CRANK CASE

A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal

combustion engine. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the
engine and is located below the cylinder(s), which in engine is usually
integrated into one or several cylinder blocks. Crankcases have often
been discrete parts, but more often they are integral with the cylinder
bank(s), forming an engine block. Nevertheless, the area around the
crankshaft is still usually called the crankcase. Crankcases and other
basic engine structural components (e.g., cylinders, cylinder blocks,
cylinder heads, and integrated combinations thereof) are typically
made of cast iron or cast via sand casting. Today the foundry processes
are usually highly automated, with a few skilled workers to manage the
casting of thousands of parts.
A crankcase often has an opening in the bottom to which an oil pan is
attached with a gasketed bolted joint. Some crankcase designs fully
surround the crank's main bearing journals, whereas many others form
only one half, with a bearing cap forming the other. Some crankcase
areas require no structural strength from the oil pan itself (in which
case the oil pan is typically stamped from sheet steel), whereas other
crankcase designs do (in which case the oil pan is a casting in its own
right). Both the crankcase and any rigid cast oil pan often have
reinforcing ribs cast into them, as well as bosses which are drilled and
tapped to receive mounting screws/bolts for various other engine
parts.
Besides protecting the crankshaft and connecting rods from foreign
objects, the crankcase serves other functions, depending on engine
type. These include keeping the motor oil contained, usually
hermetically or nearly hermetically (and in the hermetic variety,
allowing the oil to be pressurized); providing the rigid structure with
which to join the engine to the transmission; and in some cases, even
constituting part of the frame of the vehicle (such as in many farm
tractors).

CRANK SHAFT
A crankshaft—related to crank—is a mechanical part able to perform a
conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational motion. In a
reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston
into rotational motion; whereas in a reciprocating compressor, it
converts the rotational motion into reciprocating motion. In order to do
the conversion between two motions, the crankshaft has crank throws
or crankpins additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that
of the crank, to which the of the connecting rods from each cylinder
attach.
It is typically connected to a flywheel to reduce the pulsation
characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or
vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsional
vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the
cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity
of the metal.

CONNECTING ROD
A connecting rod is a shaft which connects a piston to a crank or
crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. Together with the crank, it forms a
simple mechanism that converts reciprocating motion into rotating
motion.
A connecting rod may also convert rotating motion into reciprocating
motion, its original Earlier mechanisms, such as the chain, could only
impart pulling motion. Being rigid, a connecting rod may transmit either
push or pull, allowing the rod to rotate the crank through both halves
of a revolution. In a few two-stroke engines the connecting rod is only
required to.
Today, the connecting rod is best known through its use in internal
combustion piston engines, such as automobile engines. These are of a
distinctly different design from earlier forms of connecting rod used in
steam engines and steam locomotives

CYLINDER
A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump,
the space in which a piston Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged
side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from
aluminum or cast iron before receiving precision machine work.
Cylinders may be sleeved (lined with a harder metal) or sleeveless (with
a wear-resistant coating such as). A sleeveless engine may also be
referred.
A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, can be calculated by
multiplying its cross-sectional area (the square of half the bore by pi) by
the distance the piston travels within the cylinder (the stroke). The
engine displacement can be calculated by multiplying the swept volume
of one cylinder by the number of cylinders.

PISTON
A piston is seated inside each cylinder by several metal piston rings
fitted around its outside surface in machined grooves; two for
compressional sealing and one to seal the oil. The rings make near
contact with the cylinder walls (sleeved or sleeveless), riding on a thin
layer of lubricating oil; essential to keep the engine from seizing and
necessitating a cylinder wall's durable surface. A piston is a component
of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and
pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving
component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by
piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from
expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or
connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is
transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of
compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the
piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the
cylinder

OUTLET AND INLET

The Outlet valves open against pressure within the cylinder at the end
of the working stroke. This pressure is considerably higher than against
which the inlet valves have to open. Furthermore, the pressure of the
exhaust gases assists, once the valve is open, in expelling the gasses
through the open valve. Because of this consideration it is not unusual
to find that exhaust valves are designed to be of a smaller diameter
than the inlet valves. Being smaller also assists with keeping them cool
which is important as exhaust valves often give rise to thermal
problems.
Both the inlet and outlet valves may seat against the flame plate of the
cylinder head. These valves seats become damaged during the
operation and from time to time they have to be reconditioned by
grinding-in the valves. This is required much more often in the case of
the exhaust valves because they operate at higher temperatures and
because the gases flowing through may contain particles of
carbonaceous matter. These occasionally get trapped under the valve
seat and cause pitting. The life of an exhaust valve between
reconditioning can be extended if the thermal loads to which it is
subjected can be evenly distributed around the valve. This is
accomplished by the rotating the valves slowly as the engine is working.

PESTLE SHAFT
Pestle shafts are most commonly utilized in inline four-cylinder engines,
which due to their design asymmetry, have an inherent second order
vibration (vibrating at twice the engine RPM) that cannot be eliminated
no matter how well the internal components are balanced. This
vibration is generated because the movement of the connecting rods in
an even-firing four-cylinder inline engine is not symmetrical throughout
the crankshaft rotation; thus during a given period of crankshaft
rotation, the descending and ascending pistons are not always
completely opposed in their acceleration, giving rise to a net vertical
inertial force twice in each revolution whose intensity increases
quadratically with RPM, no matter how closely the components are
matched for weight.
The pistons in four-cylinder opposed engines move in opposite
directions, thus cancelling reciprocating forces—although the slight
offset of the cylinders introduces a rocking couple. Hence the extra
complexity, cost and frictional losses associated with balance shafts are
avoided.

