Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

SECTION 6 GEARING

1 General cific method for the design of bevel gears will be taken into
consideration by the Society.

1.1 Application Additional requirements for gears fitted to ships having an

1.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of this
section apply to:
• reduction and/or reverse gears intended for propulsion
plants with a transmitted power of 220 kW and above
• other reduction and step-up gears with a transmitted
power of 110 kW and above.
The provisions of Article [2] apply only to cylindrical invo-
lute spur or helical gears with external or internal teeth.
ice notation are given in Part E, Chapter 8.
Some departure from the requirements of this Section may
be accepted by the Society in cases of gears fitted to ships
having a restricted navigation notation.
1.2 Documentation to be submitted
1.2.1 Documents
Before starting construction, all plans, specifications and cal-
culations listed in Tab 1 are to be submitted to the Society.

By similarity the provisions of Article [2] could also be 1.2.2 Data

applicable to bevel gears (straigth or oblique teeth) with use The data listed in Tab 2 are to be submitted with the docu-
of the equivalent parallel gears method. Application of spe- ments required in [1.2.1].

Table 1: Documents to be submitted for gearing

Item Status of the

Description of the document (1)
No. review (2)
1 A Constructional drawings of shafts and flanges
2 A Constructional drawings of pinions and wheels, including:
a) specification and details of hardening procedure:
• core and surface mechanical characteristics
• diagram of the depth of the hardened layer as a function of hardness values
b) specification and details of the finishing procedure:
• finishing method of tooth flanks (hobbing, shaving, lapping, grinding, shot-peening)
• surface roughness for tooth flank and root fillet
• tooth flank corrections (helix modification, crowning, tip-relief, end-relief), if any
• grade of accuracy according to ISO 1328-1 1997
3 A Shrinkage calculation for shrunk-on pinions, wheels rims and/or hubs with indication of the minimum and
maximum shrinkage allowances
4 A Calculation of load capacity of the gears
5 A / I (3) Constructional drawings of casings
6 A Functional diagram of the lubricating system, with indication of:
• specified grade of lubricating oil
• expected oil temperature in service
• kinematic viscosity of the oil
7 A Functional diagram of control, monitoring and safety systems
8 I Longitudinal and transverse cross-sectional assembly of the gearing, with indication of the type of clutch
9 I Data form for calculation of gears
(1) Constructional drawings are to be accompanied by the specification of the materials employed including the chemical compo-
sition, heat treatment and mechanical properties and, where applicable, the welding details, welding procedure and stress
relieving procedure.
(2) Submission of the drawings may be requested:
• for approval, shown as “A” in the table
• for information, shown as “I” in the table.
(3) “A” for welded casing, “I” otherwise

102 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

h : Tooth depth, in mm
Table 2: Data to be submitted for gearing pr : Protuberance of the tool, in mm
Item q : Material allowance for finish machining, in mm
Description of the data
No αn : Normal pressure angle at reference cylinder, in
1 Type of driving and driven machines and, if pro- rad
vided, type of flexible coupling αt : Transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder,
2 Maximum power transmitted by each pinion in in rad
continuous running and corresponding rotational αtw : Transverse pressure angle at working pitch cyl-
speed, for all operating conditions, including inder, in rad
clutching-in
β : Helix angle at reference cylinder, in rad
3 Modules of teeth for pinion and wheels
βb : Base helix angle, in rad.
4 Pressure angle and helix angle εα : Transverse contact ratio
5 Tooth profiles of pinions and wheels together with εβ : Overlap ratio
tip diameters and fillet radii
εγ : Total contact ratio
6 Operating centre distance
ρao : Tip radius of the tool
7 Addendum of the cutting tool
ρF : Tooth root radius at the critical section, in mm
8 Common face width, operating pitch diameter hfp : Basic rack dedendum, in mm
9 Data related to the bearings: hFa : Lever arm, in mm
• type, characteristics and designed service life
sFn : Tooth root chord at critical section, in mm
of roller bearings
• materials and clearances of plain bearings Fβ : Total helix deviation, in µm
• position of each gear in relation to its bearings fma : Mesh alignment deviation due to manufactur-
10 Torsional vibration data (inertia and stiffness) ing, in µm
χB : Running-in factor mesh misalignment
2 Design of gears - Determination of Q : Gearing quality class according to ISO 1328-1
the load capacity 1997
HV : Vickers hardness
2.1 Symbols, units, definitions R : Minimum tensile strength of gear material, in
N/mm2
2.1.1 Symbols and units RZ : Mean peak-to-valley roughness, in µm
The meaning of the main symbols used in this Section is Ft : Nominal tangential load, in N
specified below.
σF : Tooth root bending stress, in N/mm2
Other symbols introduced in connection with the definition σFE : Endurance limit for tooth root bending stress, in
of influence factors are defined in the appropriate articles.
N/mm2
a : Operating centre distance, in mm σFP : Permissible tooth root bending stress, in N/mm2
b : Common face width (for double helix gear, σH : Contact stress (herzian pressure), in N/mm2
width of one helix), in mm
σH,lim : Endurance limit for contact stress (herzian pres-
B : Total face width of double helix gears, including sure), in N/mm2
gap, in mm
σHP : Permissible contact stress (herzian pressure), in
l : Bearing span, in mm N/mm2
d : Reference diameter, in mm v : Linear speed at pitch diameter, in m/s.
da : Tip diameter, in mm Subscripts:
db : Base diameter, in mm • 1 for pinion, i.e. the gear having the smaller number of
df : Root diameter, in mm teeth

dw : Working pitch diameter, in mm • 2 for wheel.

x : Addendum modification coefficient 2.1.2 Geometrical definitions

z : Number of teeth In the calculation of surface durability, b is the common
face width on the pitch diameter.
zn : Virtual number of teeth
n : Rotational speed, in rpm In tooth strength calculations, b1, b2 are the face widths at
the respective tooth roots. In any case b1 and b2 are not to
U : Reduction ratio be taken as greater than b by more than one module (mn) on
mn : Normal module, in mm either side.

