SoET, SPMVV-INTRANET-STUDENT LOGIN 2

CHAPTER – 4

PROPOSED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1. Introduction
The main objective of this web application is to manage the details of student academics
course plan, lesson plan, attendance, assignments, marks, time table. The first step in the
SoET, SPMVV Intranet Student Login-2 is the identification of need of change to
improve or enhance existing system. An initial investigation on existing system was
carried out. The present system of student is completely manual. Many problems were
identified during the initial study of the existing system.
An existing system “SoET, SPMVV Intranet Student Login-2” is to computized in order
to overcome the problems which effects the existing system. Computerizing the existing
system with the help of HTML5 and CSS3 at the front end and MY SQL and PHP at the
backend.
Generally, there has been a criterion to work on any job or task for a specific purpose.
Nobody works without specific detailed information about the particular task performing.
In the new computerized system the basic and the initial advantage is that it is in the hand
of administrative authority and therefore prevents illegal use of information , thus it can
also take care of data security.

Existing System

Existing applications does not provide secure access i.e ;low security, data redundancy,
difficulty to handle, difficulty to update data, record keeping is difficult, non availability
of data when required. To overcome this problem, we move to the proposed system.
 Proposed System
This application is available all the time. In this Proposed System the work is to be done
in the online which reduces the manpower.
Advantages of this system are:

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• Accuracy
• Security
• Time Saving
• It is less expensive
• Maintenance of file is Flexible

4.2 Requirement Analysis

Systematic requirements analysis also known as requirements engineering.

Requirements Engineering can be divided into discrete chronological steps:

 Requirements elicitation,

 Requirements analysis and negotiation,

 Requirements specification,

 System modelling,

 Requirements validation,

 Requirements management.

Requirement engineering according to Laplante (2007) is "a sub discipline of system

engineering and software engineering that is concerned with determining the goals,
functions, and constraints of hardware and software systems. In some life cycle models, the
requirement engineering process begins with a feasibility study activity, which leads to a
feasibility report.

 Technical feasibility

Technical feasibility study compares the level of technology available in the software
development firm and the level of technology required for the development of the product.
The level of technology consists of the programming language, the hardware resources,
other software tools etc.

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A study of function, performance and constraints may effect the ability to achieve
an acceptable system so ,that necessary function and performance are achieved within the
constraints uncovered during system analysis. The software developed for the SoET,
SPMVV Intranet Student Login-2 is platform independent . So the project is technically
feasible.
 Operational feasibility

The purpose of this project is to develop software named SoET, SPMVV Intranet
Student Login-2 which facilitates quick registration process. The activities of the system
such as data entry, information retrieval, updating and deletion of records from various
tables etc are made easy .All the operators of this project are trained in this area. So this
project is operational feasible.
Operational feasibility study tests the operational scope of the software to be
developed. The proposed software must have high operational feasibility. The usability
will be high.
 Economical feasibility

Economic analysis includes a broad range of concerns that include cost benefit analysis ,
long term cooperative income strategies, cost of resources needed for development .In
existing they had to maintain a large number of books/registers is a costly affair. This can
be avoided by putting the data in the computer format that is cheaper and reliable. Since
the cost of resources for development of system satisfies the organization, the software is
economically feasible
4.2.1 Functional Requirements
 Sign Up

If the user is new to the application, he should enter all the appropriate fields given above
in order to enter the application. Once if all the required details are filled, the user gives the
option sign up which stores all the information in the data base for next time Login
Authentication.

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 Login
The Login module is for the user who had already signed up. The login module is mainly
added for an authentication purpose if the user enters the wrong details, he would not be
allowed to enter the application. The login is broadly classified into two types User login
and Admin login.
 User Login
So as to confirm that only an authenticated user is using the project.
 Admin Login
Only some specified persons can be logged in as Admin.

 User Module
Once if the user enters the User name and password in the login module if the
authentication is successful, he will be redirected to the user module. User module consists
of college information. Here the users are faculty and students. Faculty can view the
updated information regarding circulars, syllabus,publications and events etc.

4.2.2 Non Functional Requirements

 Performance Requirements
Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by application. Requirements
Specifications place an important part in the analysis of a system. Only when the
requirement specifications are properly given, it is possible to design a system, which will
fit into required environment .It resets largely in the part of the users of the existing system
to give the requirement specifications because they are people who finally use the system
.This is because the requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the
system can be design according to those requirements. it is very difficult to change the
system once it has been designed and on the other hand designing the system ,which does
not cater to the requirements of the user ,is of no use.

