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Material balance in combustion
Contents
Objectives
How composition of POC is determined? Orsat analysis
Reporting of Orsat analysis
Orst analysis and material balance
Exercise
Keywords: Material balance, combustion, furnaces
Objectives:
• To calculate amount of air required for a given composition and amount of fuel
• To calculate amount of POC produced and its composition.
• To calculate excess air when composition of POC is known.
• To determine air leakage.
One of the important requirements of material balance is to know composition of products of
combustion (also called flue gas; in the following flue gas and POC are used interchangeably).
How composition of POC is determined? Orsat analysis
Composition of POC is determined by “Orsat Analysis”. The Orsat apparatus consists essentially of a
calibrated water‐jacketed gas burette connected by glass capillary tubing to two or three absorption
pipettes containing chemical solutions that absorbs the gases. The absorbents are potassium hydroxide
for CO , alkaline pyrogallol for O and ammoniacal cuprous chloride for CO measurement.
By means of rubber tubing arrangement, the gas to be analyzed is drawn into the burette and flushed
through several times. Typically, 100ml is withdrawn for ease of calculation. Using the stopcocks that
isolate the absorption burettes, the level of gas in the leveling bottle and the burette is adjusted to the
zero point of the burette.
The gas is then passed into the caustic potash burette, left to stand for about two minutes and then
withdrawn, isolating the remaining gas via the stopcock arrangements. The process is repeated to
ensure full absorption. After leveling the liquid in the bottle and burette, the remaining volume of gas in
the burette indicates the percentage of carbon dioxide absorbed.
The same technique is repeated for oxygen, using the pyrogallol solution, and carbon monoxide using
the ammoniacal cuprous chloride solution.
Important to note that Orsat % give actual analysis on a dry basis. The common Orsal gives % O % CO
and % CO . N is found by % N 100 – % O % CO % CO .
Reporting of Orsat analysis
Basis 100 Kg coal. In the following the balance on the elements is done in kg mole.
Amount of stoichiometric air
Now consider that the coal contains 4 % moisture when fired, & combusted with stoichiometric air, find
amount of POC.
Amount of POC dry POC amount water due to reaction between H and O moisture of coal
Exercise
Ans: 42.93 kg moles and 2%.
Assignment: