Sagar Sonar J-15

Year & Branch: TY Electronics

Subject: Industrial Automation Subject Code: EL 3023

Experiment 1
Title: Relay Ladder Logic
Aim: To implement Relay ladder logic for controlling actuators.
Objective: To implement electromagnetic relay circuit for given problem statement
Problem Statement: Single Relay operation
Circuit diagram:
a. Diagram of relay operation

b. Relay logic ladder diagram

Equipment: Relay, Connecting wires, Output devices: Bulb, Motor; Power Supply
Theory:
a. Working principal of electromagnetic relay
Usually an electromagnetic relay has two circuits, low-voltage control circuit and high-
voltage working circuit.The low-voltage control circuit includes an electromagnetic
relay coil, a low-voltage power supply and a switch. The high-voltage working circuit
includes a high-voltage power supply, a motor and the contacts of the
electromagnetic relay.The working principle of electromagnetic relays is not
complicated, and it operates mainly according to the principle of electromagnetic
induction. Switching on the power in the low-voltage control circuit, the current goes
through the coil of the electromagnet to generate a magnetic field. Then the armature
generates a suction force to making the movable contact and stationary contact
touching. Thus, the working circuit is powered on and the motor begins to work.
When switching off the power in the low-voltage control circuit, the current in the coil
will disappear and the armature under the action of the spring will separate the
movable contact and stationary contact. The working circuit is disconnected and the
motor stops working.
b. Specification of relay

Normally closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated;
the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-
Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A contact or make contact.
These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected.
Relays are switches, that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing

cont acts in
anot her
circu it. As
rela y
diag rams
show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open contact
when the relay is not energized.

c. Drawback of relay logic

Less flexible than PLC. Need to change the circuit physically to make minor
changes in the circuit. Troubleshooting is difficult.
Procedure:
1. Adjust voltage of the Power Supply as per the relay specifications.
2. Wire all the components as per the circuit diagram.
3. Observe the activation of relays and actuators.
Observation: Relay logic is a method of implementing combinational logic in electrical
control circuits by using several electrical relays wired in a particular configuration. Relay
basically acts like a switch which switches as we give input from NO to NC or vice versa.

Result: A circuit is successfully implemented using the relay logic where a Bulb is switched
on and off using relay logic
Conclusion: When any output device has to be made on for continuous period of time, latching is
used. The reason latching relays are used is because they allow control of a circuit by providing a
single pulse to a relay control circuit. They are also used when it is necessary to have a relay that
will maintain its contact position during power interruptions, when power must be conserved.

When two CRs are interdependent interlocking is used. Interlocking Relays can be defined as
‘A relay composed of two or more coils, each with its own armature and associated contacts, so
arranged that movement of one armature or the energizing of its coil is dependent on the position of
the other armature.’