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4.2.3 System Requirements

A Software Requirements specification (SRS) for a software system is an entire

explanation of the activities of a system need to be developed. It consists of set of use cases
that illustrate all the instructions all the users will have with software. In accordance to use
cases, SRS further more consists of non-functional requirements. Non-functional
requirements essential necessities that impose restrictions on the design or even in the
implementation.

4.2.3.1 Hardware Requirements

Processor : Pentium or higher version
Speed : 2.0GHz
RAM : 200 MB or high
Hard disk :500 MB Up to 1TB
Monitor :SVGA
Key board :Standard Window keyboard
Display :Laptop or Any desktop Monitor
4.2.3.2 Software Requirements
Application server : Xampp.
Front End : HTML5, CSS3.
Data base :My SQL ADMINISTRATOR.
Front end Technologies : HTML5, CSS3.
Back end Technology : PHP,My SQLADMINISTRATOR..
Server Name :Xampp.
Operating System : Windows xp, or any high-end os.
Display Browser : Browser.

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CHAPTER – 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Output Design

Home Page

A home page is a webpage that serves as the starting point of website. It is the default
webpage that loads when you visit a web. The home page is located in the root directory of
a website. Most web server allow the home page to have one of several different filenames.
There is no standard home page layout, but most home pages include a navigation bar that
provides links to different sections within the website. Other common elements found on a
home page include a search bar, information about the website, and recent news or updates.

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Fig 5.1 Home Page

Fall-Semester

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Fig 5.2 Fall in page

Winter Semester

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Fig 5.3 Winter page

Course Page

Through this service one can access the complete information about the materials of there
subjects according to there syllabus etc. One should select there required subjects in course
title along with course code associated with the subject title. Then a table will be displayed
and materials of five units will be showed.

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Fig 5.4 Course Page

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Fig 5.4.1 Course Page

Marks

This facility provides the performance of the student in each exam which is conducted by
university or college such as midterm performance and semester examinations. Marks
obtained by students in exams will be updated by faculty that can be access.

Fig 5.5 Marks

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Lesson Plan

Using this service students can know about the day to day lesson plan of each subject. By
this module faculty members and students can know about day to day lesson plan of there
subjects.

Fig 5.6 Lesson plan

Attendance

It gives the attendance status of students. Faculty will update the attendance periodically
and can be seen by students. In this attendance module there are again two types of
attendances. They are consolidated and day to day attendance. Consolidated attendance
will give attendance from particular date to particular date. One has to select the from date
and to date from the calendar provided in the text bar in both consolidated and day to day
attendance.

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Consolidated attendance

Fig 5.7 Consolidated attendance

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Day-to-Day Attendance

Fig 5.8 Day-to-day attendance

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Assignments

This service provides the facility to faculty to upload assignment questions and to
students to submit these assignments online.

Fig 5.9 Assignments

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Timetable

This facility displays the timetable of that student according to there registered number and
course selected in the register page.

Fig 5.10 Time table

5.2 Database Design

The data in the system has to be stored and retrieved from database. Designing the
database is part of system design. Data elements and data structures to be stored have been
identified at analysis stage. They are structured and put together to design the data storage
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and retrieval system. A database is a collection of interrelated data stored with minimum
redundancy to serve many users quickly and efficiently. The general objective is to make
database access easy, quick, inexpensive and flexible for the user. Relationships are
established between the data items and unnecessary data items are removed. Normalization
is done to get an internal consistency of data and to have minimum redundancy and
maximum stability. This ensures minimizing data storage required, minimizing chances of
data inconsistencies and optimizing for updates.
Database used in the project is Google Fire base Realtime Database. It is a NoSQL server.
NoSQL is an approach to database design that can accommodate a wide variety of data
models, including key-value, document, columnar and graph formats. NoSQL which stand
for "not only SQL," is an alternative to traditional relational databases in which data is
placed in tables and data schema is carefully designed before the database is built. NoSQL
databases are especially useful for working with large sets of distributed data .
The reasons for not using SQL server and using NoSQL server:
 SQL Database is a Relational Database and a structured one whereas NoSQL is
Non-relational database likely to be more documents and distributed than
structured.
 NoSQL databases have a dynamic schema for document type or unstructured data
whereas SQL Databases have a well-designed pre-defined schema.
 SQL databases are vertically scalable whereas NoSQL databases are horizontally
scalable.
 You can scale the SQL databases by expanding the strength of its hardware.
Similarly, when it comes to NoSQL databases you can scale it by expanding the
databases servers in the pool of assets to lessen the heap.
 While SQL uses structured query language for defining data, NoSQL uses the
collection of documents which is also known as UnQL (Unstructured Query
Language).
 NoSQL uses hierarchical data storage, and there is no hierarchical data storage for
SQL.

