Experiment 1

Title: To Study RF tuner section

Objective 1:To study the circuit description of RF–Section (Tuner section).

Theory:
RF–Section (Tuner section) :
The RF-Section is mainly consisting of RF Tuner. This tuner has RF amplifier, a mixer
and a local oscillator.
The antenna receives the radio frequency (RF) waves from the atmosphere and converts
them into corresponding signal variations. These RF variations are fed to RF tuner. The
input impedance of RF Tuner is 75 ohms. The antenna system and co-axial cable should
be properly matched. If a co-axial cable of 75 ohms impedance is employed, there is no
need of any extra matching device between cable and antenna socket at the receiver. But
in case of a feeder wire of 300 ohms is employed, and then an impedance matching
transformer (300–75ohms) is added between feeder and antenna socket at the receiver.
There is also a need of impedance matching between output terminals of antenna and co-
axial cable or feeder wire. The RF tuner selects the signal of the desired channel amplifies
it and converts in to Intermediate frequencies (IF). The video IF is at 38.9MHz and sound
IF is at 33.4MHz.
Tuner section has +12V approx. supply voltage at TP14 (MB). This voltage is used for all
the operations in this section +12V is provided from horizontal output section. Transistors
QA02, QA03, QA04 (BC558) are used to selecting the desired band from tuner section.
To switch on these transistors approx. 10.8V is provided at their base. Output is obtained
at IF terminal (TP20). AGC Voltage (2.8V approx.) is obtained from pin 11 of IC7680
(IC101). This voltage is used for automatic gain controlling purpose. AFT voltage is
provided from pin 13 of IC7680. It is available at TP16. Tuning pulse output from system
control IC is fed in to the base of transistor Q903 (BC547). Which switch on the transistor
and so tuning voltage is 0-33V approx. is obtained at TV terminal (TP19).
Following are the various terminal of RF tuner, which are provided in the form of test
point (TP) in our trainer kit.
UB : The system control IC provides the UHF band selection voltage. This voltage switch
ON the transistor, hence UHF band is selected.
HB : VHF band III selection voltage available from system control IC through
switching transistor at HB pin.
LB : VHF band I selection voltage available at LB pin from system control IC
through switching transistor.
TU : Channel selection voltage is available at this pin through transistor. It is
varying from 0-33V during channel selection.
AGC: Automatic Gain Control voltage is available at this pin from IC7680.
AFT : Automatic Fine Tuning voltage is available at this pin from IC7680.
MB : It is tuner section's Power Supply pin. Here 12 volt approx. is available.

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IF : Intermediate frequency output signal from tuner is available at IF pin

Objective 2: To study the RF section through test points.

TP21 Blue :
Tuner section (UB) 10.8V approx. if UHF band is selected otherwise 0V.
On selecting the UHF band system control IC feeds UHF band switching output from pin
3 (10V approx) so 10.8V approx. is obtained here (for other band selection it is 0V)
TP19 Blue :
Tuner section (TU) selection 0-8V approx varying during channel.
Pin 33 of system control IC provides the tuning pulse output to TV terminal through
transistor Q903 (BC547)
TP18 Blue :
Tuner section (HB) otherwise 0V (VHF III) 10.8V approx. if VHF III band is selected.
On selecting the VHF III band system control IC feeds VHF III band switching output
from pin no. 2 (10V approx.). So 10.8V approx. is obtained here & (for other band
selection it is 0V)
TP20 Blue :
Tuner section 6.8V approx (AGC) adjustable.
This voltage is used for automatic gain controlling purpose and coming from IC7680.
TP17 Blue :
Tuner section (LB) 10.8V approx. if VHF I band is selected otherwise 0V (VHF I)
On selecting VL band system control IC provides VL band I switching output from pin 1
(10V approx.) So 10.8V approx. is obtained here & for other band selection it is 0V.
TP16 Blue :
Tuner section AFT. 5.7V approx.
This voltage is obtained from pin 13 of IC7680 for the purpose of automatic fine tuning.
TP14 Red :
Tuner section (MB) 11V approx supply for Tuner section. It
is obtained from Horizontal output section.
TP15 Red :
Tuner section (IF) Tuner Output signals according to band selection.

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 Fig. 2
Objective 3:To study the fault simulation and step-by-step fault finding procedure of
RF section.

Fault Insertion :
Fault 1 : No picture only low contrast snow on screen.
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 pin and place it between pin 1&2
of jumpers J1
Symptoms : Even antenna is connected but then also there is no picture only sound is
present with low contrast.
Fault Section : Tuner Section
Procedure :
· Check power supply at TP14 (MB) of tuner section, it should be +12V if not
· Then Check +12V supply at TP13 if it is OK
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between pin 2&3 of jumpers
J1.
· Result : Now you should get +12V at TP14.
Fault 2 : No picture, No transmitting sound.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 pin and place it between pin 1&2
of jumper J3
Symptoms : No picture, No sound and tuning is not possible.
Fault Section : Tuner Section.
Procedure :
· Check the voltage at TP4(33V approx) if it is not present then,
· Track may be open or components are faulty.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3 of jumper J3.
· Result : Now you should get picture with OK sound.
Fault 3 : No Picture, No transmitting sound.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 pin and place it between pin 1&2
of jumper J4
Symptoms : No picture, there is only snow on & tuning not possible
Fault Section : Tuner section.
Procedure :
· First check the antenna wire and antenna. If it is properly connected then
· Select the auto tuning mode. It starts with VL Band
· During VL Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-17,
· During VH Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-18

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· During VHF Band tuning period 12V will be obtained at TP-21, if it is not
happening then,
· Check voltage at collector of transistors QA02, QA03, QA04 it should be 12V, if it
is OK then,
· Check the voltage at Emitter of transistor QA02, QA03 and QA04, it should be 12V
if it is OK then
· Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between TP-13 and emitter of
transistor, QA-02, QA-03, and QA-04.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of jumper J4.
· Result : Now you should get possible tuning and get picture.
Fault 4 : VH Band is not selected
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between pin 1&2
of jumper J5
Symptoms : No picture, no transmitting sound, only snow.but signal received from
antenna in VH band. Is of good quality.
Fault Section : Tuner section.
Procedure :
· First check the voltage at TP-13, it should be 12V approx, if it is not present then,
· Check the voltage at TP18, if it is not present then,
· Check the voltage at transistor QA03, if it is not present then,
· Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between emitter of Transistor QA03
& TP13.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of jumperJ5.
· Result : Now you will get VH Band selected & good picture too.
Fault 5 : Picture tilted to one side. Sound OK.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 pin and place it between pin 1&2
of jumpers J6
Symptoms : Horizontal shaking is observed in the picture. (AGC preset is at higher side)
Fault Section : Tuner section
Procedure :
· Vary the preset of AGC. If variation of picture is not found to be OK then.
· Check the voltage variation by keeping the test point at TP-20 by varying the preset
VR151. If no variation is present, check the preset. If it is proper then.
· Resistance R105 may be faulty, If it is OK then,
· Check the continuity between R105 and TP20. If it is not proper then.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of jumper J6.
· Result : Proper picture without any shaking symptoms is observed.

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Conclusion:

Experiment 2
Title: To Study VIF section of color TV receiver.

