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Received 30 September 2010; received in revised form 24 November 2010; accepted 30 November 2010
Available online 28 December 2010
Abstract
This paper recommends an optimal sizing model, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of photovoltaic water pump-
ing system (PWPS) using water tank storage. The recommended model takes into account the submodels of the pumping system and uses
two optimization criteria, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) concept for the reliability and the life cycle cost (LCC) for the
economic evaluation.
With this presented model, the sizing optimization of photovoltaic pumping system can be achieved technically and economically
according to the system reliability requirements. The methodology adopted proposes various procedures based on the water consump-
tion profiles, total head, tank capacity and photovoltaic array peak power. A case study is conducted to analyze one photovoltaic pump-
ing project, which is designed to supply drinking water in remote and scattered small villages situated in Ghardaia, Algeria (32°290 N,
3°400 E, 450 m).
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: PV water pumping system sizing; Loss of power supply probability (LPSP); Life cycle cost (LCC); Remote areas; Motor-pump model
0038-092X/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2010.11.023
Y. Bakelli et al. / Solar Energy 85 (2011) 288–294 289
one that the groundwater represents the major source for where gr is the reference module efficiency, gpc is the power
water supply. conditioning efficiency which is equal to 1 if a perfect max-
In the last decades, efforts are being made in Algeria as imum power tracker (MPPT) is used. b is the generator effi-
well as throughout the world to supply water to meet ciency temperature coefficient, it is assumed to be a
drinking and irrigation needs in remote regions. Thus, for constant and for silicon cells the range of b is 0.004–
rural applications, various established models (Badescu, 0.006 per (°C), Tcref is the reference cell temperature (°C)
2003; Hadj Arab et al., 2004; Hamidat et al., 2003; Hami- and Tc is the cell temperature (°C) and can be calculated
dat et al., 2007; Hamidat and Benyoucef, 2008), sizing tech- as follows (Markvart and Castaner, 2003):
niques (Hadj Arab et al., 2004; Hamidat and Benyoucef,
ðNOCT 20Þ
2009; Martiré et al., 2008; Odeh et al., 2006) and optimiza- Tc ¼ Ta þ Gt ð3Þ
800
tion methods (Ghoneim, 2006; Glasnovic and Margeta,
2007; Kaldellis et al., 2009; Meah et al., 2008; Odeh et where Ta is the ambient temperature (°C) and NOCT is the
al., 2006; Qoaider and Steinbrecht, 2010) of photovoltaic nominal cell operating temperature (°C). gpc, b, NOCT and
water pumping system (PWPS) have been reported in the APV, are parameters that depend upon the type of module
literature. used. The data are obtained from the PV module
In this paper, the photovoltaic water pumping system manufacturers.
optimization sizing model, is developed based on the loss
of power supply probability (LPSP) and the life cycle cost 4. Pumping subsystems model
(LCC) concepts. The LPSP technique, which is considered
to be the criteria for sizing, is the probability that an insuf- The mathematical models of the inverter and the motor
ficient power supply results when the PWPS is unable to pump set are described in a great number of research
satisfy the load demand. Using the LPSP objective func- papers. Thus, we can quote (Daud and Mahmoud, 2005;
tion, the configurations of a PWPS which can meet the sys- Hadj Arab et al., 2006; Kou et al., 1998; Mezghanni et
tem reliability requirements can be obtained. There are two al., 2007; Pande et al., 2003). These models describe the
sizing parameters in the simulation, i.e. the capacity of PV characteristic of each component of the pumping subsys-
system and the capacity of the water storage tank. The tem as the inverter, the motor or the pump. But these mod-
optimum configuration can be identified from the set of els do not give a direct relationship between the operating
the above obtained configurations by reaching the lowest electrical power of the pumping subsystem and the water
life cycle cost (LCC). flow rate of the pump. In this paper, we use a mathematical
model which directly links the output water flow rate Q
2. Photovoltaic pumping system description versus the input operating electric power Pa and total head
h. This model is based on the analysis of the experimental
Water pumping for irrigation and water supply for rural results of two types of pumping subsystems (Hamidat et al.,
communities represents an important area of stand-alone 2007; Hamidat and Benyoucef, 2008).
PV systems; these systems usually consist of a photovoltaic The equation of the used pumping model is given as
generator, source of water, a water storage tank, and a DC follows:
pump (see Fig. 1).