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 NoSQL getting popularity by allowing you to store different data types together
and you can easily scale by spreading around multiple servers.

Advantages
The advantages of this Application are
 NoSQL databases are more scalable and provide superior performance.

 Large volumes of rapidly changing structured, semi-structured and unstructured

data.

 Object Oriented Programming that is easy to use and flexible.

 Geographically disturbed scale out architecture instead of expensive monolithic

architecture.
And our Application consists of 3 database tables. They are explained below.

Table 1 Registration Data base

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5.3 Process Design

Process design plays an important role in project development. In order to understand the
working procedure, process design is necessary. Data Flow Diagram is the tool used for
process design. Data Flow Diagram is the logical representation of the data flow of the
project. The DFD is drawn using various symbols. It has a source and a destination. The
process is represented using circles and source and destination are represented using
squares. The data flow is represented using arrows. One reader can easily get the idea
about the project through Data Flow Diagram.

5.4 Functional Testing

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user
manuals.

Functional testing is catered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures: interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key functions,
or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be
considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified
and the effective value of current tests is determined.

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5.5 The system test

The system testing will ensure that the entire integrated software system will meet the
requirements .A configuration is tested to ensure predictable and known results. The
example of system testing is the configuration of oriented system integration test. The
system testing will be based on the process flows and descriptions, emphasizing the pre
driven process links and the integration points.

5.6 Output Testing

After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed
system, since no system could be useful if it does not produce the required output in the
specified format. Asking the users about the format required by them tests the outputs
generated or displayed by the system under consideration. Hence the output format is
considered in 2 ways – one is on screen and another in printed format.

5.7 Validation Checking

Validation checks are performed on the following fields.

 Text Field

The text field can contain only the number of characters lesser than or equal to its size.
The text fields are alphanumeric in some tables and alphabetic in other tables. Incorrect
entry always flashes and error message.

 Numeric Field

The numeric field can contain only numbers from 0 to 9. An entry of any character flashes
an error message. The individual modules are checked for accuracy and what it has to
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perform. Each module is subjected to test run along with sample data. The individually
tested modules are integrated into a single system. Testing involves executing the real
data information is used in the program the existence of any program defect is inferred
from the output. The testing should be planned so that all the requirements are
individually tested. A successful test is one that gives out the defects for the inappropriate
data and produces and output revealing the errors in the system.

5.8 SOFTWARE FEATURES

 Front end Technologies

1. HTML

2. CSS

3. PHP

1. HTML

Hypertext Mark Up Language (HTML) is the standard mark up language for creating web
pages and web applications.

With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript, it forms a triad of cornerstone
technologies for the World Wide Web.

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and
render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web
page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. HTML
elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and
other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML
provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text
such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are
delineated by tags, written using angle brackets.

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Tags such as <img /> and <input /> directly introduce content into the page.

Other tags such as <p> surround and provide information about document text and may
include other tags as sub-elements.

Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.
HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, which
affects the behaviour and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and
layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the
HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational
HTML since 1997.

HTML versions

November 24, 1995

HTML 2.0 was published as RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities:

November 25, 1995: RFC 1867 (form-based file upload)

May 1996: RFC 1942 (tables)

August 1996: RFC 1980 (client-side image maps)

January 1997: RFC 2070 (internationalization)

January 14, 1997

HTML 3.2 was published as a W3C Recommendation.

It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF
had closed its HTML Working Group on September 12, 1996.

Initially code-named "Wilbur", HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled
overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual mark-
up tags.

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Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee element were omitted due to a mutual
agreement between the two companies.

A mark up for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until
14 months later in Math.

December 18, 1997

HTML 4.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations:

Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden

Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed

Frameset, in which mostly only frame related elements are allowed.

Initially code-named "Cougar", HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types
and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual mark-up features
by marking them as deprecated in favour of style sheets.

HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.

April 24, 1998

HTML 4.0 was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.

December 24, 1999

HTML 4.01 was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations
as HTML 4.0 and its last errata were published on May 12, 2001.

May 2000

ISO/IEC 15445:2000 ("ISO HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an
ISO/IEC international standard. In the ISO this standard falls in the domain of the ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC34 (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document
description and processing languages).