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 103

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

For internal gears, z2 , a, d2 , da2 , db2 and dw2 are to be taken 2.3.2 Application factor KA
negative. The application factor KA accounts for dynamic overloads
z from sources external to the gearing.
u = ----2-
z1 The values of KA are given in Tab 3.
Note 1: u > 0 for external gears, u < 0 for internal gears.
tan α Table 3: Values of KA
tan α t = --------------n-
cos β
Type of installation KA
z⋅m
d = --------------n
cos β Main gears Diesel with hydraulic coupling 1,05
d b = d ⋅ cos αt (propulsion) engine
with elastic coupling 1,30
d b1 + d b2
cos α tw = --------------------- with other type of coupling 1,50
2a
tan β b = tan β ⋅ cos α t Turbine 1,05
in v α = tan α – α Electric motor 1,05

for external gears: Auxiliary Diesel with hydraulic coupling 1,00

gears engine
--1- --1- with elastic coupling 1,20
2 2
0 ,5 ⋅ ( da1 – d b1 ) + 0 ,5 ⋅ ( da2 – d b2 ) – ( a ⋅ sin αt w )
2 2 2 2

ε α = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- with other type of coupling 1,40

π ⋅ m n ⋅ cos αt
----------------------------------
cos β Electric motor 1,00

for internal gears:

2.3.3 Load sharing factor Kγ
--1- --1-
2 2 The load sharing factor Kγ accounts for the uneven sharing
0 ,5 ⋅ ( d a1 – d b1 ) – 0 ,5 ⋅ ( d a2 + d b2 ) – ( a ⋅ sin αt w )
2 2 2 2
ε α = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- of load on multiple path transmissions, such as epicyclic
π ⋅ m n ⋅ cos αt
---------------------------------- gears or tandem gears.
cos β
b ⋅ sin β The values of Kγ are given in Tab 4.
ε β = -------------------
π ⋅ mn
εγ = εα + εβ Table 4: Values of Kγ

Type of gear Kγ
2.2 Principle
Dual tandem without quill shaft (1) 1,15
2.2.1 gear
with quill shaft (1) 1,10
a) The following requirements apply to cylindrical involute
Epicyclic with 3 planetary gears and less 1,00
spur or helical gears with external or internal teeth, and
gear
provide a method for the calculation of the load capac- with 4 planetary gears 1,20
ity with regard to: with 5 planetary gears 1,30
• the surface durability (contact stress), and with 6 planetary gears and more 1,40
• the tooth root bending stress.
(1) A quill shaft is a torsionally flexible shaft intended for
The relevant formulae are provided in [2.4] and [2.5]. improving the load distribution between the gears.
The influence factors common to the formuale are given
in [2.3]. 2.3.4 Dynamic factor KV
b) Gears for which the conditions of validity of some fac- The dynamic factor KV accounts for the additional internal
tors or formulae are not satisfied will be given special dynamic loads acting on the tooth flanks and due to the
consideration by the Society. vibrations of pinion and wheel.
c) Other methods of determination of load capacity will be The values of KV are given in Tab 5. They apply only to steel
given special consideration by the Society. gears of heavy rim sections with:
Ft
---- > 150
2.3 General influence factors b

2.3.1 General z1 < 50

General influence factors are defined in [2.3.2], [2.3.3], For gears not complying with the above given limitations or
[2.3.4], [2.3.5], [2.3.6] and [2.3.7]. Alternative values may with the limitations given in Tab 5, the value of KV is to be
be used provided they are derived from appropriate meas- submitted by the manufacturer of the gears and is to be
urements. given special consideration by the Society.

104 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

Table 5: Values of KV

Type of gear KV Limitations

Spur gear vz vz
KV2 = 1 + K1 ---------1- ---------1- < 10
KV = KV2 with: 100 100

where K1 has the values specified in Tab 6

Helical gear vz vz
K V1 = 1 + K 1 ---------1- ---------1- < 14
• if εβ ≥ 1: KV = KV1 with: 100 100

where K1 has the values specified inTab 6

• if εβ < 1: KV = K V 2 – ε β ( KV 2 – KV 1 )

where KV2 is calculated as if the gear were of spur type

Table 6: Values of K1

ISO grade of accuracy (1)

Type of gear 3 4 5 6 7 8
Spur gear 0,022 0,030 0,043 0,062 0,092 0,125
Helical gear 0,0125 0,0165 0,0230 0,0330 0,0480 0,0700
(1) ISO grade of accuracy according to ISO 1328-1 1997. In case of mating gears with different grades of accuracy, the grade cor-
responding to the lower accuracy is to be used.

2.3.5 Face load distribution factors KHβ and K Fβ 2.3.7 Mesh stiffness cγ
The mesh stiffness cγ is to be determined as follows:
a) The face load distribution factors, KHβ for contact stress
and KFβ for tooth root bending stress, account for the 0 ,8
c γ = -------- ⋅ C R ⋅ cos β ⋅ ( 0 ,75 ⋅ ε α + 0 ,25 )
effects of non-uniform distribution of load across the q′
face width. where:
q’ : Minimum value for the flexibility of a pair of
b) The values of KHβ are given in Tab 7. They apply only to
teeth
gears with:
0 ,15551 0 ,25791 x
• wheel, case, wheel shaft and bearings of stiff con- q′ = 0 ,04723 + ---------------------- + ---------------------- – 0 , 00635 x 1 – 0 ,11654 ------1-
z n1 zn 2 z n1
struction
x 2 2
– 0 ,00193 x 2 – 0 ,24188 ------2- + 0 ,00529 x 1 + 0 ,00182 x 2
• pinion on a solid or hollow shaft with an inner to z n2
outer diameter ratio not exceeding 0,5, and located CR : Accounts for the flexibility of gear rims and
symmetrically between the bearings webs
• no external loads acting on the pinion shaft. ln ( b s ⁄ b )
C R = 1 + -------------------------
( s ⁄ 5m )
-
Note 1: Gears for which the above conditions are not satisfied will 5⋅e R n
be given special consideration by the Society. with:
c) KFβ is to be determined using the following formula: bs : Web thickness, in mm
sR : Rim thickness, in mm
1
---------------------------------------------
1 + h ⁄ b + (h ⁄ b )
2 and the following limitations:
K Fβ = K Hβ
• bs / b is not to be taken lower than 0,2 or
where b/h is the smaller of b1/h1 and b2/h2 but is not to greater than 1,2
be taken lower than 3. • sR / mn is not to be taken lower than 3,5.

2.3.6 Transverse load distribution factors KHα and 2.4 Calculation of surface durability
KFα
2.4.1 General
The transverse load distribution factors, KHα for contact
The criterion for surface durability is based on the contact
stress, and KFα for tooth root bending stress, account for the stress (hertzian pressure) on the pitch point or at the inner
effects of pitch and profile errors on the transversal load dis- point of single pair contact.
tribution between two or more pairs of teeth in mesh.
The contact stress σH is not to exceed the permissible con-
The values of KHα and KFα are given in Tab 8. tact stress σHP.

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 105

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

Table 7: Values of KHβ

Type of the gear Face load distribution factors KHβ Limitations

4000 c b b2
l 4
7 χ β ⋅ cγ ⋅ f m a
without helix KH β = 1 + ------------- ⋅ χ β ⋅ ----γ ⋅ 5 ,12 ⋅  -----  +  -----  ⋅  --- – ------  + -------------------------------------------
-
3⋅π E  d1   d1   b 12  F KH β ≥ 1 ,05
modification 2 ⋅ KA ⋅ Kγ ⋅ K V ⋅ ----t
spur gear or single b
helical gear χβ ⋅ cγ ⋅ fm a
with full helix KH β = 1 + -------------------------------------------
-
F
modification 2 ⋅ KA ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ ----t
b

4000 c 2⋅b 2 B 4 l 7 χβ ⋅ c γ ⋅ f m a
without helix KH β = 1 + ------------- ⋅ χ β ⋅ ----γ ⋅ 3 ,2 ⋅  -----------  +  -----  ⋅  --- – ------  + -----------------------------------
-
3⋅π E  d1   d 1   B 12  F KH β ≥ 1 ,05
modification KA ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ ----t
b
double helical gear
χβ ⋅ c γ ⋅ f m a
with full helix KHβ = 1 + -----------------------------------
-
F
modification KA ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ ----t
b
where:
E : Module of elasticity of the pinion shaft, in N/mm2
cγ : Mesh stiffness, as defined in [2.3.7]
χβ : Running-in factor having the following values:
• for through-hardened steels
320
χβ = 1 – -------------
σ H ,lim

• for surface-hardened steels

χβ = 0 ,85

• where the pinion and wheels are made of different material

χβ1 + χβ2
χβ = ---------------------
-
2

χβ1 and χβ2 being determined as above.

fma : Manufacturing deviation having the following values:
• in cases of helix modification, adjustment of mesh alignment or crowning
fma = 0,5 Fβ
• in cases of end relief
fma = 0,7 Fβ
• otherwise
fma = Fβ
where Fβ is the helix deviation, obtained from the following formula:
0 ,5 ( Q – 5 )
Fβ = 2 ( 0 ,1 d + 0 ,63 b + 4 ,2 )

2.4.2 Contact stress σH - for internal gears:

The contact stress σH is to be determined as follows. Ft u–1
σH0 = Z H ⋅ Z E ⋅ Z ε ⋅ Z β ------------
- ⋅ ------------
d1 ⋅ b u
• for the pinion
KA : Application factor (see [2.3.2])
σ H = Z B ⋅ σH 0 K A ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ K Hα
Kγ : Load sharing factor (see [2.3.3])
• for the wheel KV : Dynamic factor (see [2.3.4])
KHβ : Face load distribution factors (see [2.3.5])
σ H = Z D ⋅ σ H0 K A ⋅ K γ ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β ⋅ K H α
KHα : Transverse load distribution factors (see [2.3.6])
where: ZB : Single pair mesh factor for pinion (see [2.4.4])
ZD : Single pair mesh factor for wheel (see [2.4.4])
σH0 : Calculated from the following formulae:
ZH : Zone factor (see [2.4.5])
- for external gears:
ZE : Elasticity factor (see [2.4.6])
Ft Zε : Contact ratio factor (see [2.4.7])
-⋅ u
σ H0 = Z H ⋅ Z E ⋅ Z ε ⋅ Z β ------------
+ 1-
------------
d1 ⋅ b u Zβ : Helix angle factor (see [2.4.8]).

106 Bureau Veritas April 2007

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Table 8: Values of KHα and KFα

Total contact ratio εγ Transverse load distribution factors KHα and KFα Limitations
ε c γ ⋅ b ⋅ ( fpb – y α ) K Hα = KF α ≥ 1 (1)
K Hα = KFα = ----γ ⋅  0 ,9 + 0 ,4 ⋅ ---------------------------------------
εγ ≤ 2 2  F t ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K H β
εγ
K Hα ≤ --------------
-2 (2)
εα ⋅ Zε

εγ
K F α ≤ --------------
- (3)
εα ⋅ Yε

2 ⋅ ( ε γ – 1 ) c γ ⋅ b ⋅ ( f pb – y α )
εγ > 2 K Hα = KFα = 0 ,9 + 0 ,4 ⋅ -------------------------
- ⋅ ---------------------------------------
εγ F t ⋅ K A ⋅ K V ⋅ K Hβ
where:
cγ : Mesh stiffness, as defined in [2.3.7]
fpb : Maximum base pitch deviation of the wheel, in µm (4)
yα : Running-in allowance, in µm, having the following values:
• for through-hardened steels (5):
160
y α = ------------- ⋅ f p b
σ H ,li m

with the following limitations:

- for 5m/s < v ≤ 10m/s: yα ≤ 12800/σH,lim and fpb ≤ 80 µm
- for v > 10m/s: yα ≤ 6400/σH,lim and fpb ≤ 40 µm
• for case-hardened, nitrided or nitrocarburised steels (5)
y α = 0 ,075 ⋅ f pb

with the following limitations: yα ≤ 3 µm and fpb ≤ 40 µm

• for pinion and wheel made of different materials
yα 1 + yα 2
y α = ---------------------
2
(1) Where KHα = KFα < 1, then take KHα = KFα = 1.
(2) Where KHα > εγ / (εα.Z2ε), then take KHα = εγ / (εα.Zε2).
(3) Where KFα > εγ / (εα.Yε), then take KFα = εγ / (εα.Yε).
(4) In cases of optimum profile correction, fpb is to be replaced by fpb / 2.
(5) The values of fpt may be used in lieu of fpb , using tolerances complying with ISO1328-1.

2.4.3 Permissible contact stress σHP a) for spur gears (εβ = 0):
The permissible contact stress σHP is to be determined sepa- • ZB = M1 or 1, whichever is the greater, where
rately for pinion and wheel using the following formula:
tan α t w
σ H ,li m M 1 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
σ HP - ⋅ ZL ⋅ ZV ⋅ ZR ⋅ ZW ⋅ ZX
= ------------ d
 -------
2
2π d 2
2π
SH a 1
– 1 – ------- ⋅  ------- – 1 – ( ε α – 1 ) -------
a 2
 d b1 z1  d b2 z2
where:
• ZD = M2 or 1, whichever is the greater, where
ZL : Lubricant factor (see [2.4.9])
ZV : Speed factor (see [2.4.9]) tan α t w
M 2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
ZR : Roughness factor (see [2.4.9]) d 2
 ------- – 1 – ------- ⋅
a 2 2π d 2
 ------- – 1 – ( ε – 1 ) -------
a 1 2π
α
ZW : Hardness ratio factor (see [2.4.10])  d b2 z2  d b1 z1
ZX : Size factor for contact stress (see [2.4.11]) b) for helical gears:
SH : Safety factor for contact stress (see [2.4.12]). • with εβ ≥ 1: ZB = ZD = 1
2.4.4 Single pair mesh factors ZB and ZD • with εβ < 1: ZB and ZD are to be determined by lin-
The single pair mesh factors ZB for pinion and ZD for wheel ear interpolation between:
account for the influence on contact stresses of the tooth - ZB and ZD for spur gears, and
flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact in
- ZB and ZD for helical gears with εβ ≥ 1
relation to ZH. These factors transform the contact stress
determined at the pitch point to contact stresses considering thus
the flank curvature at the inner point of single pair contact. - ZB = M1 − εβ (M1 − 1) and ZB ≥ 1
ZB and ZD are to be determined as follows: - ZD = M2 − εβ (M2 − 1) and ZD ≥ 1

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 107

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

2.4.5 Zone factor ZH ν40 : Nominal kinematic viscosity of the oil at

The zone factor ZH accounts for the influence on the hertz- 40°C,
ian pressure of tooth flank curvature at the pitch point and CZL : • for σH,lim < 850 N/mm2
transforms the tangential force at the reference cylinder to CZL = 0,83
normal force at the pitch cylinder.
• for 850 N/mm2 ≤ σH,lim ≤ 1200 N/mm2
ZH is to be determined as follows:
σ H ,li m
C ZL = ------------
- + 0 ,6357
2 ⋅ cos βb ⋅ cos α tw 4375
ZH = --------------------------------------------
2
-
( cos α t ) ⋅ sin α tw • for σH,lim > 1200 N/mm2

2.4.6 Elasticity factor ZE CZL = 0,91

The elasticity factor ZE accounts for the influence of the b) Speed factor ZV
metal properties (module of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio 2 ⋅ ( 1 ,0 – C ZV )
ν) on the hertzian pressure. Z V = C ZV + -----------------------------------
-
32
-----
-
0 ,8 +
For steel gears, ZE = 189,8 N1/2/mm. v
where:
2.4.7 Contact ratio factor Zε
• for σH,lim < 850 N/mm2
The contact ratio factor Zε accounts for the influence of the
transverse contact ratio and the overlap ratio on the specific CZV = 0,85
surface load of gears. • for 850 N/mm2 ≤ σH,lim ≤ 1200 N/mm2
Zε is to be determined as follows: σ H ,l im
C ZV = ------------
- + 0 ,6557
a) for spur gears: 4375
• for σH,lim > 1200 N/mm2
4–ε
Zε = -------------α-
3 CZV = 0,93
b) for helical gears: c) Roughness factor ZR
• for εβ < 1 3 -
 ---------
CZ R
ZR =
 R Z10
4–ε ε
Z ε = -------------α- ⋅ ( 1 – εβ ) + ----β-
3 εα where:
• for εβ ≥ 1 RZ10 : Mean relative peak-to-valley roughness for
the gear pair
1-
Z ε = ----
εα 3 10
R Z10 = R Z --------
ρr ed
2.4.8 Helix angle factor Zβ
The helix angle factor Zβ accounts for the influence of helix RZ : Mean peak-to-valley roughness of the gear
angle on surface durability, allowing for such variables as pair
the distribution of load along the lines of contact. R Z1 + R Z 2
R Z = ----------------------
2
Zβ is to be determined as follows:
ρred : Relative radius of curvature, equal to:
Zβ = cos β
ρ1 ⋅ ρ2
ρre d = ----------------
- with:
ρ1 + ρ2
2.4.9 Lubrication, speed and roughness factors ZL ,
ZV and ZR ρ1 = 0 ,5 ⋅ d b1 ⋅ tan αtw
The lubricant factor ZL accounts for the influence of the type ρ2 = 0 ,5 ⋅ d b2 ⋅ tan αtw
of the lubricant and of its viscosity, the speed factor ZV db being taken negative for internal gears
accounts for the influence of the pitch line velocity, and the
CZR : Coefficient having the following values:
roughness factor ZR accounts for the influence of the surface
roughness on the surface endurance capacity. • for σH,lim < 850 N/mm2
These factors are to be determined as follows: CZR = 0,15

a) Lubricant factor ZL • for 850 N/mm2 ≤ σH,lim ≤ 1200 N/mm2

4 ⋅ ( 1 ,0 – C ZL ) σ H ,l im
Z L = C ZL + ----------------------------------- C ZR = 0 , 32 – ------------
-
134 2 5000
 1 ,2 + --------- -
 ν40  • for σH,lim > 1200 N/mm2
where: CZR = 0,08.

108 Bureau Veritas April 2007

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2.4.10 Hardness ratio factor ZW The values to be adopted for σH,lim are given in Tab 10 in
The hardness ratio factor ZW accounts for the increase of relation to the type of steel employed and the heat treat-
surface durability in the case of a through-hardened wheel ment performed.
meshing with a surface-hardened or significantly harder Special consideration could be given by the Society for val-
pinion (≥ 200HV) having a smooth tooth surface (RZ ≤ 6µm). ues different fromTab 10 depending on the material cate-
In this case, ZW is to be determined as follows: gory and specification of the steel employed.
• for HB < 130
ZW = 1,2
2.5 Calculation of tooth bending strength
• for 130 ≤ HB ≤ 470 2.5.1 General
HB – 130 The criterion for tooth bending strength is based on the
ZW = 1 ,2 – ------------------------
1700 local tensile stress at the tooth root in the direction of the
tooth height.
• for HB > 470
The tooth root bending stress σF is not to exceed the permis-
ZW = 1,0
sible tooth root bending stress σFP.
where HB is the Brinell hardness of the softer gear of the
pair. 2.5.2 Tooth root bending stress σF (method B)
The tooth root bending stress σF is to be determined as fol-
2.4.11 Size factor ZX lows:
The size factor ZX accounts for the influence of tooth dimen- Ft
sions on permissible contact stress and reflects the non-uni- σF = ----------Y Y Y K KK K K
b mn F S β A γ V F β F α
formity of material properties.
where:
ZX is to be determined as follows:
YF : Tooth form factor (see [2.5.5])
• for through-hardened steel: ZX = 1
YS : Stress correction factor (see [2.5.6])
• for nitrided or nitrocarburised steel: Yβ : Helix factor (see [2.5.9])
ZX = 1,08 − 0,011 mn with 0,75 ≤ ZX ≤ 1 KA : Application factor (see [2.3.2])
• for case-hardened steels: Kγ : Load sharing factor (see [2.3.3])
ZX = 1,05 − 0,005 mn with 0,90 ≤ ZX ≤ 1 KV : Dynamic factor (see [2.3.4])
KFβ : Face load distribution factor (see [2.3.5])
2.4.12 Safety factor for contact stress SH
KFα : Transverse load distribution factor (see [2.3.6]).
The values to be adopted for the safety factor for contact
When a shot peening treatment of the tooth root is applied
stress SH are given in Tab 9.
according to a process agreed by the Society, a reduction,
depending on the material category, of the bending stress σF
Table 9: Safety factor for contact stress SH up to 10% could be taken in consideration but only for car-
burized case hardened steel gears.
Type of installation SH
2.5.3 Permissible tooth root bending stress σFP
Main gears single machinery 1,25
(propulsion) The permissible tooth root bending stress σFP is to be deter-
duplicate machinery 1,20 mined for pinion and wheel using the following formula:
Auxiliary gears 1,15
σFE ⋅ Yd ⋅ YN
- ⋅ ( Y δre l T ⋅ Y Rre l T ⋅ Y X )
σF P = ----------------------------
SF
2.4.13 Endurance limit for contact stress σH,lim
The endurance limit for contact stress σH,lim is the limit of where:
repeated contact stress which can be permanently endured. σFE : Endurance limit for tooth root bending stress
(see [2.5.7])
Table 10: Endurance limit for contact stress σH,lim Yd : Design factor (see [2.5.8])
YN : Life factor (see [2.5.9])
Type of steel and heat treatment σH,lim
YδrelT : Relative notch sensitive factor (see [2.5.10])
Pinion Wheel in N/mm2
YRrelT : Relative surface factor (see [2.5.11])
through-hardened carbon steels 0,26 R + 350
YX : Size factor (see [2.5.12])
through-hardened alloy steels 0,42 R + 330 SF : Safety factor for tooth root bending stress (see
case-hardened alloy steels 1500 [2.5.13]).
nitrided (nitriding steels) 1250
2.5.4 Tooth form factor YF (method B)
nitrided or induction-hardened 1000 The tooth form factor YF takes into account the effect of the
(other steels)
tooth form on the nominal bending stress assuming the load
surface-hardened through-hardened 0,23 R + 540 applied at the outer point of a single pair tooth contact.