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Objective 1:To study the detail circuit description of VIF section.
Theory: This section includes VIF and SIF sections. This trainer uses IC101 (CD7680)
for VIF and SIF sections. The signals at if terminal (TP15) of tuner section are fed at the
base of transistor Q161 (C388A) through coupling capacitor C161 (01f). This amplified
IF signals are available at collector of this transistor and then fed to saw filter through
capacitor C163 (.01f) collector of pre amplifies transistor gets positive supply by
resistances R164 (220) and R165 (470). Base biasing is given by resistance R163
(5.6K) and R162 (1K) to base of pre amplifier and its emitter is grounded by R166 (27).
Output of saw filter is fed to pin 7 and 8 of IC101 (IC7680) by coil L102 (TRF 1452)
R101 (820) and C101 (.01f) network. Pin 7&8 are VIF amplifier pins. The signal from
this section goes to video detector after amplification. Video detector detects line video
signal and amplified by video pre amplified section. Composite colour video signals are
obtained at pin no.15. The signal is shown at TP23.This composite signal also has SIF
signal of 5.5MHz. Ceramic filter Z106 (5.5MHz) sets sound IF signals 5.5MHz through
capacitor C7 (68PF). This ceramic filter separates the second IF signal from composite
video signal. The filtered sound IF signals are fed to pin 21 of this IC sound. IF amplifier
section amplifies the sound IF signals and send it to FM detector section where audio
signals are obtained. Audio signals are available at pin no. 3 of this IC at pin no. 22 and
24 FM detector circuit is connected with FM detectors coil. Pin no. 1 of this IC gets the
volume control signal from pin no. 39 of system control IC through transistor Q901
(BC547).
Pin no.17 and 18 are the pins of video detector section. Here L151 (1445) video detector
coil is used. Resistance R108 (3.9K) video detector coil and a capacitor parallel to this
coil passes the signal to video detector section for detection. After that the signal reaches
to AFT detector section. The detected signals from AFT section are obtained at pin no.13
which is AFT output pin. AFT signals are fed to AFT terminal of Tuner by resistance
R171 (2.7K). From tuner's AFT point this AFT signals are fed to base of buffer transistor
Q910A (BC547) which comes out from its emitter. Then the circuit of C196 (4.7KPF)
R925 (4.7K) R924 (470) and diode D903 (IN4148) passes this signal to pin no.15 of
system control IC. It is very important to give the signal to system control section because
the channels cannot be locked without this signal. AGC voltage is given to AGC terminal
of tuner from pin no.11 of this IC through resistance R105 (220). There is (15K) R151
variable resistance for AGC adjustment.
The IC 7680 incorporates the following functions.
a. Gain controlled wide band amplifier providing complete IF gain.
b. Video detection.
c. Video pre-amplification.
d. AFC detection output providing.
e. IF AGC and RF AGC

f. Sound IF limitation and amplification.

g. FM detection.

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h. Attenuation and providing audio output.

Objective 2:To study the VIF section through following test points

Pin 3 of IC VIF section

Audio output signal from IC7680, goes to sound amplifier 7 VDC.
TP23 Red VIF section
Composite video signal (Pin no.15 of IC7680) ..

Fig. 4

Objective 3 : To study the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure
of VIF section.

Fault 6 : No Sound, No Picture only plane raster on the screen.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 pin and place it between pin 1&2
of jumper J2
Symptoms : There is no sound nor picture on the screen. Only plane raster is present.
Fault Section : VIF Section
Procedure :
· Check power supply at pin no.20 of IC101 (IC7680) If not then,
· Check +12V at TP13 if it is OK
· Then may be track open between TP13 and Pin 20 of IC101
· If not then check the continuity connection between TP13 and TP6.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between pin 2&3 of jumper
J2.
· Result: Now you should get +12V at pin no.20 of IC101.& good picture with sound

Fault 7 : Plane Raster on the Screen.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between pin 1&2
of jumper J31

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Symptoms : Only plane raster on the screen without any sound.
Fault Section : VIF Section.
Procedure :
· First check the composite colour video signal at pin no15 of IC101. If it is OK then,
· Check the composite colour video signal at pin no.39 of IC501.
· The components connected between TP23 and pin no.34 of IC501 may be faulty. If
these are OK then,
· Check the track between TP23 and pin no. 39 of IC501.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3 of Jumper
J31.
· Result : Now you should get clear picture with sound.
Fault 8 : No Picture. No transmitting sound.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between pin 2&3
of jumper J37
Symptoms : No Picture, there is only snow
Fault Section : VIF Section
Procedure :
· First check the antenna wire and antenna. If it is properly connected then,
· Check the tuner voltage +12V at TP-14. If it is OK then tuner may be faulty.
· Now try to get the picture with the help of Auto tuning/Fine tuning. If you are not
getting the picture then,
· Check the +33volt at TP4 DA13. If it is OK then,
· During the auto mode, check the voltage variation of 0V to 8V at emitter of TR
Q902. If it is not varying then,
· Track may be track open between DA13 and Q902.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connected between 1&2 Jumper J37.
· Result : Now you should get clear picture with sound.

Fault 9 : Picture with distorted Sound.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between pin 2&3
of jumper J7
Symptoms : There is picture with snow and distorted sound. (In case of improper antenna
plane raster will appear
Fault Section :VIF Section.
Procedure : Note : To find out this problem take signals from colour pattern generator
ST2670 instead of antenna.
· First check the IF signal at TP15, if it is OK then,

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· Check the IF Signal at TP22. if it is OK then,
· Check this signal at Base of transistor Q161, If it is OK then,
· Transistor may be faulty. If it is OK then
· Now check the IF signal at the end of capacitor C163 connected to saw filter, if it is
weak then
· Check capacitor C163 is connected with ground or not.
· Remove the shorting of shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper
J7.
· Result : Now you should get good picture with OK sound.

Conclusion:

Experiment 3

Title: Study color composite video signal.

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Objective: To Study color composite video signal.

Theory:

1. In the 625 line monochrome system, for successful interlaced scanning, the 625
lines of each frame or picture are divided into sets of 312.5 lines and each set is scanned
alternately to cover the entire picture area.

2. To achieve this the horizontal sweep oscillator is made to work at a frequency of

15625 Hz ( 312.5 X 50 = 15625) to scan the same number of lines per frame
(15625/25=625 lines) , but the vertical sweep circuit is run at a frequency of 50 instead of
25 Hz.

3. Since the beam is deflected from top to bottom in half the time and the horizontal
oscillator is still operating at 15625 Hz, only half the total lines i.e. 312.5 (625/2=312.5)
get scanned during each vertical sweep.

4. Scanning Periods :-

The retrace time involved in both horizontal and vertical scanning are due to physical
limitations of practical scanning systems and are not utilized for transmitting or receiving
any video signal.

HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION CURRENT

The nominal duration of the horizontal line is 64 µs out of which the active line period is
52 µs and the remaining 12 µs is the line blanking period.

The beam returns during this short interval to the extreme left side of the frame to start
tracing the next line. Figure 1 shows horizontal deflection current waveform.

VERTICAL DEFLECTION CURRENT

Similarly with the field frequency set at 50 Hz, the nominal duration of the vertical trace
is 20 ms (1/50= 20 ms). Out of this period of 20 ms, 18.72 ms are spent in bringing the
beam from top to bottom and the remaining 1.28 ms is taken by the beam to return back
to the top to commence the next cycle.

Since the horizontal and vertical sweep oscillators operate continuously to achieve the
fast sequence of interlaced scanning, 20 horizontal lines (1280 µs /64 µs =20 lines) get
traced during each vertical retrace interval. Thus 40 scanning lines are lost per frame, as
blanked lines during the retrace interval of two fields.

This leaves the active no. of lines Na, for scanning the picture details equal to 625 -40 =
585 instead of the 625 lines actually scanned per frame. Figure 2 illustrates vertical
deflection current waveform.

COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL

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The composite video signal consists of :-

 Camera signal corresponding to the desired picture information.

 Blanking pulses to make the retrace invisible
 synchronizing (sync) pulses to synchronize the transmitter and receiver scanning

· A horizontal sync pulse is needed at the end of each active line period whereas a
vertical sync pulse is required after each field is scanned.

· The amplitude of both horizontal and vertical sync pulses kept the same to be
different for separating them at the receiver

VIDEO SIGNAL DIMENSIONS

Figure 3 shows the composite video signal details of three different Lines. Each
corresponding to a different brightness level of the scene.

 Peak white level:

The level of the video signal when the picture detail being transmitted corresponds to the
maximum whiteness to be handled is referred to as Peak White level. This is fixed at 10
to 12.5 % of the maximum value of the signal.

 Black Level:
It corresponds to approximately 72 %.

 Sync Pulses at blanking level :

They are added at 75 % called the Blanking level.

 Pedestal :

The difference between the black level and blanking level is known as the “Pedestal”.