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After HTML 4.01, there was no new version of HTML for many years as development of
the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group
through the early and mid-2000s.

October 28, 2014

HTML5 was published as a W3C Recommendation.

November 1, 2016

HTML 5.1 was published as a W3C Recommendation.

December 14, 2017

HTML 5.2 was published as a W3C Recommendation.

HTML draft version timeline

October 1991

HTML Tags, an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in
public.

June 1992

First informal draft of the HTML DTD, with seven subsequent revisions (July 15, August
6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22)

November 1992

HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with
1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft.

June 1993

Hypertext Mark up Language was published by the IETF IIIR Working Group as an
Internet Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version one

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month later, followed by six further drafts published by IETF itself that finally led to
HTML 2.0 in RFC 1866.

November 1993

HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet Draft and was a competing proposal to
the Hypertext Mark up Language draft. It expired in May 1994.

April 1995 (authored March 1995)

HTML 3.0 was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months
later (28 September 1995) without further action. It included many of the capabilities that
were in Regret’s HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures and
the display of complex mathematical formulas.

W3C began development of its own Arena browser as a test bed for HTML 3 and
Cascading Style Sheets, but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was
considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the
number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.Browser vendors,
including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of
HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it. (see Browser
wars). These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the
"belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background
texture, font size and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their
only intent was to specify how a document would be organized." Dave Raggett, who has
been a W3C Fellow for many years, has commented for example: "To a certain
extent,Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features."

Official HTML5 logo

Logo of HTML5

January 2008

HTML5 was published as a Working Draft by the W3C.

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Although its syntax closely resembles that of SGML, HTML5 has abandoned any attempt
to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own "html" serialization, in
addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.

2011 HTML5 – Last Call

On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with
clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last
Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical
soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve
broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for
recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard
to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continues its project to release HTML5.

2012 HTML5 – Candidate Recommendation

In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue
the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is
considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG.

The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard".
The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated
and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.

In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation. The

criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully
interoperable implementations".

2014 HTML5 – Proposed Recommendation and Recommendation

In September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.

On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a stable W3C Recommendation, meaning

the specification process is complete.

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<html>

<head>

Document header related tags

</head

<body>

Document body related tags

</body>

</html>

2. CASCADING STYLE SHEETS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation
of a document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology
of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript. CSS is designed to enable the
separation of presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts.

This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in
the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple web pages to share
formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce complexity
and repetition in the structural content. Separation of formatting and content also makes it
feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering
methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen reader),
and on Braille-based tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the
content is accessed on a mobile device.

The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which style
rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element. This cascading priority
scheme is predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web

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Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text css is registered for use with
CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS
documents.

CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically
adding new features and typically denoted as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4. Profiles
are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user
interface. Currently there are profiles for mobile devices, printers, and television sets.
Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were added in CSS 2.

The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1,
published on December 17, 1996. HåkonWium Lie and Bert Bos are credited as the
original developers.[37][38] Among its capabilities are support for

Font properties such as typeface and emphasis, Color of text, backgrounds, and other
elements Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text
Alignment of text, images, tables and other elements Margin, border, padding, and
positioning for most elements Unique identification and generic classification of groups of
attributes The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation.

CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation
in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like
absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and z-index, the concept of media
types, support for aural style sheets (which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech
modules)[40] and bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows.

The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation

CSS level 2 revision 1, often referred to as "CSS 2.1", fixes errors in CSS 2, removes
poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser
extensions to the specification. To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing
technical specifications, CSS 2.1 went back and forth between Working Draft status and
Candidate Recommendation status for many years. CSS 2.1 first became a Candidate

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Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but it was reverted to a Working Draft on June 13,
2005 for further review. It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and
then updated twice in 2009. However, because changes and clarifications were made, it
again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December 2010.

CSS 2.1 went to Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011. After being reviewed by the
W3C Advisory Committee, it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June
2011.

CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2—but low priority work on
CSS 2.2 began in 2015. "CSS3" redirects here. For other uses, see CSS3 (disambiguation).
Unlike CSS 2, which is a large single specification defining various features, CSS 3 is
divided into several separate documents called "modules". Each module adds new
capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2, preserving backward compatibility.
Work on CSS level 3 started around the time of publication of the original CSS 2
recommendation. The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999.