The role of batteries is here played by the water storage P a ðQ; hÞ ¼ aðhÞQ3 þ bðhÞQ2 þ cðhÞQ þ dðhÞ ð4Þ
tank and the electric power load demand L in now replaced where a(h), b(h), c(h) and d(h) depend on total head and
by water demand. If expressed in Wh/day, this represents can be described by the following equations:
the energy needed to pump the required volume of water
demanded by the user into the storage tank. These consid- aðhÞ ¼ a0 þ a1 h þ a2 h2 þ a3 h3 ð5Þ
erations show that PV pumping systems can be sized in a bðhÞ ¼ b0 þ b1 h þ b2 h2 þ b3 h3 ð6Þ
similar way than PV systems with other applications
2 3
(Markvart and Castaner, 2003). cðhÞ ¼ c0 þ c1 h þ c2 h þ c3 h ð7Þ
2 3
dðhÞ ¼ d 0 þ d 1 h þ d 2 h þ d 3 h ð8Þ
3. PV generator model
where ai, bi, ci and di are the parameters of the model and
The hourly output power of the PV generator with an depend only on the pumping subsystem type.
area APV (m2) at a solar radiation on tilted plane module The calculation of the instantaneous water flow rate Q
Gt (W/m2), is given by (Markvart and Castaner, 2003): according to the power Pa is obtained from the Eq. (4)
using the Newton–Raphson method with a constraint of
P PV ¼ gPV APV Gt ð1Þ
d Pa(Q) > 0. At the kth iteration, the instantaneous Q
where gPV represents the PV generator efficiency and is gi- is given by:
ven by (Habib et al., 1999; Kolhe et al., 2003): F ðQk1 Þ
Qk ¼ Qk1 ð9Þ
gPV ¼ gr gpc þ ½1 bðT c T cref Þ ð2Þ F 0 ðQk1 Þ
290 Y. Bakelli et al. / Solar Energy 85 (2011) 288–294
PV module
Storage tank
PV Panel
Power
Conditioning Unit
Tap
To distribution system
Pump
demand. The LPSP technique is considered to be the tech- the tank, and the converter. According to the studied sys-
nical implemented criteria for sizing and evaluating a pho- tem, the life cycle cost (LCC) takes into account the initial
tovoltaic water pumping system employing water storage capital cost (ICcap), the present value of replacement cost
tank. The methodology used can be summarized in the fol- (Crep) and the present value of maintenance cost (Cmain).
lowing steps: Thus, LCC may be expressed as follows:
(a) If the water quantity pumped by PV array is greater LCCðDAÞ ¼ ICcap þ C r^ep þ C main ð16Þ
than the load for a particular hour. In this case, the
surplus is stored in the tank and the new state of 6.2.1. The initial capital cost
charge is calculated using Eq. (11) until the full The initial capital cost of each system component con-
capacity is obtained; the remainder of the available sists of the component price, the cost of civil work, instal-
energy is not used. lation and the connections. In this study, the civil work and
(b) When the hourly water demand is greater than the installation costs are taken as 40% of PV generator price
available water pumped by the PV system, the tank for PV part and 20% of the set motor pump price for motor
will be used to assure the water demand. In this case, pump part. Then the initial capital cost for the hybrid sys-
the new state of charge at hour t is calculated using tem, (ICcap) is given by:
Eq. (12).
ICcap ðDAÞ ¼ C PV C Unit;PV þ C tan k C Unit; tan k
In case (b), if the state of charge of the tank is empty, the þ C motpump C Unit;motpump þ C conv
deficit called loss power supply (LPS) at hour t, can be C Unit;conv : ð17Þ
expressed as:
½EPV ðtÞ þ SOCðt 1Þ where CPV, CUnit,PV are the total capacity (W) and unit cost
LPSðtÞ ¼ EL ðtÞ ð14Þ (DA/W) of PV array respectively; Ctank, CUnit,tank are the
gconv
total capacity (W) and unit cost (DA/W) of the tank
The loss of power supply probability (LPSP), for a con- respectively; Cmotpump, CUnit,motpump are the total capacity
sidered period T (1 year in this study), can be defined as the (W) and unit cost (DA/W) of the motor pump set respec-
ratio of all the (LPS(t)) values for that period to the sum of tively; and Cconv, C Unit,conv are the nominal capacity (W)
the load demand. This can be defined as (Rajendra and and unit cost (DA/W) of the inverter respectively; and C0
Natarajan, 2006): is the total constant cost including the cost of civil work
PT and installation.
LPSðtÞ
LPSP ¼ Pt¼1 T ð15Þ
t¼1 E L ðtÞ
6.2.2. The present value of replacement cost
A LPSP of 1 means that the load will never be satisfied The present value of replacement cost of a system com-
and the LPSP of 0 means that the load will be always sat- ponent is the present value of all the replacement costs
isfied. From the above-described situations, a program is occurring throughout the system lifetime. As the life period
developed in MATLAB to size the components for each of the motor pump set and converter are shorter than PV
configuration, for a particular LPSP specified by the user. system and tank; the replacement cost of the motor pump
The program input data set consists of hourly solar irra- set and converter have to be included in the cost analysis of
diation on a tilted plane, hourly mean values of ambient the PWPS. Considering the inflation rate of component
temperature, desired LPSP, the water requirements during replacements (f0) and real interest rate (kd), the present
the year and specifications of the system devices. Using the value of replacement cost (Crep) can be determined as fol-
developed program, a set of system configurations, which lows (Soras and Makios, 1988):
satisfy the system power reliability requirements, can be
N rep
X N =N þ1
obtained. The optimal one is subsequently predicted on ð1 þ f0 Þ i rep
the basis of the minimum LCC. C rep ¼ C Unit C nom ð18Þ
i¼1
ð1 þ k d Þ
6.2. Economic criteria based on LCC concept where Cnom is the nominal capacity of the replacement sys-
tem component (motor pump set in (W) and converter in
It is pertinent that economic analysis should be made (W)); CUnit is the unit component cost (motor pump set
while attempting to optimize the size of PWPS favoring (DA/W) and converter (DA/W)) and Nrep is the number
an affordable unit price of power produced. The economi- of component replacements over the system life period.