· The picture information may vary between 10 % to about 75 % of the composite

video signal depending on the relative brightness of the picture at any instant.

· The lowest 10 % of the voltage range whiter than white range is not used to
minimize noise effects.

 D.C. component of the video signal :

In addition to continuous amplitude variations for individual picture elements, the video
signal has an average value or dc component corresponding to the average brightness of
the scene.

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· In the absence of dc component the receiver cannot follow changes in brightness,
as the ac camera signal, say for grey picture elements on a black background will then be
the same as a signal for white area on a grey background.

· The break shown in the illustration after each line signal is to emphasize that dc
component of the video signal is the average value for complete frames rather than lines
since the background information of the picture indicates the brightness of the scene.

· Average brightness can change from frame to frame and not from line to line.

 Pedestal height:

It is the distance between the pedestal level and the average value (dc Level) of the video
signal. This indicates average brightness since it measures now much the average value
differs from the black level.

 The blanking pulses:

These pulses are used to make retrace line invisible by raising the signal amplitude
slightly above the black level (75 %) during the time the scanning circuits produce
retraces.

The composite video signal contains horizontal and vertical blanking pulses to blank the
corresponding retrace intervals.

The repetition rate of horizontal blanking pulses is therefore equal to the line scanning
frequency of 15625 Hz. And the frequency of the vertical blanking pulses is equal to the
field scanning frequency of 50 Hz.

 Sync Pulse and Video Signal Amplitude ratio:

The final radiated signal has a picture to sync signal ratio (P/S) equal to 10/4.

Diagram:-

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Figure 1 Horizontal Deflection current

Figure 2 Vertical Deflection current

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Figure 3 Composite Video signal for three scanning lines from three separate frames

Conclusion:

Experiment 4

Title: Study chroma section of color TV receiver

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Objective 1:To study the detail circuit description of Video & CHROMA section.

Theory:

Scientech Colour TV trainer ST2651 uses IC CD7698 (IC501) for video & chroma
section. Vital part of the IC is used for chroma section. For chroma section pin no.1-23
and pin no.38-42 are used, other pins are used for Video section. For chroma section
following are the main sub sections in the IC :
· Chroma amplifier

· Colour oscillator

· Colour killer detector

· Matrix

· Luminance (Y) signal amplifier.

VIF section IC101 (CD7680) pin no.15 supplies the composite colour video signal to the
inverter pin no. 39 of IC501 (CD7698) by circuit made up of L105 (3.3H) R958 (330),
Trap5.5MHz (ceramic filter) and L201 (12H). In inverter section this signal is amplified
as well as detected, After detection Y signal goes to Y amplifier which is in built in IC,
Remaining amplified composite colour and sink signal are obtained at pin no. 40 of this
IC, then fed to pin no. 5 of this IC through resistance R501 (820), C560 (18pf) and
C502 (10pf). Pin no.5 is Band pass amplifier pin. Signal goes to band pass amplifier by
this pin and amplified here. Amplified signal is obtained at pin no.8.From pin no.8 the
signal fed to pin no.19 of this IC by passing it through chroma trap circuit. This trap
circuit consists of VR551 (1K) C507 (0.01f), C508 (15Pf), C502 (10H) X502 (DL701
delay line), L551 (TRF5418) R510 (470) and C509 (.01F). From pin no.8 this signal is
also fed to pin no.17 of this IC in the form of colour sink signal by resistance R509
(1.5K), C510 (.01F) pin no.17 is of matrix section. Pin no. 41 is contrast control pin. Pin
no.41 gets the contrast control signal from pin no.37 of system control IC through
resistance R946 (560), R945 (1.5K) and R213 (47K). Pin no.4 of this IC is brightness
control pin. Pin no.38 of IC901 (system control section) supplies the brightness control
signals at this pin through resistance R941 (1K), R956 A (47K), R212 (10K). Pin no.7 of
IC501 (CD7698) receives the colour control signals from pin no.36 of IC901 through
resistance R947 (1K), R942 (12K) and R505 (2.2K). Pin no.20 of IC501 (CD7698) is
output pin of green colour signal. Green colour output signal from this pin is fed to base
of green colour amplifier transistor. In the same way red colour signal obtained at pin
no.21 of this IC and then fed to base of red colour output transistor Q507 (C2310). Blue
colour signal obtained at pin no.22 of this IC and then fed to base blue colour output
transistor Q509 (C2310).R-Y signals & B-Y signals.

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Y signals from pin no.42 of this IC are fed to pin no.3 of the same IC through resistance
R203 (1.5K), R210 (1.5K) arid capacitor C204 (.47F) circuit network. Luminance
signals are out from pin no.23 of this IC and fed to base of luminance amplifier transistor.
Q202 (2SA 1015) this transistor amplifies the signal and out the signal by its emitter,
which is then fed to all the three emitters of three colour output transistors.
Pin no.30 to 37 of IC501 (CD7698) works for horizontal oscillator AFC and sync
separator sections.

Objective 2:
To study the video & chroma section through following test points.
TP26 Blue Video & Chroma section +12V (approx.)
TP28 Blue Video & Chroma section Colour composite video signal

Fig. 6
TP29 Red Video & Chroma section Inverted Colour composite
Video signal

Fig. 7
TP 31 Red Video & Chroma section Luminance Signal.

TP34 Blue Video & Chroma section + 10V (approx)

TP37 Blue Video & Chroma section 4.43MHz sub carrier frequency

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 Fig. 9
TP38 Blue Video & Chroma section + 12 V (approx)
TP39 Red Video & Chroma section for colour adjustment.
To observe Colour burst signal at Pin no. 5 of IC501, connect pattern generator (colour
bar pattern) at antenna socket.

Fig. 10

Objective 3:
To study the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure of Video &
chroma section

Fault 10 : There is yellow shade colour on the screen with OK Picture.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J25.

Symptoms : There is good picture on the screen with yellow shade colour
Fault section : Video & Chroma section

Procedure :
· Check pin no.22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be + 7.2V approx. If it is not then IC
may be faulty.

· We know that if there is yellow shade on the screen it means blue colour is absent

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· Check circuit of pin no.22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be +7.2V approx. at B
terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not.

· There may be track open between this B terminal and pin no.22 of IC501

· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper
J25.

· Result : Now you should get picture in normal colours.

Fault 11 : There is cyan shade colour on the screen with OK picture.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J24

Symptoms : Sound and picture OK only screen has cyan colour shade

Fault section : Video & Chroma section

Procedure :

· We know that if there is cyan colour on the screen it means that red. colour is absent

· Check pin no.21 of IC501 it should be 7.2V approx. ,if not IC may be faulty

· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then

· There may be track open between pin no.21 of IC501 & R terminal.

· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper
J24.

· Result : Now you should get picture with normal colours.

Fault 12 : There is magenta shade colour on the screen with OK picture.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J23
Symptoms : Sound and picture OK with magenta shade
Fault Section : Video & Chroma section.

Procedure :
· We know that if there is magenta colour on the screen it means that green colour is
absent

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· Check pin no.20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approx. (if not then IC may be faulty)
if OK then,
· Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then
· There may be track open between pin no.20 of IC501&G terminal
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 of and connect it between 1&2 of Jumper
J23
· Result : Now you should get picture with normal colours
Fault 13 : Dull Coloured Picture
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J19
Symptoms : There is dull picture (Negative type) on the screen with full colours.
Fault Section : Video and Chroma Section
Procedure :
· Check the luminance signal at pin no.23 of IC501.If it is not then IC may be faulty,
if it is OK then,
· Check this luminance signal at base of Q202 (1015). If it is not here then,
· There may be track open between pin no.23 of IC501 and base of T202.
· Replace the shorting shunt from 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of Jumper J19.
· Result :Turn on the instrument, you should get good picture on the screen.

Fault 14 : Picture is vertically rolling with OK sound

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J21
Symptoms : There is OK sound from the trainer kit but picture is vertically rolling.
Fault Section : Video and Chroma Section
Procedure :
· Check vertical sync pulse at pin no.36 of IC501 (CD7698). If it is OK then,
· Check the pulse at pin no.28 of IC. If it is not then,
· There may be track open between these two pins or R330 (30K) or capacitor,
· Replace the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 Jumper J21.
· Result : Now should get clear picture with sound.