Due to the modularization, different modules have different stability and statuses. Some
modules have Candidate Recommendation (CR) status and are considered moderately
stable. At CR stage, implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes. There is no
single, integrated CSS4 specification, because it is split into separate "level 4" modules.

Because CSS3 split the CSS language's definition into modules, the modules have been
allowed to level independently. Most modules are level 3—they build on things from CSS
2.1. A few level-4 modules exist (such as Image Values, Backgrounds & Borders, or
Selectors), which build on the functionality of a preceding level-3 module. Other modules
defining entirely new functionality, such as Flexbox, have been designated as "level 1".

The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes "Snapshots", a collection of whole modules
and parts of other drafts that are considered stable, interoperable implemented and hence
ready to use.

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So far, five such "best current practices" documents have been published as Notes, in 2007,
2010, 2015, 2017, and 2018

body {

overflow: hidden;

background: #000000;

background-image: url(images/bg.gif);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: left top;

PHP

WHY CHOOSE “PHP":

Internet has joined the people living around the globe. It has, no doubt, gotten quite
tough to sustain your identity in the cyber world as the competition has gone beyond the
limits. To make it easier for you to compete and excel in the world of internet, PHP is
among the best tools that can be used. PHP is abbreviation of “personal homepage” and
sometimes is also known as Hypertext Preprocessor. The latter name is particularly used in
the cyber circle. It is, in general, a HTML embedded scripting language being used widely
for the web application development. The use of the language has increased in recent times
due to the ease it offers to the developer. There are various benefits of using the language
over the others developed for the same purpose. Some of the major pros pertinent to the
language are discussed as under

Double end web development

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Some of the languages used for web development have limitation of purposes. PHP
is one of its kinds because it may be used on both front-end and back-end web
development. Due to this feature, a programmer may easily alter the present conditions of
the website merely by changing a single code. Unlike PHP, other languages need to be
uncoded to understand the correlation among the back-end and front-end languages
making programming time taking and laborious.

Why to pay when it’s free?

Another reason why a programmer must prefer PHP over other languages is its
legal free of cost availability. Some of the organizations having its similar programming
languages in the market charge programmers against the language they offer. However,
PHP may be downloaded and installed using any open source language house easily
accessible from one’s computer. Therefore, the basic goal of earning more can be changed
into reality by just taking a right step of using PHP as web application development.

Simplicity and user friendliness

It goes without saying that everyone wants ease out of the programming language.
This is what PHP offers to the users. Unlike C++ and other similar languages, PHP is quite
easy to be understood by the users. There is no need of any formal training prior to use the
language for the required purpose. PHP programmed web applications are easy to scale
and highly secure as compare to applications built in other language.

Compatible to all the operating software

Versatility in the available operating software, no doubt, has provided variety to the
users but on the other hand has also caused some serious complexities for the
programmers. However, you may make it easier for yourself by switching over to PHP as
it is compatible to all the famous operating systems. Apple’s famous MAC and Microsoft’s
Windows is among the top operating systems that are supported by PHP. Linux is also not
out of the line of the compatible systems.

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ABOUT PHP
PHP started out as a small open source project that evolved as more and more
people found out how useful it was. Rasmus Lerdorf unleashed the first version of PHP
way back in 1994.
PHP is a recursive acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to
manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-
commerce sites.
It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution, especially when compiled as an Apache
module on the Unix side. The MySQL server, once started, executes even very
complex queries with huge result sets in record-setting time.
PHP supports a large number of major protocols such as POP3, IMAP, and LDAP.
PHP4 added support for Java and distributed object architectures (COM and
CORBA), making n-tier development a possibility for the first time.
PHP is forgiving: PHP language tries to be as forgiving as possible.
PHP Syntax is C-Like.

Common uses of PHP

PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open,
read, write, and close them.
PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, thru email
you can send data, return data to the user.
You add, delete, modify elements within your database thru PHP.
Access cookies variables and set cookies.
Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
It can encrypt data.

