

Solution:
𝑘𝐿 𝑘𝐿
=? 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ( > 𝐶𝑐 )
𝑟 𝑟
12𝜋 2 (𝐸) 𝑃
𝐹𝑎 = 2 = ;
𝑘𝐿 𝐴
23 ( 𝑟 )

12𝜋 2 (200000) 1200 × 103

= ;
1.0𝐿 2 15548
23 (62.94)

𝐿 = 7270.51𝑚𝑚
Check assumption,

𝑘𝐿 1.0 (7270.51) 2𝜋 2 (200000)

= = 115.55 𝐶𝑐 = √ = 93.66
𝑟 62.94 450

𝑘𝐿
> 𝐶𝑐 (𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑟
Therefore the max L = 7.27m

Tension

Problem 1:

Determine the critical net area of the 12mm thick plate shown. The holes are punched for a 20mm∅
bolt. Calculate the critical net area.
Req’d:

Anet critical (least An)

Solution:

1. Tension failure in gross area

2. Tension failure in net area

Check the different possible path of failure:

a. Path ABCD 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thickness

= [127-2(20+1.6)]x12

𝐴𝑛 = 1005.6𝑚𝑚2

b. Path ABGH 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk

𝑠2
= [gross width - ∑ 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ 4𝑔] x thk

= [127 – 2(20+1.6)+(75)2 /4 x 63] x 12

= 1273.44𝑚𝑚2

Code provision: Anet ≤ 85%Ag

Check against the Code Provision:

An ≤ 85%Ag 85%Ag = 85%(127x12) = 1295.4𝑚𝑚2

Anet critical = 1005.6𝑚𝑚2 < 1295.4𝑚𝑚2

Problem 2:

Determine the critical net area of the 15mm thick plate shown. The holes are punched for a 16mm∅
rivet.

Req’d:

Anet critical (least An)

Solution:

1.Tension failure in gross area

2. Tension failure in net area

Check the different possible paths of failure:

a. Path ABCD 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thickness

𝑠2
= [gross width - ∑ 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ 4𝑔] x thk

(175)2 (75)2 (175)2

= [500-4(16+1.6)+ 4(75) +4(80) + 4(100)]x15

𝐴𝑛 = 9387.36𝑚𝑚2

b. Path AD 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk

(75)2
= [500-2(16+1.6)+ 4(255)] x 15

= 7054.72𝑚𝑚2
c. Path ABC 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk
(175)2 (75)2
= [500-3(16+1.6)+ + ] x 15
4(75) 4(80)

= 8502.92𝑚𝑚2

d. Path ABD 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk

(175)2 (100)2
= [500-3(16+1.6)+ +
4(75) 4(180)
] x 15

= 8447.58𝑚𝑚2

e. Path AB 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk

(175)2
= [500-2(16+1.6)+ 4(75)
] x 15

= 8503.25𝑚𝑚2

f. Path BC 𝐴𝑛 = net width x thk

(75)2
= [500-2(16+1.6)+ ] x 15
4(80)

= 7235.67𝑚𝑚2

Code provision: Anet ≤ 85%Ag

Check against the Code Provision:

An ≤ 85%Ag 85%Ag = 85%(500x15) = 6375𝑚𝑚2

Anet critical = 7054.72𝑚𝑚2 > 6375𝑚𝑚2

Therefore;

An critical = 85% Ag =6375𝑚𝑚2

Problem 3:

Determine the net area along path ABCDEF for the C380x50 shown. Holes are for 19mm ∅ bolts. For
channel section:

Ag = 6430mm2, d = 381mm, tw=10.2mm, tf=16.5mm, bf=86.4mm.

The technique is to convert the Channel section to its equivalent Plate section
𝐴𝑛 = net width x thickness
𝑠2
= [𝑊𝑔 - ∑ 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 + ∑ ] x thk
4𝑔

𝑠2
= (𝑊𝑔 ) x thk – (∑ 𝐷𝑖𝑎. 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) x thk + (∑ 4𝑔) x thk

(75)2 (75)2 (16.5+10.2)

= 6430 – 2 (18+1.6)(16.5) – 2(18+1.6)(10.2) +4(231) x (10.2) + 4(111.65) x 2
x2

𝐴𝑛 = 5767.75𝑚𝑚2

Problem 4:

Given:

Rivets: A502 Grade 2 Hot Driven

From table 510-7 of NSCP,

𝐹𝑣 rivet = 152MPa

Steel Plate: A36

Req’d: 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒

Solution:

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑔 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑔

= 0.6 (248) (200 x 10)

P = 297.6KN

2.Tension Failure on Effective Net Area

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐹𝑡 𝑈𝐴𝑛 ; 𝐹𝑡 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ; U=1.0

Path w/o staggered, 𝐴𝑛 = [200-2(17.6)](10) = 1648𝑚𝑚2

P = 0.5(400)(1.0)(1648)

P = 329.6KN

3.Shear Failure on Rivets

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐴𝑉 = 152(pi/4*(16)2 *4)

P = 122.245KN

4.Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = 1.2𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑝

= 1.2(400)[16(10)(4)]

P = 307.2KN

5. Block Shear Failure

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐴𝑉 + 𝐹𝑇 𝐴 𝑇

𝐹𝑉 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 = (135 − 1.5(17.6))(10)(2) = 2172𝑚𝑚2

𝐹𝑇 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴 𝑇 = (100 − 17.6)(10) = 824𝑚𝑚2

P = 0.3 (400) (2172) + 0.5 (400) (824)

P = 425.44KN

Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.

Therefore: 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 122.245𝐾𝑁

Problem 5:

A riveted lap joint shown has 5-16mm ∅ rivets w/ Fv = 152MPa. The steel plate is ASTM A53 steel,
200mm wide and 10mm thick. Determine the value of “T” in all possible modes of failure and the max
safe value of “T” that the connection can resists.

For A53 steel, USE:

Fy = 241MPa

Fu = 414MPa

Solution:

1. Tension Failure on Gross Area

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑔 ; 𝑃 = 𝑇 ;

Ag = 200*10 ; 85%Ag = 1700𝑚𝑚2

T = 0.6 (241) * (2000)

T = 289.2KN

2.Tension Failure on Effective Net Area

a. section a-a

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ∗ 𝑈𝐴𝑛
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0] ; 𝑃 = 𝑇

An = (200 – 17.6) (10) = 1824 > 85%Ag

T = 0.5 (414) (1) * 1700

T = 351.90KN

b. section b–b

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ∗ 𝑈𝐴𝑛

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0]

T – T/5 – P = 0; P = 4/5*T

An = [200 – 3 (17.6)] (10) = 1472 < 85%Ag

4T/5 = 0.5 (414) (1.0) * 1472

T = 380.88KN

c. section c-c

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ∗ 𝑈𝐴𝑛
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0] T – 4(T/5) – P = 0; P = 1/5*T

An = (200 –17.6)(10) = 1824 > 85%Ag

T/5 = 0.5 (414) (1.0) * 1700

T = 1759.50KN

d. section b-c-b

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ∗ 𝑈𝐴𝑛

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0] T – 2(T/5) – P = 0; P = 3/5*T

An = [200 – 3 (17.6) + (50)2 /4 (50) * 2] * (10) = 1772 > 85%Ag

3T/5 = 0.5 (414) (1.0) * 1700

T = 586.50KN

e. section b–a-b

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑡 𝐴𝑒 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 ∗ 𝑈𝐴𝑛

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0] T – P = 0; P = T

An = [200 – 3 (17.6) + (50)2 /4 (50) * 2] * (10) = 1772 > 85%Ag

T = 0.5 (414) (1.0) * 1700

T = 351.90KN

Therefore for net area, the critical load T is; T = 351.90KN

3.Shear Failure on Rivets

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐴𝑉 ; 𝑃 = 𝑇

T = 152 * (pi/4*(16)2 *5)

T = 152.81KN

4.Bearing Stress Failure on steel plate

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑝 ; 𝑃 = 𝑇;

T = 1.2Fu*[dia rivet x thk plate]*n

T = 1.2 (414)*[16*10]*5

T = 397.44KN

5. Block Shear Failure

𝑇
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑉 𝐴𝑉 + 𝐹𝑇 𝐴 𝑇 ; ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0] 𝑇 − 𝑃 − 5 = 0 ; 𝑃 = 4𝑇/5

𝐹𝑉 = 0.3𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑣 = (100 − 17.6/2)(10)(2) = 1824𝑚𝑚2

𝐹𝑇 = 0.5𝐹𝑢 𝐴 𝑇 = [100 − 2(17.6)](10) = 648𝑚𝑚2

4T/5 = 0.3 (414) * 1824 + 0.5 (414) * 648

T = 450.85KN

Note: You may check for other possible Block Shear Failure.

Therefore the maximum safe T = 152.81KN