Fault 15 : No colour variation.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2
of jumper J27
Symptoms : There is good picture without colour variation it means black & white
picture.

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Fault Section : Video and Chroma section.
Procedure :
· First check the voltage variation of IC501 at pin no.7 It should be 3.5V to 6.5V
approx.. If it is not then,
· Check the voltage variation at TP52. If it is OK then,
· Check the continuity of track between TP52 & Pin no.7of IC501 If no continuity is
present, then
· Remove the shorting shunt from 1&2 connect it between 2&3 of jumper J27.
Result : Now you should get colour picture with proper variation.
Fault 16 : No colour with OK sound.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2
of jumper J28
Symptoms : Good picture without colour when colour control is set to max.
Fault Section : Video & Chroma section.
Procedure :
We know that if there is B/W picture on the screen it means colour burst is absent.
· So first check signal at R501 (820R), there should be composite video signal, if it is
OK then,
· Check the colour brust signal at Pin no.5 of IC501, if it is not present then,
· There may be track open between IC501 at Pin no.5 and R501 (820R).
· Remove the shorting shunt from Pin 1&2 of jumper J28 and connect between Pin
2&3.

Result : Now you should get colour picture.

Fault 17 : No colour with OK sound.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2
of jumper J26
Symptoms : Good picture without colour when colour control is set to max
Fault Section : Video and Chroma section
Procedure :
· First check the sub carrier frequency 4.43MHz at TP-37. If it is not present then.
· crystal may be faulty, if it is OK then,
· Check the continuity of track of Pin no.13&15 of IC501. If no continuity is present
then,
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin1&2 connect it between 2&3 of Jumper J26.
· Result : Now you should get colour picture.

20
Fault 18 : There is blue shade colour picture with OK Sound
Fault Insertion1 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J24
Fault Insertion2 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J25
Symptoms : Sound and picture OK only screen has blue colour shade.
Fault Section :Video and Chroma section.
Procedure :
· Check pin no.21 of IC501 it should be 7.2V approx, if not IC may be faulty
· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then
· There may be track open between pin no.21 of IC501&R terminal.
· Check pin no.20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approx. (if not then IC may be faulty)
if OK then,
· Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then
· There may be track open between pin no.20 of IC501&G terminal
Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper J24
Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper J23
· Result : Now proper picture with sound is observed.

Fault 19 : There is green colour shade colour picture.

Fault Insertion1 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J25
Fault Insertion2 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J24
Symptoms : Sound and picture OK only screen has Green colour shade.
Fault Section :Video and Chroma section.
Procedure :
· Check pin no.22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be+7.2V approx. If it is not then IC
may be faulty.
· Check circuit of pin no.22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be+7.2V approx. at B
terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not.
· There may be track open between this B terminal and pin no.23 of IC501
· Check pin no.21 of IC501 it should be 7.2V approx. ,if not IC may be faulty
· Check this voltage at R terminal, if it is not then
· There may be track open between pin no.21 of IC501&R terminal

21
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 place it between 1&2 jumper J25 .if It is
not proper then,
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3place it between 1&2 of jumper J24
· Result: Proper picture with sound is observed.

Fault 20 : There is red colour shade picture.

Fault Insertion1 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J25
Fault Insertion2 : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3
of jumper J23
Symptoms : Sound and picture OK only screen has red colour shade.
Fault Section :Video and Chroma section.
Procedure :
· Check pin no.22 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be+7.2V approx. If it is not then IC
may be faulty.
· Check circuit of pin no.22 of IC501 (B-Y output) it should be+7.2V approx. at B
terminal (Berg strip pin), if it is not.
· There may be track open between this B terminal and pin no.22 of IC501

· Check pin no.20 of IC501 it should be +7.2V approx. (if not then IC may be faulty)
if OK then,
· Check this voltage at G terminal. If it is not then
· There may be track open between pin no.20 of IC501&G terminal
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of jumper J25,
if it is not proper.

Experiment 5

Title: Study H sync and V sync details.

Objective: To Study H sync and V sync details.

22
Theory:
Horizontal Sync details:

The horizontal blanking period and sync pulse details are illustrated in Fig. 3.3. The
interval between horizontal scanning lines is indicated by H. As explained earlier, out of a
total line period of 64 μs, the line blanking period is 12 μs. During this interval a line
synchronizing pulse is inserted. The pulses corresponding to the differentiated leading
edges of the sync pulses are actually used to synchronize the horizontal scanning
oscillator. This is the reason why in Fig. 3.3 and other figures to follow, all time intervals
are shown between sync pulse leading edges.
The line blanking period is divided into three sections. These are the ‘front porch’, the
‘line sync’ pulse and the ‘back porch’. The time intervals allowed to each part are
summarizedbelow and their location and effect on the raster is illustrated in Fig. 3.3.

Front porch: This is a brief cushioning period of 1.5 μs inserted between the end of the
picture detail for that line and the leading edge of the line sync pulse. This interval allows
the receiver video circuit to settle down from whatever picture voltage level exists at the
end of the picture line to the blanking level before the sync pulse occurs. Thus sync
circuits at the receiver are isolated from the influence of end of the line picture details.
The most stringent demand is made on the video circuits when peak white detail occurs at

23
the end of a line. Despite the existence of the front porch when the line ends in an
extreme white detail, and the signal amplitude touches almost zero level, the video
voltage level fails to decay to the blanking level before the leading-edge of the line sync
pulse occurs. This results in late triggering of the time base circuit thus upsetting the
‘horz’ line sync circuit. As a result the spot (beam) is late in
arriving at the left of the screen and picture information on the next line is displaced to
the left. This effect is known as ‘pulling-on-whites’.

Line sync puls: After the front proch of blanking, horizontal retrace is produced when
the sync pulse starts. The flyback is definitely blanked out because the sync level is
blacker than black. Line sync pulses are separated at the receiver and utilized to keep the
receiver line time base in precise synchronism with the distant transmitter. The nominal
time duration for the line sync pulses is 4.7 μs. During this period the beam on the raster
almost completes its back stroke (retrace) and arrives at the extreme left end of the raster.

Back porch:. This period of 5.8 μs at the blanking level allows plenty of time for line
flyback to be completed. It also permits time for the horizontal time-base circuit to
reverse direction of current for the initiation of the scanning of next line. Infact, the
relative timings are so set that small black bars (see Fig. 3.3) are formed at both the ends
of the raster in the horizontal plane. These blanked bars at the sides have no effect on the
picture details reproduced during the active line period.
The back porch* also provides the necessary amplitude equal to the blanking level
(reference level) and enables to preserve the dc content of the picture information at the
transmitter. At the receiver this level which is independent of the picture details is utilized
in the AGC (automatic gain control) circuits to develop true AGC voltage proportional to
the signal strength picked up at the antenna

Vertical Sync details:

The vertical sync pulse train added after each field is somewhat complex in nature. The
reason for this stems from the fact that it has to meet several exacting requirements.
Therefore, in order to fully appreciate the various constituents of the pulse train, the

24
vertical sync details are explored step by step while explaining the need for its various
components.