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 109

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

In the case of helical gears, the form factors are to be deter- taking into account the oblique orientation of the lines of
mined in the normal section, i.e. for the virtual spur gear mesh contact.
with the virtual number of teeth zn.
Yβ is to be determined as follows:
YF is to be determined separately for the pinion and the
• for εβ ≤ 1: Yβ = 1 − 0,477 εβ β
wheel using the following formula:
• for εβ > 1: Yβ = 1 − 0,477 β
h Fe
6 ------ - cos α Fen
mn
Y F = ------------------------------
- Where β > 0,52 rad, the value β = 0,52 rad is to be substi-
s Fn  2
 ------- cos α n tuted for β in the above formulae.
 m n

2.5.7 Endurance limit for tooth root bending stress

where hFe, αFen and sFn are shown in Fig 1. σFE
The parameters required for the calculation of YF are to be The endurance limit for tooth root stress σFE is the local
determined according to Method B of ISO 6336-3. tooth root stress which can be permanently endured.
The values to be adopted for σFE are given in Tab 11 in rela-
Figure 1: Geometric elements of teeth tion to the type of steel employed.
Special consideration could be given by the Society for val-
a Fen

ues different from Tab 11 depending on the material cate-

gory and specification of the steel employed.

Table 11: Values of endurance limit for tooth root

bending stress σFE
HFe

Type of steel σFE, in N/mm2

rF
a Through-hardened carbon steel 0,17 R + 300
30° 30°
Through-hardened alloy steel 0,22 R + 340
90°
ge Surface-hardened by means of flame 0,66 HV + 270
or induction hardening
SFn
Nitriding steel, surface-hardened by 740
means of gas nitriding
2.5.5 Stress correction factor YS (method B) Alloy steels, surface-hardened by 640
means of bath or gas nitriding
The stress correction factor YS is used to convert the nomi-
Case-hardened steels 840
nal bending stress to local tooth root stress, assuming the
load applied at the outer point a single pair tooth contact. It
takes into account the influence of: 2.5.8 Design factor Yd

• the bending moment
• the proximity of the load application to the critical sec-
tion.
YS is to be determined as follows:
Y S = ( 1 ,2 + 0 ,13L )q s
The design factor Yd takes into account the influence of load
reversing and shrinkfit prestressing on the tooth root
strength.
Yd is to be determined as follows:
• for gears with occasional part load in reverse direction,
1
 -------------------------------------- 
such as main wheel in reverse gearboxes: Yd = 0,9
 1 ,21 + ( 2 ,3 ⁄ L ) 

• for idler gears: Yd = 0,7

where:
• for shrunk on pinions and wheel rims:
s Fn
• L = ------
- Yd = 1 − σT/σFE
h Fe
where:
sFn and hFe are taken from [2.5.5]
σT : Tangential stress induced by the shrinkage at
• the notch parameter qS as defined in [2.5.13] is assumed the tooth root diameter.
to be within the range 1 ≤ qs < 8.
The maximum equivalent stress induced by the shrink-
2.5.6 Helix angle factor Yβ age in the inner diameter of the rim is not to exceed
80% of the yield strength of the rim material.
The helix angle factor Yβ converts the tooth root stress of a
virtual spur gear to that of the corresponding helical gear, • otherwise: Yd = 1.

110 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

2.5.9 Life factor YN Table 13: Values of size factor YX

The life factor YN accounts for the higher tooth root bending
stress permissible if a limited life (number of cycles) is Type of steel Normal module Value of YX
required. All types of steel mn ≤ 5 1,00
YN is to be determined as follows: Normalised 5 < mn < 30 1,03 − 0,006 mn
through-hardened
• for gears intended for ahead running: YN = 1 mn ≥ 30 0,85
• for gear intended for astern running only: YN = 1,25 Surface-hardened 5 < mn < 25 1,05 − 0,01 mn
steels
• for other intermittent running, YN will be specially con- mn ≥ 25 0,80
sidered by the Society.

2.5.10 Relative notch sensitivity factor Yδrel T Table 14: Values of safety factor
The relative notch sensitivity factor Yδrel T indicates the for tooth root bending stress SF
extent to which the theorically concentrated stress lies
above the fatigue endurance limit. Type of installation SF

Yδrel T is to be determined as follows: Main gears single machinery 1,60

(propulsion)
• for notch parameter values included in the range duplicate machinery 1,55
1,5 < qs < 4: Yδrel T = 1 Auxiliary gears single machinery 1,45

• for notch parameters values outside this range, Yδrel T will duplicate machinery 1,40
be specially considered by the Society.
3 Design and construction - except
The notch parameter qs is defined as follows:
tooth load capacity
s Fn
q s = ------------
-
2 ⋅ ρF
3.1 Materials
where sFn and ρF are taken from [2.5.4].
3.1.1 General
2.5.11 Relative surface factor YRrel T a) Forged, rolled and cast materials used in the manufac-
The relative surface factor YRrel T takes into account the turing of shafts, couplings, pinions and wheels are to
dependence of the root strength on the surface condition on comply with the requirements of NR216 Materials and
the tooth root fillet (roughness). Welding.

The values to be adopted for YRrel T are given in Tab 12 in b) Materials other than steels will be given special consid-
relation to the type of steel employed. They are valid only eration by the Society.
when scratches or similar defects deeper than 12 Ra are not
present. 3.1.2 Steels for pinions and wheel rims
a) Steels intended for pinions and wheels are to be
Table 12: Values of relative surface factor YRrel T selected considering their compatibility in service. In
particular, for through-hardened pinion / wheel pairs,
Type of stee Ra < 0,17 0,17 ≤ Ra ≤ 6,67 the hardness of the pinion teeth is to exceed that of the
corresponding wheel. For this purpose, the minimum
Normalised steels 1,070 5,3 − 4,2 (6 Ra + 1)0,01 tensile strength of the pinion material is to exceed that
Case-hardened or 1,120 1,675 − 0,53 (6 Ra+1)0,1 of the wheel by at least 15%.
through-hardened steels b) The minimum tensile strength of the core is not to be
Nitrided steels 1,025 4,3 − 3,26 (6 Ra + 1)0,005 less than:
• 750 N/mm2 for case-hardened teeth
2.5.12 Size factor YX
• 800 N/mm2 for induction-hardened or nitrided teeth.
The size factor YX takes into account the decrease of the
strength with increasing size.
3.2 Teeth
The values to be adopted for YX are given in Tab 13 in rela-
tion to the type of steel employed and the value of the nor- 3.2.1 Manufacturing accuracy
mal module mn. a) Mean roughness (peak-to-valley) of shaved or ground
teeth is not to exceed 4 µm.
2.5.13 Safety factor for tooth root bending stress SF
b) Wheels are to be cut by cutters with a method suitable
The values to be adopted for the safety factor for tooth root
for the expected type and quality. Whenever necessary,
bending stress SF are given in Tab 14.
the cutting is to be carried out in a temperature-control-
led environment.