PHP: Built-in Database Access

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• PHP provides built-in database connectivity for a wide range of databases

– MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Berkeley DB, Informix, MYSQL, Lotus Notes, and
more
– Starting support for a specific database may involve PHP configuration steps
• Another advantage of using a programming language that has been designed for the
creation of web apps.
• Support for each database is described in the PHP manual at:
– http://www.php.net/manual/en/ MySQL and PHP
• To connect to a database, need to create a connection
– At lowest level, this is a network connection
– Involves a login sequence (username/password
• Since this is a relatively expensive step, web application environments:
– Share connections
– Have multiple connections
• Whether, and how many, are typical configuration items. In MySQL:
– Allow persistent: whether to allow persistent connections
– Max persistent: the maximum number of persistent connections
– Max links: max number of connections, persistent and not
– Connection timeout: how long the persistent connection is left open
• Can also use SSL to encrypt connection
High-Level Process of Using MYSQL from PHP
• Create a database connection
• Select database you wish to use
• Perform a SQL query
• Do some processing on query results
• Close database connection
Creating Database Connection
• Use either MYSQL connect or mysql pconnect to create database connection
– mysql connect: connection is closed at end of script (end of page)
– mysql pconnect: creates persistent connection

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• connection remains even after end of the page

• Parameters
– Server – hostname of server
– Username – username on the database
– Password – password on the database
– New Link (mysql_connect only) – reuse database connection created by previous call
to mysql_connect
– Client Flags
• MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL :: Use SSL
• MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS :: Compress data sent to MySQL

Security Note
Username and password fields imply that database password is sitting there in the source
code . If someone gains access to source code, can compromise the database . Servers are
sometimes configured to view PHP source code when a resource is requested with “.phps”
instead of “.php. One approach to avoid this: put this information in Web server config.
File. Then ensure the Web server config. file is not externally accessible

Selecting a Database
• mysql_select_db()
– Pass it the database name
• Related:
– mysql_list_dbs()
• List databases available
– Mysql_list_tables()
• List database tables available
Perform SQL Query
• Create query string
– $query = ‘SQL formatted string’
– $query = ‘SELECT * FROM table’
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• Submit query to database for processing

– $result = mysql_query($query);
– For UPDATE, DELETE, DROP, etc, returns TRUE or FALSE
– For SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE or EXPLAIN, $result is an identifier for the
results, and does not contain the results themselves
• $result is called a “resource” in this case
• A result of FALSE indicates an error
• If there is an error
– mysql_error() returns error string from last MySQL call

Process Results
• Many functions exist to work with database results
• mysql_num_rows()
– Number of rows in the result set
– Useful for iterating over result set
• mysql_fetch_array()
– Returns a result row as an array
– Can be associative or numeric or both (default)
– $row = mysql_fetch_array($result);
– $row[‘column name’] :: value comes from database row with specified column
name
– $row[0] :: value comes from first field in result set
Process Results Loop
• Easy loop for processing results:
$result = mysql_query($qstring);
$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
for ($i=0; $I<$num_rows;$i++){
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result);
// take action on database results here
}

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Why MYSQL?

MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS being used for many small and big businesses.
MySQL is developed, marketed, and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish
company. MySQL is becoming so popular because of many good reasons:
MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing to pay to
use it.
MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large subset of
the functionality of the most expensive and powerful database packages.
MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
MySQL works on many operating systems and with many languages including
PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.
MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.
MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web
development.
MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a table. The
default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase this (if your
operating system can handle it) to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).
MySQL is customizable. The open-source GPL license allows programmers to
modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific environments.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

SQL (pronounced SEQUEL) is the programming language that defines and
manipulates the database. SQL databases are relational

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CHAPTER – 6

CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE FOR

FUTURE WORK

6.1 Conclusion
This departmental web portal assists in automating the existing manual system. This is a
paperless work. It can be monitored and controlled remotely. It reduces the man power
required and provides accurate information. Malpractice can be reduced. All years together
gathered information can be saved and can be accessed at any time. Therefore the data
stored in the repository helps in taking decision by management. So it is better to have a
Web Based system. All the stakeholders, faculty and management can get the required
information without delay. This system is essential in the colleges and universities.

6.2 Limitations

As more and more computer are connected to the internet its speed of access reasonably
decreasing. If new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then in near future
internet will be full of error messages.

 This system requires knowledgeable person to use the system.

 The system is web-base application so internet facility must be needed.
 Another limitation is that our software is limited to small and medium scaled
systems.

6.3 Scope for future work

In our project SoET,SPMVV Intranet Student Login-2 currently proposed is in online

system. To extend the some more additional requirements are:

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 This system being web based and an undertaking of Cyber Security Division, needs
to be thoroughly tested to find out any security gaps.
 The systems may be utilized in various other types of auditing operation viz.
Network auditing or similar process/workflow-based applications.
 Authenticate users at their login
 An interface to view and edit the own profile.
 Providing interface to add or delete faculty.

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REFERENCES
www.vit.ac.in
www.svec.education
www.gprec.ac.in
www.jntuacea.ac.in

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