The basic vertical sync added at the end of both even add odd fields is shown in Fig.
3.4.Its width has to be kept much larger than the horizontal sync pulse, in order to derive
a suitable field sync pulse at the receiver to trigger the field sweep oscillator.The
standards specify that the vertical sync period should be 2.5 to 3 times the horizontal line
period. If the width is less than this, it becomes difficult to distinguish between horizontal
and vertical pulses at the receiver. If the width is greater than this, the transmitter must
operate at peak power for an unnecessarily long interval of time. In the 625 line system
2.5 line period (2.5 × 64 = 160 μs) has been allotted for the vertical sync pulses. Thus a
vertical sync pulse commences at the end of 1st half of 313th line (end of first field) and
terminates at the end fo 315th line. Similarly after an exact interval of 20 ms (one field
period) the next sync pulse occupies line numbers—1st, 2nd and 1st half of third, just
after the second field is over. Note that the beginning of these pulses has been aligned in
the figure to signify that these must occur after the end of vertical stroke of the beam in
each field, i.e., after each 1/50th of a second. This alignment of vertical sync pulses, one
at the end of a half-line period and the other after a full line period (see Fig. 3.4), results
in a relative misalignment of the horizontal sync pulses and they do not appear one above
the other but occur at half-line intervals with respect to each other. However, a detailed
examination of the pulse trains in the two fields would show that horizontal sync pulses
continue to occur exactly at 64 μs intervals (except during the vertical sync pulse periods)
throughout the scanning period from frame to frame and the apparent shift of 32 μs is
only due to the alignment of vertical sync instances in the figure.
The horizontal sync pulses are available both during the active and blanked line periods
but there are no sync pulses (leading edges) available during the 2.5 line vertical sync
period. Thus the horizontal sweep oscillator that operates at 15625 Hz, would tend to step
out of synchronism during each vertical sync period. The situation after an odd field is

25
even worse. As shown in Fig. 3.4, the vertical blanking period at the end of an odd field
begins midway through a horizontal line. Consequently, looking further along this
waveform, we see that the leading edge of the vertical sync pulse comes at the wrong
time to provide synchronization for the horizontal oscillator. Therefore, it becomes
necessary to cut slots in the vertical sync pulse at half-line-intervals to provide horizontal
sync pulses at the correct instances both after even and odd fields. The technique is to
take the video signal amplitude back to the blanking level 4.7 μs before the line pulses are
needed. The waveform is then returned back to the maximum level at the moment the line
sweep circuit needs synchronization. Thus five narrow slots of 4.7 μs width get formed in
each vertical sync pulse at intervals of 32 μs. The trailing but rising edges of these pulses
are actually used to trigger the horizontal oscillator. The resulting waveforms together
with line numbers and the differentiated output of both the field trains is illustrated in Fig.
3.6. This insertion of short pulses is known as notching or serration of the broad field
pulses.

In Fig. 3.7. Note that each horizontal pulse causes a slight rise in voltage across the
capacitor but this is reduced to zero by the time the next pulse arrives. This is so, because
the charging period for the capacitor is only 4.7 μs and the voltage at the input to the
integrator remains at zero for the rest of the period of 59.3 μs. Hence there is no residual
voltage across the vertical filter (L.P. filter) due to horizontal syncpulses.Once the broad
serrated vertical pulse arrives the voltage across the output of the filter starts increasing.
However, the built up voltage differs for each field. The reason is not difficult to find. At
the beginning of the first field (odd field) the last horz sync pulse corresponding to the
beginning of 625th line is separated from the 1st vertical pulse by full one line and any
voltage developed across the filter will have enough time to return to zero before the
arrival of the first vertical pulse, and thus the filter output voltage builds up from zero in
response to the five successive broad vertical sync pulses. The voltage builds up because
the capacitor has more time to charge and only 4.7 μs to discharge. The situation,

26
however, is not the same for the beginning of the 2nd (even) field. Here the last horizontal
pulse corresponding to the beginning of 313th line is separated from the first vertical
pulse by only half-a-line. The voltage developed across the vertical filter will thus not
have enough time to reach zero before the arrival of the first vertical pulse, which means
that the voltage build-up does not start from zero, as in the case of the 1st field. The
residual voltage on account of the half line discrepancy gets added to the voltage
developed on account of the broad vertical pulses and thus the voltage developed across
the output filter is some what higher at each instant as compared to the voltage developed
at the beginning of the first-field. This is shown in dotted chain line in Fig. 3.7.The
vertical oscillator trigger potential level marked as trigger level in the diagram (Fig. 3.7)
intersects the two filter output profiles at different points which indicates that in the case
of second field the oscillator will get triggered a fraction of a second too soon as
compared to the first field. Note that this inequlity in potential levels for the two fields
continues during the period of discharge of the capacitor once the vertical sync pulses are
over and the horizontal sync pulses take-over. Though the actual time difference is quite
short it does prove sufficient to upset the desired interlacing sequence.

Equalizing pulse:. To take care of this drawback which occurs on account of the half line
discrepancy five narrow pulses are added on either side of the vertical sync pulses. These
are known as pre-equalizing and post-equalizing pulses. Each set consists of five narrow
pulses occupying 2.5 lines period on either side of the vertical sync pulses. Pre-equalizing
and post equalizing pulse details with line numbers occupied by them in each field are
given in Fig. 3.8.The effect of these pulses is to shift the half-line discrepancy away both
from the beginning and end of vertical sync pulses. Pre-equalizing pulses being of 2.3 μs
duration result in the discharge of the capacitor to essentially zero voltage in both the
fields, despite the half-line discrepancy before the voltage build-up starts with the arrival
of vertical sync pulses. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.9. Post-equalizing pulses are necessary
for a fast discharge of the capacitor to ensure triggering of the vertical oscillator at proper
time. If the decay of voltage across the capacitor is slow as would happen in the absence
of post-equalizing pulses, the oscillator may trigger at the trailing edge which may be far-
away from the leading edge and this could lead to an error in triggering. Thus with the
insertion of narrow pre and post equalizing pulses, the voltage rise and fall profile is

27
essentially the same for both the field sequences (see Fig. 3.9) and the vertical oscillator
is triggered at the proper instants, i.e., exactly at an interval of 1/50th of a second.

Conclusion:

Experiment 6

Title: To Study sync separator

Objective: Study sync separator

28
Theory:
Sync separator:
The horizontal sync information is extracted from the sync pulse train by differentiation,
i.e., by passing the pulse train through a high-pass filter. Indeed pulses
corresponding to the differentiated leading edges of sync pulses are used to synchronize
the horizontal scanning oscillator. The process of deriving these pulses is illustrated in
Fig. 3.5.Furthermore, receivers often use monostable multivibrators to generate horizontal
scan, and so a pulse is required to initiate each and every cycle of the horizontal oscillator
in the receiver.

Synchronization of the vertical sweep oscillator in the receiver is obtained from vertical
sync pulses by integration. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.5 where the time-constant R2C2 is
chosen to be large compared to the duration of horizontal pulses but not with respect to
width of the vertical sync pulses. The integrating circuit may equally be looked upon as a
low pass filter, with a cut-off frequency such that the horizontal sync pulses produce very
little output, while the vertical pulses have a frequency that falls in the pass-band of the
filter.

Conclusion:

Experiment 7

Title: Study horizontal section of color TV receiver.

29
Objective 1: To study the detailed circuit description of Horizontal Oscillator Section
and Horizontal Output Sections.

Theory:
Horizontal Oscillator:
Pin no..40 of IC501 (CD7698) supplies the composite sync signal to pin no.37 (Sync
Separator) of this IC through the circuit of R301 (750), R302 (560K), capacitor C301
(1F), C302 (.01F), C303 (560PF) R513 (15K) and diode D301 (IN4148). Sync
separator section separates the horizontal sync and vertical sync. Horizontal sync signals
are supplied to AFC section in built in IC from sync separator section. This horizontal
section produces the signal of frequency 15625Hz. These signals are fed to burst gate
inside the IC and also to phase detector section at pin no.35.

At pin no.35 fly back pulses are supplied from pin no.10 of EHT through resistance R402
(27K), C402 (.47F) R403 (3.9K). The phase detector section compares the phase and
frequency of horizontal sync pulses and fly back pulses and difference control voltage is
produced. This control voltage is responsible for constant frequency 15625 Hz of
horizontal oscillator. for controlling the frequency of horizontal oscillator horizontal hold
circuit is used which is made up of R410 (15K), R406 (150K), C405 (3KPF) and VR451
(10K). This tuned circuit is connected with pin no.34 of IC7698. On varying the
horizontal hold preset the voltage at pin no.34 is varying which affects the frequency
produced by horizontal oscillator. For working of horizontal oscillator section positive
supply is given at pin no.33 of IC7698. Here voltage is supplied from +110V supply by
resistance R416 (6K8). When horizontal output section is working then 12V supply is
converted in to DC by R448 (6R2, 2W), D408 (BY159) and passed through R30 (3K3)
and diode D1 (IN4148) and obtained at pin no.33 of this IC. Pin no.30 and 31 are the
negative supply pins which are grounded.
Horizontal Driver :IC501 gives the Horizontal drive signals at pin no.32. These signals
are fed to the base of Horizontal driver transistor T402 (C2310) through coil L407 (1H),
and resistance R 411 (33). At Collector amplified signals are obtained from here. It goes
to the primary coil of horizontal driver transformer. From secondary of this transformer
signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transistor Q404 (BU508DF). At one end of
horizontal driver transformer primary coil+110V is supplied by resistance R416A (1.5K)
which reach up to the collector of horizontal driver transistor through the other end of
primary emitter of horizontal driver transistor is directly grounded.