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 111

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

3.2.2 Tooth root
Teeth are to be well faired and rounded at the root. The fillet
radius at the root of the teeth, within a plane normal to the
teeth, is to be not less than 0,25 mn.
Profile-grinding of gear teeth is to be performed in such a
way that no notches are left in the fillet.
3.2.3 Tooth tips and ends
a) All sharp edges on the tips and ends of gear teeth are to
be removed after cutting and finishing of teeth.
b) Where the ratio b/d exceeds 0,3, the ends of pinion and
wheel are to be chamfered to an angle between 45 and
60 degrees. The chamfering depth is to be at least equal
to 1,5 mn.
3.2.4 Surface treatment
a) The hardened layer on surface-hardened gear teeth is to
be uniform and extended over the whole tooth flank
and fillet.
b) Where the pinions and the toothed portions of the
wheels are case-hardened and tempered, the teeth
flanks are to be ground while the bottom lands of the
teeth remain only case-hardened. The superficial hard-
ness of the case-hardened zone is to be at least equal to
56 C Rockwell units.
c) Where the pinions and the toothed portions of the
wheels are nitrided, the hardened layer is to comply
with Tab 15.
d) The use of other processes of superficial hardening of
the teeth, such as flame hardening, will be given special
consideration, in particular as regards the values to be
adopted for σH,lim and σFE.
Society for approval. Welding processes and their qualifi-
cation are to comply with NR216 Materials and Welding.
b) Stress relieving treatment is to be performed after welding.
c) Examination of the welded joints is to be performed by
means of magnetic particle or dye penetrant tests to the
satisfaction of the Surveyor. Suitable arrangements are to
be made to permit the examination of the internal side
of the welded joints.
3.3.3 Shrink-fits
a) The shrink-fit assembly of:
• rim and wheel body, and
• wheel body and shaft
is to be designed with a safety factor against slippage of
not less than 2,8 c where c is a coefficient having the
following values:
• c = 1 for gears driven by turbines or electric motors
• c = 1 for gears driven by diesel engines through a
hydraulic, electromagnetic or high elasticity coupling
• c = 1,2 in the other cases.
Note 1: The manufacturer is to ensure that the maximum torque
transmitted during the clutch engagement does not exceed the
nominal torque by more than 20%.
b) The shrink-fit assembly is to take into account the ther-
mal expansion differential between the shrunk-on parts
in the service conditions.
3.3.4 Bolting
Where rims and hubs are joined together through bolted
side plates or flanges, the assembly is to be secured:
• by tight fit bolts, or
• by bolts and tight fit pins.

Table 15: Characteristics of the hardened layer The nuts are to be suitably locked by means other than
for nitrided gears welding.

Minimum thickness 3.4 Shafts and bearings

Minimum hardness
Type of steel of hardened layer,
(HV) 3.4.1 General
in mm (1)
Nitrided steel 0,6 500 Shafts and their connections, in particular flange couplings
(at 0,25 mm depth) and shrink-fits connections, are to comply with the provi-
sions of Ch 1, Sec 7.
Other steels 0,3 450 (surface)
(1) Depth of the hardened layer where the hardness is 3.4.2 Pinion and wheel shafts
reduced to the core hardness. The minimum diameter of pinion and gear wheel shafts is
When the grinding of nitrided teeth is performed, the not to be less than the value dS, in mm, given by the follow-
depth of the hardened layer to be taken into account is ing formula:
the depth after grinding. 1-
-- 1
---
2 2
  28000 170000 6  1  3
dS =  10 ,2 + ----------------  T + ----------------------------- M   -----------------4
3.3 Wheels and pinions 
 R S ,m in 412 + Rs ,mi n  1 – Kd

3.3.1 General where:

Wheel bodies are to be so designed that radial deflexions RS,min : Minimum yield strength of the shaft material, in
and distorsions under load are prevented, so as to ensure a N/mm2
satisfactory meshing of teeth. T : Nominal torque transmitted by the shaft, in Nm
3.3.2 Welding M : Bending moment on the shaft, in Nm
a) Where welding is employed for the construction of Kd : Coefficient having the following values:
wheels, the welding procedure is to be submitted to the • for solid shafts: Kd = 0

112 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

• for hollow shafts, Kd is equal to the ratio of
the hole diameter to the outer shaft diameter.
Where Kd ≤ 0,3: Kd = 0 may be taken.
Note 1: The values of dS, T and M refer to the cross-section of the
shaft concerned.
As an alternative to the above formula, the Society may
accept direct strength calculations considering static and
fatigue stresses occuring simultaneously and assuming
safety factors for the material employed of at least:
• reliable lubrication of gear meshes and bearings is
ensured:
- over the whole speed range, including starting,
stopping and, where applicable, manoeuvring
- for all angles stated in Ch 1, Sec 1, [2.4]
• in multi-propellers plants not fitted with shaft brakes,
provision is to be made to ensure lubrication of
gears likely to be affected by windmilling.

• 1,5 in respect of the yield strength b) Lubrication by means other than oil circulation under
• 2,0 in respect of the alternating bending fatigue limit. pressure will be given special consideration.