GLOW CANDLE
A glow candle (alternatively spelled as glow plug or glow-plug) is a
heating device used to aid starting diesel engines. In cold weather, high
speed diesel engines can be difficult to start because the mass of the
cylinder block and cylinder head absorb the heat of compression,
preventing ignition (which relies on that heat). Pre-chambered engines
use small the pre-chambers. Direct-injected engines the combustion
chamber. The is a pencil-shaped piece of metal with a heating element
at the tip. This heating element, when electrified, heats due to its
electrical resistance and begins to emit light in the visible spectrum.
The visual effect is similar to the heating element in a toaster. The fuel
injector spray pattern then impinges directly upon the hot tip of the
glow plug during the injection of fuel at top dead center. This ignites
the fuel even when the engine is insufficiently hot for normal
operation, which reduces the cranking time to start the engine.

SWING LEVER
Novel internal-combustion engines of the swing beam type incorporate
an improved construction utilizing a Rapson slide motion and also are
derived from two or three degree of freedom mechanisms for
controlling the displacement of the piston as a function of crankshaft
displacement and of the displacement of a control shaft. The control
shaft either operates at an average speed which is preferably a
prescribed ratio of crank speed, thereby yielding an improved
thermodynamic cycle (such as the Atkinson cycle in the case of a four-
stroke engine) and cycle timing, or functions as a lever for obtaining
variable stroke operation. The mechanism can also incorporate a
continuously rotating control shaft together with a second control shaft
functioning as a lever, thereby yielding an improved thermodynamic
cycle and cycle timing together with variable stroke operation. The
control shaft, functioning as a lever, can be replaced by a similar
actuating device. The mechanism can also incorporate a variable
compression ratio feature.

EXHAUST PIPE
The original purpose of an exhaust system was to safely route exhaust
gases from the engine so they can be exhausted into the environment,
while also providing attenuation of combustion noise. Exhaust gas,
however, contains components that are harmful to human health
and/or the environment. As a consequence, emission levels of these
exhaust gas components became regulated. Since regulated emission
levels are often much lower than that which can be achieved through
in-cylinder control measures, the exhaust gas must be treated after it
leaves the engine. Thus, while exhaust systems continue to serve their
original functions, they have evolved into one of the critical elements
used for pollution control and abatement in modern engines.
An exhaust system from a diesel passenger car is illustrated. The
exhaust system is typically connected to the exhaust manifold, which
collects exhaust gases from the engine cylinders’ exhaust ports. In light-
duty applications, catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters
(DPF) can be placed either in the close-coupled position to the exhaust
manifold or in the underfloor position. The choice of location is
determined by the availability of space and the desired temperature
profile, with the close-coupled location providing exposure to the
highest possible exhaust gas temperatures.

CAM SHAFT GEAR WHEEL

The camshaft was first described in Turkey in 1206. He employed it as
part of his automata, water-raising machines, and water clocks such as
the castle clock. The camshaft later appeared in European mechanisms
from the 14th century.
Among the first cars to utilize engines with single overhead camshafts
were the Maudslay designed by Alexander Craig and introduced in 1902
and the Marr Auto Car designed by Michigan native Walter Lorenzo
Marr in 1903.
Uses
In internal combustion engines with pistons, the camshaft is used to
operate poppet valves. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length
of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes protruding from it,
one for each valve. The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on
the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as they rotate.
Automotive material
Camshafts can be made out of several types of material. These include:
Chilled iron castings: Commonly used in high volume production, chilled
iron camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling process
hardens them. Other elements are added to the iron before casting to
make the material more suitable for its application.
Billet Steel: When a high camshaft or low volume production is
required, engine builders and camshaft manufacturers choose steel
billet. This is a much more time consuming is generally more expensive
than other methods. However, the finished product is far superior. CNC
lathes, CNC milling machines, and CNC camshaft grinders will be used
during production. Different types of steel bar can be used, one
example being EN40b. When manufacturing a camshaft from EN40b,
the camshaft will also be heat treated via gas nitriding, which changes
the micro-structure of the material. It gives a surface hardness of 55-60
HRC. These types of camshafts can be used in high-performance
engines.

INJECTION PUMP
An Injection Pump is the device that pumps diesel (as the fuel) into the
cylinders of a diesel engine. Traditionally, the injection pump is driven
indirectly from the crankshaft by gears, chains or a toothed belt (often
the timing belt) that also drives the camshaft. It rotates at half
crankshaft speed in a conventional four-stroke diesel engine. Its timing
is such that the fuel is injected only very slightly before top dead center
of that cylinder's compression stroke. It is also common for the pump
belt on gasoline engines to be driven directly from the camshaft. In
some systems injection pressures can be as high as 200 (30,000 PSI)

GOVERNOR SPINDLE
A flyweight assembly is used to detect engine speed. Two flyweights
are fitted to a plate or ball head which rotates about a vertical axis
driven by a gear wheel. The action of centrifugal force throws the
weights outwards; this lifts the vertical spindle and compresses the
spring until an equilibrium situation is reached. The equilibrium
position or set speed may be changed by the speed selector which
alters the spring compression. The engine speed increases the weights
move outwards and raise the spindle; a speed decrease will lower the
spindle. The hydraulic unit is connected to this vertical spindle and acts
as a power source to move the engine fuel controls. A piston valve
connected to the vertical spindle supplies or drains oil from the power
piston which moves the fuel controls depending upon the flyweight
movement. If the engine speed increases the vertical spindle rises, the
piston valve rises and oil is drained from the power piston which results
in a fuel control movement. This reduces fuel supply to the engine and
slows it down.