Horizontal Output Section :

This section includes one transistor and EHT transformer. From secondary of horizontal
driver transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transistor Q404
(BU508DF). Its collector gets the positive supply from primary winding pin no. 1 and 5
of EHT transformer and R410A (1, 1W). Its emitter is directly grounded when Q404
gets the signal of frequency 15,625Hz then it works as a switch, when it is ON then
current is flowing through Pin no.1 and 5 of EHT transformer and for off there is no

30
current. In this way this transistor works as a current supplier for limited time for the time
gaps. Because of this time gaps current pulses are also produced. The frequency of these
pulses is also 15,625Hz. EHT works on these current pulses. This induced current in
primary produces and voltage in secondary coil this signal is fed to the horizontal yoke
coil. The function of yoke coil is electron beam spreading in left and right direction on
picture tube screen.
Objective 2: To study the horizontal oscillator and horizontal output section through
Following test points :

TP5 Red Horizontal output section +110V (approx)

TP6 Red Horizontal output section +12V (approx)
for VIF Section
TP7 Red Horizontal output section +185V (approx)
for R-G-B video output section
(CRT base PCB)
TP8 Red Horizontal output section Filament Voltage 6.3V
AC (approx)
TP27 Red Horizontal Oscillator Ident (Sync) signal
part of Video & Chroma IC501

Fig. 12
TP30 Red Horizontal Oscillator Horizontal driver signal
part of Video & Chroma IC501

Fig. 13

TP35 Red Horizontal Oscillator fly back pulse

part of Video & Chroma IC501

31
 Fig .14

TP36 Red Horizontal Oscillator Input for Sync. Separator

part of Video & Chroma IC501 (composite colour video signal)
TP40 Blue Horizontal output Horizontal blanking pulse

Fig. 15

Objective 3:To study the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure of
horizontal oscillator and horizontal output section.

Fault 21 : There is no clear picture on the screen and screen is shaking horizontally.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J11.
Symptoms : Clear sound without clear picture. Horizontal shaking is present on the
screen.
Fault section : Horizontal output section
Procedure :
· Check fly back pulse of frequency 15625Hz at pin no.35 of IC501 (IC7698) if not
then,
· Check this fly back pulse at resistance R402 (27Kohm) if it is not then,
· Track may be open between pin no.10 of EHT and this resistance.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of jumper J11.
· Result : now you should get fly back pulse of frequency 15,625Hz at pin no.35 of
IC501 and so there is good picture with good sound is observed.

32
Fault 22 : Dark Screen, (Neither Raster nor snow) No sound
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J12.
Symptoms : There is no picture no sound condition even raster or snow are also absent.
Fault section : Horizontal output section
Procedure :
· First check whether LED for power indication is glowing or not, If it is not then,
· Check AC mains cord and fuse of trainer kit, if LED is glowing then,
· Check +110V at TP5 if it is OK
· If it is not then it may be problem of regulation circuit which should be serviced by
service personal only
· Then check pin no.33 of IC501 (IC7698) it should be 6.9V approx.
· Check pin no.32 of IC501 it should be 15625Hz (Horizontal frequency) if it is
present then,
· If not then IC501 may be faulty or related circuit may be faulty
· Check the same signal at R411 (33ohm) it is OK then,
· Check same signal at base of transistor Q402. If it is not then,
· Track may be open between base of Q402 and resistance R411.
· Remove the shorting shunt from Pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of jumper J12.
· Result : Now you should get good picture with good sound.
Fault 23 : Set Dead i.e. Dark Screen
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J22

Symptoms : There is no picture no sound from trainer kit.

Fault Section : Horizontal Oscillator Section (part of Video& chroma IC501)
Procedure :
· First check whether LED for power indication is glowing or not.
· If it is not then check AC mains cord and fuse of trainer kit. If it is OK then,
· Check +110V at TP5 if it is OK then
· If not then it may be the problem of regulation circuit which should be serviced by
service personal only
· Check 6.9V approx. at pin no.33 of (IC7698). If it is OK then,
· Check horizontal frequency at pin no.32 of IC501 it is 15625Hz. If it is OK then,
· If it is not then that may be the fault of IC or related circuitry
· Check this signal at base of Q402, if it is not then,
· Track may be open between pin no.32 of IC501 and base of Q402.

33
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of jumper J22.
· Result : Now you should get picture & sound both from the trainer kit.
Fault 24 : Horizontal sync out
Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J20
Symptoms : Horizontal sync is not adjustable (Preset VR451)
Fault Section : Horizontal Oscillator
Procedure :
· Check the signal at pin no.39 of IC501 If it is OK then,
· Check the inverted video signal at pin no.40 of IC501, If it is OK then
· If it is not then IC may be faulty
· Check the video signal at pin no.37 of IC501. If it is not then IC may be faulty.
· If it is OK then components connected between pin no.37 and 40 of IC501 are
faulty. If these are OK then,
· Track may be open between pin no.37 and 40 of IC501.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of Jumper
J20.
· Result : You should get clear picture.

Fault 25 : Dark Screen & OK Sound

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J15
Symptoms : Power indicators are glowing & all voltages are OK, but No picture sound.
is OK.
Fault Section : Horizontal Output Section.
Procedure :
· Check the voltage at TP3&TP5 (110V DC approx). If it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP34 (8V approx). If it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP7 (185V DC approx). If it is OK then,
· If the above mentioned voltages are present, then EHT is working properly.
· Check the filament voltage at TP8 (6.3V AC approx). If it is present.
· Either CRT may be faulty or the connection between CRT (Pin no.9) & TP8 is
open.
· Remove the shorting shunt between 2&3 & connect it between 1&2 of jumper J15.
· Result : Now you should get Raster/snow and sound.

34
Fault 26 : Dark Screen.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J13
Symptoms : Power indicator is glowing, but no picture & no transmitting sound.
Fault Section : Horizontal output section.
Procedure :
· Check the voltage at TP3 it should be 110V DC(approx) if it is OK then,
· Check the voltage at TP5 it should be 110V (approx), if it is not there then.
· Check the voltage at TP34 8V approx if it is not present then,
· It means horizontal output section is dead & there n may be open track between
TP3 & TP5.
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 connect it between 1&2 of jumper J13.
· Result : Now you should get picture & sound.
Fault 27 : Negative type picture (dull picture)
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J14
Symptoms : Picture without contrast.
Fault Section : Horizontal output section.
Procedure :
· Check the voltage at TP7; it should be 180V DC approx. If it is not then,
· Check the voltage at D406, it should be 180V approx. If it is OK then,
· There is no continuity of track between D406 & TP7
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 connect it between 1&2 of jumper J14.
· Result : Now you should get proper picture.
Fault 28 : Retrace line on picture.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J16
Symptoms : Picture and sound OK. But retrace line on the picture
Fault Section : Horizontal output section.
Procedure :
· Check the luminance signal at pin no. 23 of IC501it should be 6 Vpp, if it is not
present then,
· Check the vertical blanking pulses at D202. If it is not present then,
· It means signal is present without blanking pulses or the components between TP31
and D202 are faulty or track may be open.
· Remove the shorting shunt from 2&3 and connect it between 1&2 of jumper J16.

35
· Result : Now you should get picture without retrace.

Conclusion:

Experiment 8

Title: To Study vertical section of color TV receiver.