3.4.3 Quill shafts 3.6.2 Pumps

The minimum diameter of quill shafts subject to torque only a) Gears intended for propulsion or other essential services
is not to be less than the value dQS, in mm, given by the fol- are to be provided with:
lowing formula:
• one main lubricating pump, capable of maintaining
1
--- a sufficient lubrication of the gearbox in the whole
 27000 T 3
dQ S = 
7 ,65 + ---------------- ⋅ -----------------4 speed range
R S ,m i n 1 – Kd
• and one standby pump independently driven of at
RS,min and Kd being defined in [3.4.2].
least the same capacity.
3.4.4 Bearings b) In the case of:
a) Thrust bearings and their supports are to be so designed • gears having a transmitted power not exceeding
as to avoid detrimental deflexions under load. 375 kW
b) Life duration of bearings is not to be less than 40 000
• or multi-engines plants
hours. Shorter durations may be accepted on the basis
of the actual load time distribution, and subject to the one of the pumps mentioned in a) may be a spare pump
agreement of the owner. ready to be connected to the reduction gear lubricating
oil system, provided disassembling and reassembling
3.5 Casings operations can be carried out on board in a short time.

3.5.1 General 3.6.3 Filtration

Manufacturers are to build gear casings of sufficient stiffness
such that misalignment, external loads and thermal effects
in all service conditions do not adversely affect the overall
tooth contact.
3.5.2 Welded casings
a) Carbon content of steels used for the construction of
welded casings is to comply with the provisions of
NR216 Materials and Welding.
b) The welded joints are to be so arranged that welding
and inspection can be performed satisfactorily. They are
to be of the full penetration type.
c) Welded casings are to be stress-relieved after welding.
a) Forced lubrication systems are to be fitted with a device
which efficiently filters the oil in the circuit.
b) When fitted to gears intended for propulsion machinery
or machinery driving electric propulsion generators,
such filters are to be so arranged that they can be easily
cleaned without stopping the lubrication of the
machines.
3.7 Control and monitoring
3.7.1 Gears are to be provided with the alarms and safe-
guards listed in Tab 16.

3.5.3 Openings 4 Installation

Access or inspection openings of sufficient size are to be
provided to permit the examination of the teeth and the
4.1 General
structure of the wheels.

4.1.1 Manufacturers and shipyards are to take care directly

3.6 Lubrication that stiffness of gear seating and alignment conditions of
gears are such as not to adversely affect the overall tooth
3.6.1 General contact and the bearing loads under all operating condi-
a) Manufacturers are to take care of the following points: tions of the ship.

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 113

Pt C, Ch 1, Sec 6

Table 16: Indications, alarms and safeguards for gears

Symbol convention Automatic control

H = High, HH = High high, G = group alarm
Monitoring
L = Low, LL = Low low, I = individual alarm
Main Engine Auxiliary
X = function is required, R = remote
Slow- Shut- Stand
Identification of system parameter Alarm Indication Control Stop
down down by Start
Lubricating oil temperature at the oil cooler outlet local
local
Lubricating oil pressure
L (1) X
Oil tank level local
(1) May be omitted in case of restricted navigation notation.

4.2 Fitting of gears 5.2.3 Balancing test

4.2.1 Means such as stoppers or fitted bolts are to be
arranged in the case of gears subject to propeller thrust.
However, where the thrust is transmitted by friction and the
relevant safety factor is not less than 2, such means may be
omitted.
Rotating components, in particular gear wheel and pinion
shaft assemblies with the coupling part attached, are to
undergo a static balancing test.
Where n2.d ≥ 1,5.109, gear wheel and pinion shaft assem-
blies are also to undergo a dynamic balancing test.

5 Certification, inspection and testing 5.2.4 Verification of cutting accuracy

Examination of the accuracy of tooth cutting is to be per-
5.1 General formed in the presence of the Surveyor. Records of meas-
urements of errors, tolerances and clearances of teeth are to
5.1.1 be submitted at the request of the Surveyor.
a) Inspection and testing of shafts and their connections
(flange couplings, hubs, bolts, pins) are to be carried out 5.2.5 Meshing test
in accordance with the provisions of Ch 1, Sec 7.
a) A tooth meshing test is to be performed in the presence
b) For inspection of welded joints of wheels, refer to of the Surveyor. This test is to be carried out at a load
[3.3.2].
sufficient to ensure tooth contact, with the journals
located in the bearings according to the normal running
5.2 Workshop inspection and testing conditions. Before the test, the tooth surface is to be
coated with a thin layer of suitable coloured compound.
5.2.1 Testing of materials
Chemical composition and mechanical properties are to be b) The results of such test are to demonstrate that the tooth
tested in accordance with the applicable requirements of contact is adequately distributed on the length of the
NR216 Materials and Welding, Ch 2, Sec 3 for the follow- teeth. Strong contact marks at the end of the teeth are
ing items: not acceptable.
• pinions and wheel bodies c) A permanent record of the tooth contact is to be made
• rims for the purpose of subsequent checking of alignment fol-
• plates and other elements intended for propulsion gear lowing installation on board.
casings of welded construction.
d) For type approved cylindrical gears, with a power not
5.2.2 Testing of pinion and wheel forgings greater than 375 kW and a cast casing, the above
required workshop meshing test could be waived at the
a) Mechanical tests of pinions and wheels are to be carried
Surveyor satisfaction.
out in accordance with:
• NR216 Materials and Welding, Ch 2, Sec 3, [5.6] for 5.2.6 Hydrostatic tests
normalised and tempered or quenched and tem-
pered forgings a) Hydraulic or pneumatic clutches are to be hydrostati-
• NR216 Materials and Welding, Ch 2, Sec 3, [5.7] for cally tested before assembly to 1,5 times the maximum
surface-hardened forgings. working pressure of the pumps.

b) Non-destructive examination of pinion and wheel forg- b) Pressure piping, pumps casings, valves and other fittings
ings is to be performed in accordance with NR216 are to be hydrostatically tested in accordance with the
Materials and Welding, Ch 2, Sec 3, [5.8]. requirements of Ch 1, Sec 10, [20].

114 Bureau Veritas April 2007