cal approach, according to the concept of life cycle cost
(LCC), is developed to be the best indicator of economic 6.2.3. The present value of operation and maintenance cost
profitability of system cost analysis in this study. The In its general form, the present value of operation and
LCC is defined as the total cost of the whole PWPS. Four maintenance cost of the pumping system C O&M is
main parts are considered: PV array, the set motor pump, expressed as (Groumpos and Papageorgiou, 1987):
292 Y. Bakelli et al. / Solar Energy 85 (2011) 288–294
Table 1
The costs and lifetime aspect for the system components.
Component Unit price (DA/W) Maintenance cost in Lifetime (year) Real interest rate, kd (%) Inflation rate, f (%)
the first year%
PV arraya 294.91 1% of price 25 8 4
Motor pumpa 210 3% of price 10
Water tanka 42,000 (DA/m3) 1% of price 25
Convertera 50.071 0% of price 10
a
Mean value of the literature data.
8 h iLp
< 1þf1 1þf1 and the generation is assumed to keep constant in each
C ðO&MÞ0 k d f1
1 1þk ; for k d –f1
C O&M ¼ d ð19Þ hour interval.
:C Lp ; for k d ¼ f1
ðO&MÞ0
where f1 is the inflation rate for operations; k d is the annual 7.2. Impact of power reliability on system configurations
real interest rate and Lp is the system life period in years.
C ðO&MÞ0 is the operation and maintenance cost in the first The relationships between system reliabilities and sys-
year. It can be given as a fraction “k” of the initial capital tem configurations are studied. Figs. 2–4 show the results
cost (CIC). C ðO&MÞ0 is expressed as: of the relationship between system reliabilities or LPSP val-
ues and system configurations for different heads. Fig. 2
C ðO&MÞ0 ¼ k C IC ð20Þ
shows the relationships for a head equal 6 m. In this figure,
In this study, it is assumed that all prices escalate at the the curves are hyperbolic nature. Each point of them repre-
same rate.
The following unit price, maintenance cost and lifetime 10
LPSP = 0%
of each component (PV array, motor pump set, water stor- 9 LPSP = 0.3%
age tank and converter) in this study are assumed as men- 8
LPSP = 1%
LPSP = 5%
Number of PV modules
tioned in Table 1.
7
6
7. Results and discussion h = 6m
5
7.1. Case study 4
3
The recommended methodology has been applied to
2
analyze a stand-alone PV water pumping system, which is
designed to supply water for drinking and irrigation in 1
Table 2
10
Specifications of the PV module.
9
Type Voc (V) Isc (A) Vmax (V) Imax (A) Pmax (W) h = 14m
8
Shell-SM55 21.7 3.4 17.4 3.16 55
7
6
Table 3
Specifications of the motor pump. 5
17 6
x 10
LPSP = 0% 2.5
60
16 LPSP = 0.3% h = 6m
LPSP = 1% h = 14m
15 LPSP = 5%
50 h = 26m
Number of PV modules
2
14 LPSP = 0.3%
Number of PV modules
8 10
7
1 2 3 4 5
0
Number of storage days 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of storage days
Fig. 4. System configurations for different LPSP for head h = 26 m.
Fig. 6. System configurations and life cycle cost for LPSP = 0.3%.
sents a couple (number of PV modules and number of
storage days) that guarantees the desired water demand.
In the case of a zero value of the LPSP, the corresponding
curve is called curve of autonomy of the system: each point x 106
of this curve represents a combination which ensures the 60 2.5
h = 6m
total autonomy of the system. The areas above the curves h = 14m
are also configurations that can ensure the required power 50 h = 26m
2
Number of PV modules
LPSP = 0% LPSP = 5%
Life Cycle Cost (DA)
40 40
1.5 1.5
30 30
LCC for h = 6m LCC for h = 6m
LCC for h = 14m
1 1
LCC for h = 14m
20 LCC for h = 26m 20 LCC for h = 26m
10 10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of storage days Number of storage days
Fig. 5. System configurations and life cycle cost for LPSP = 0%. Fig. 8. System configurations and life cycle cost for LPSP = 5%.
294 Y. Bakelli et al. / Solar Energy 85 (2011) 288–294
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