Objective 1 :To study the detail circuit description of vertical oscillator and vertical
output section.
Theory:
Vertical Oscillator :
Vertical oscillator is also built in IC501 (CD7698) & pin no. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 are its
connection pins. As we have already studied that vertical sync signal is present at pin
no.36 after sync separation. The vertical sync signal from pin no.36 passes from circuit

36
network of R304 (10K), R330 (3K), R305 (2.4K) and capacitor C310 (.47F) and
obtained at pin no.28.
Vertical oscillator produces 50 Hz frequency which is amplified inside the IC and
available at pin no.24 which is vertical driver pin. This vertical driver signal from pin
no.24 is fed to base of vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) by resistance R325 (330).
Collector of this transistor provides amplified output which is supplied to vertical output
section for amplification.
Vertical Output :
Vertical driver signal is given to the vertical output section. In vertical output section two
push-pull transistors are used. One is NPN transistor Q306 (C2073) and another one is
PNP transistor Q307 (A940).
Vertical signal from the collector of vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) are fed to the
base of both vertical output transistors Q306 and Q307. Pin no.8 of EHT transformer
provides the positive supply to vertical output section. There is approx. 36V AC at pin
no.8 of EHT transformer. It is rectified by R327 (10, 2W) and diode D302 (BY159) and
supplied to vertical output section by R355 (27R) and R317 (680 ). Capacitor C311
(330F) is filter capacitor of this supply. Amplified signal after amplification is obtained
at common point of both the emitters of both vertical output transistors Q306&Q307. This
signal is fed to vertical yoke coil by capacitor C316 (330F).Other end of vertical yoke
coil is grounded by resistance R323 (1R8, 1W). The same end of vertical yoke coil
provides the vertical feedback to pin no.26 of vertical oscillator section by C317 (4.7F /
63V) and R321(1K)
Vertical Height Control :
At pin no. 27 of IC501 (CD7698) vertical height control is connected. VR225 (47K) is
vertical height adjustment preset and from its centre point vertical linearity preset is
connected which is VR316 (10K).

Objective 2 : To study the vertical oscillator and vertical output section through
following test points :

TP11 Red Vertical Output V Yoke

TP12 Red Vertical Output V Yoke
TP32 Red Vertical oscillator Vertical feedback
Part of video & Chroma IC

Fig. 17
TP33 Blue Vertical Oscillator Vertical driver

37
 Part of Video & Chroma IC

Fig. 18

TP41 Red Vertical output section +17 V (approx.)

Objective 3 : To study the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure
of vertical Oscillator and vertical output section.

Fault 29 : There is Horizontal Line on the screen.

Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of
jumper J18
Symptoms : No picture OK sound. Only Horizontal line is present on the screen.
Fault Section : Vertical oscillator (part of video & chroma IC501)
Procedure :
· Check vertical frequency of 50 Hz at pin no.24 of IC501 (IC7698) if it is OK then,
· If it is not then IC or related circuit may be faulty
· Check this signal at base of transistor Q303, if it is not then
· Faulty R325 or track may be open between pin no.24 of IC501 and base of Q303.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of jumper J18.
· Result : Now you should get picture on the screen.
Fault 30 : Bottom fold over the picture on the screen.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of
jumper J17
Symptoms : The 90% of picture screen is OK only bottom side 10% picture is folded
over on the original picture.
Fault Section : Vertical output Section.
Procedure :
· Check output of the vertical driver pin no.24 of IC501 It is vertical frequency of 50
Hz. If it is OK then,
· Check output of vertical output section at R333 (1R). It should be amplified signal.
It is not correct then,
· Faulty components in its circuit or ground may be open.

38
· Check R313 (15K) and its ground connection.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and connect it between 2&3 of jumper
J17.
· Result : Now you should get clear picture.

Conclusion:

Experiment 9

Title: Study SIF section of color TV receiver.

Objective 1: To study the detail circuit description of sound output section.
Theory:
Scientech colour TV trainer ST2651 uses most commonly used sound amplifier ICTDA
2611. In our circuit it is IC601. As we have already studied that audio signals are
available at pin no.3 of IC101 (CD7680)-which is supplied to base of audio amplifier
transistor Q601 (2SA 1015) by capacitor C608 (10F/63V) Resistance RS1 (10K), R102
(2.2K). Collector of transistor Q601 (25A1015) gives amplified signals. This amplified

39
signal is fed to pin no.7 of sound output by resistance R605A (4.7K) and C605
(.1F).Audio signals are amplified up to the sufficient level by this IC and obtained at pin
no.2 of this IC.

It is provided to speaker by a capacitor C601 (470F, 16V), pin no.1 of IC601 is positive
supply pin. SMPS transformer in power supply section provides AC voltage from pin
no.2 which is rectified by diode D810 (BY159) 22V approx. voltage is obtained which is
given to pin no.1 of IC1601 (TDA2611).Pin no.4 of IC601 is grounded. Other pins 3, 5
and 9 are no contact pins or not connected pins.
Objective 2 :To study the fault simulation and step by step fault finding procedure of
Sound Output Section.

Fault 31 : There is no sound from speaker.

Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of
jumper J9
Symptoms : Good Picture on the screen but without sound.
Fault Section : Sound Section.
Procedure :
· Check power supply +20V at pin no.1 of IC601 (IC2611) if it is OK then,
· Check audio input signal at pin no.7 of IC601 it should be low gain audio signal. If
it is OK then,
· Check audio output signal at pin no.2 of IC601 it should be amplified audio signal.
If it is OK then,
· If it is not then IC may be faulty
· Check this amplified audio signal at speaker pin (connected with speaker)
· If it is not then track may be open between IC601 (pin no.2) and speaker pin, if it is
OK then speaker may be faulty.
· Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1&2 and place it between 2&3 of jumper J9.
· Result : Now you should get (sound) audio signal from speaker.
Fault 32 : No sound but good picture.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of
jumper J10
Symptoms : Sound is not present but good picture.
Fault Section : Sound section.
Procedure :
· First check the speaker, if it is OK then,
· Check the voltage of IC601 at Pin no.1 it should be 20V approx, if it is not present
then,
· Check the voltage of D810 it should be 20V approx. If it is OK then,

40
· Check the continuity of track between D810& IC601 at pin no.1 if no continuity
present then,
· Remove the shorting shunt between 1&2 connect it 2&3 of jumper J10.
· Result : Now you should get sound.
Fault 33 : Very low sound. But ok picture.
Fault Insertion : Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2&3 and place it between 1&2 of
jumper J8
Symptoms : Sound is not varying by the volume control but OK picture.
Fault Section : Sound section.
Procedure :
· First check the audio at the base of Q601 by touching any metallic thing like screw
driver.
· Check the SIF signal of IC101 at Pin no.3, if it is OK, then
· Check SIF signal at Base of transistor Q601, if it is not then
· Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between Pin no.3 of IC101 and Base
of Transistor Q601
· Remove the shorting shunt between 1&2 and connect it 2&3 jumper J8
· Result : Now you should get volume variation.

Conclusion:

Experiment 10

Title: Study Digital TV receiver(LCD).

Objective : To study Digital TV receiver(LCD).
Theory:
Flat panel LCD monitors that are now commonly used with computers, LCD Televisions have a
slim design and a flat viewing surface, but have been fine tuned for video and television display.
Recent advances in flat panel LCD television technology now allow for larger screens, wider
viewing angles, and higher-quality video images. LCD Televisions are also competing with
plasma television technology. They are several times lighter than comparably sized plasma

41
televisions, and are far more durable. All LCD Televisions offer progressive scan displays and
sleek, slim designs. They also provide users with a bevy of input options, adding to their
versatility. Most LDC televisions double as computer displays by allowing standard analog VGA
(PC) or even DVI digital input, a great option if you need your LCD Television to pull double
duty as a PC monitor. Nearly all LCD Television sets offer the option to mount on a wall, under a
cabinet, on a

Transmission Technology:

Now a days, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), TFT (Thin Film Transistor), CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube), and Plasma displays are being used as screens to obtain the picture. All this displays are
flat from the front side. The TV made from these types of displays are called Flat TVs. According
to the transmission technology; the TV can be broadly divided into 2 categories; Analog TV and
Digital TV.

Aspect Ratio:

An Aspect ratio of a display or television picture describes the ratio of the picture width and
height. Presently the PAL picture ratio is of 4:3. Aspect is apart of Cinematography. This aspect
ratio is helpful to create the original defect in the image

42
OPERATING PANEL

43
REAR PANEL

REMOTE CONTROL

44
Summary of Remote Control Function buttons

45
Troubleshooting

46
47
Test Points
T1 : GND

T2 : Audio Signal

T3 : Key Signal (Menu Key)

T4 : IR Signal

T5 : +12V DC

Fault Switches
F1 : Remote Not Working

F2 : Operating Panel Not Working

Conclusion:

48
 CCTV TRAINER KIT

SPECIFICATIONS

(A) Camera Section:-

1. System : Colour PAL B/G

2. Power supply : 12 V DC

3. Resolution : 420 TV Lines- Horizontal

4. CCD Image Sensor : 1/3" Image format

5. Gray Scale : Minimum 10 steps

6. Video Output : 1.0 Vpp, 75 Ohms, RCA Socket.

7. External Arrangement : Hor. 350°, Ver. 90°

8. Gamma Correction : 0.45

(B) Microphone Section:-

1. Type : Condenser Microphone

2. Frequency Range : 20 Hz to 10 KHz

3. System : Omni directional

4. Sensitivity : 68 dB + 3 dB

(C) Monitor TV Section:-

1. Type : 7“ SVGA LCD Monitor

2. Power supply : 230V Ac, 50 Hz,

3. Inputs : Audio/Video Inputs - RCA sockets

49

(D) Standard Accessories : A Manual having practicals.

50
Experiment 11

Title: Study Closed Circuit Television.

Objective : To study Closed Circuit Television.
Theory:

51
losses in the following delay line. The luma amplifier also contains variable d.c.
control inputs which control the gain of the amplifier (picture contrast), and the d.c.
level of the luma signal (picture brightness). The variable d.c. control voltage may be
derived via variable resistors accessible at the front of the monitor, or via a D/A
converter in the CPU section. In the case of the latter, the control is adjusted either by
touch buttons on the front of the monitor, or via an infra-red remote link.

52
 The luma delay line introduces a 600–900 ns time delay in the luma signal path.
The justification for this is somewhat complex; however, in simple terms, it is
necessary to compensate for the lack of bandwidth of the chroma signal in comparison
to that of the luma signal (2.2MHz compared with 5.5MHz for PAL). Without a delay
line, the chroma information would be displayed to the right of the corresponding
luma detail on the monitor screen.
The luma signal emerging from the delay line is passed to the RGB matrix stage.
Before following its progress any further we must look at the colour signal path.
The 4.43MHz bandpass filter at the input to the chroma stage blocks the path of the
luma signal components. The 4.43MHz chroma subcarrier with its 2.2MHz bandwidth
sidebands is passed to the colour decoder which demodulates the u and v signals.
After demodulation the u and v are restored to their original amplitudes, thus
recovering the R–Y and B– Y colour difference signals. The PAL colour burst signal
serves as synchronization for the colour decoder. If, for any reason, the burst is
corrupted or missing, the decoder will cease to function and the monitor will display a

53
monochrome picture. Perhaps the most common cause of burst corruption is defective
or poorly maintained VCRs where it is not uncommon to have a situation where
normal play operation is acceptable, but a monochrome picture is displayed in still or
search modes.
The colour decoder has a direct input to accommodate the Y/C facility and, like the
luma amplifier, it also has a variable d.c. control input (C) to provide colour control.
In the RGB matrix, the luma is recombined with the two colour difference signals to
produce red and blue signals. A further matrix adds proportions of red and blue to derive a
green signal. The RGB signals emerging from the matrix are approximately 3V pp,
however the CRT requires signal levels in the order of 80V pp to produce adequate
variations in beam current. Thus three separate voltage amplifiers are required.
The primary function of the timebase section is to produce the horizontal and
vertical scanning currents which are required to deflect the three electron beams in the
CRT. As discussed in Chapter 5, it is essential that the timebases in the monitor are in
step with those in the camera(s), and to achieve this horizontal and vertical
synchronization pulses are sent with the video information. These synchronization
pulses are illustrated in Figures 5.12 and 5.13.
The sync separator stage performs two functions. First of all it must remove the
sync pulses from the luma information. Referring to Figure 7.3, a circuit contained
within the sync separator is designed to conduct when the input is between voltage
levels A and B, and to switch off between levels B and C. The output from this circuit
is a train of line and field sync pulses known as composite sync.

The second function of the sync separator stage is to separate the composite sync
into its line and field components. Passing composite sync through a low pass filter
derives the 50Hz field sync pulses. Passing it through a high pass filter derives the
15625Hz line sync pulses.

54
 The scan waveshapes are produced by the line and field oscillators. These are free-
running, but their timing is controlled by the sync pulses. Thus each oscillator
operates in step with the timebase oscillators in the camera.
Owing to manufacturing tolerances it may be necessary adjust the frequency of the
timebase oscillators. In Figure 7.1 this function is performed by variable resistors RV1
and RV3, although in many modern designs timebase adjustment is performed
electronically in the same manner as brightness, etc. Where potentiometers are
employed it is not uncommon for them to be contained within the monitor, adjustment
being performed using a terminal screwdriver. Access to the controls is usually
provided via holes in the rear or side of the monitor cabinet. These are labelled ‘Hor
Hold’ and ‘Vert Hold’, or similar.
The field output stage is a power amplifier not too dissimilar to that employed in
an audio hi-fi system. The small 50Hz ramp waveshape generated by the field
oscillator is raised to a level sufficient to produce the required magnetic deflection
field. This will depend upon the screen size, but for a 51cm (20″) monitor this is
typically 40V pp, with a peak current value of around 2A. Control RV2 performs
vertical shift. This is used to centre the picture vertically on the monitor screen.

The line output stage is more complex than the field circuit. This is because it is
required to produce a scan waveshape in the order of 100V pp at around 2A at a
frequency of 15625Hz. The circuit operates on a switching principle whereby a high
d.c. voltage in the order of +150V is switched at 15625Hz across a transformer. Each
time the electronic switch opens, a large back EMF is developed within the
transformer. This is used to derive not only the scanning current, but also the extra
high tension (EHT) required at the final anode of the CRT, the 1kV required by the
focus electrode, the +500V for the first anode, and other auxiliary d.c. supplies which
are used to power circuits within the monitor.

In Figure 7.1, RV4 performs horizontal shift control, although not all monitors
include this adjustment. In addition, the line timebase includes the CRT focus and first
anode (A1) voltage adjustments. These adjustments are often made available through
the rear of the monitor, although it is not recommended that the first anode (often
labelled ‘Screen’ on the monitor) control is adjusted by the CCTV engineer as the
correct procedure for setting this is somewhat involved. It requires removal of the
cabinet, and a voltage measurement taken at the A1 terminal on the CRT whilst
adjusting the control. The A1 appears to behave as a brightness control, however it is
not to be used for this function, and maladjustment of this can result in impaired
picture quality, and a possible reduction in CRT life.

55
Procedure:

1. Connect 230V AC Mains to trainer and make it ON.

2. Adjust CCTV camera in front of your face.

3. Observe your face or scene in CCTV monitor.

4. Operate operating panel and observe different modes of display on monitor.

5. Observe different waveforms on CRO as per Test points.

6. Measure different voltages as per Test points.

7. Create different faults as per Fault switches.

FAULT SWITCH

Switch No Fault

F1 NO Signal (+12V DC cut)

F2 NO Video

F3 Operating Key not working (+5V Cut)

F4 No Signal from Camera

F5 No power supply

56
Test Points :

T1. + 12 V DC

T2. Video output

20 X 2usec Random video signal according to
changes in video signals

20 X 40 usec
20us X 4

T3. Operating Panel Signal

T4. Video camera Supply

T5. Ground

Conclusion:

57