Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

APPENDIX 1 CHECK OF THE SCANTLINGS OF CRANKSHAFTS

FOR DIESEL ENGINES

1 General constant energy of distortion (von Mises’ Criterion), result in

an equivalent alternating stress (uni-axial stress). This equiv-
alent alternating stress is then compared with the fatigue
1.1 Application
strength of the selected crankshaft material. This compari-
1.1.1 son will then show whether or not the crankshaft concerned
is dimensioned adequately.
a) The requirements for the check of scantlings of crank-
shafts given in this Appendix apply to diesel engines as
per Ch 1, Sec 2, [1.1.1] a), b) and c), capable of contin- 1.4 Symbols
uous operation at their maximum continuous power P,
1.4.1
(as defined in Ch 1, Sec 2, [1.3.2]), at the nominal max-
imum speed n. Crankshafts which cannot satisfy these B : Width of the web, in mm, see Fig 2
requirements will be subject to special consideration by dBC : Diameter of bore in crankpin, in mm, see Fig 2
the Society as far as detailed calculations or measure- dBJ : Diameter of bore in journal, in mm, see Fig 2
ments can be submitted. dC : Crankpin diameter, in mm, see Fig 2
The following cases: dJ : Journal diameter, in mm, see Fig 2
• surface treated fillets DE : The minimum value between:
• when fatigue parameter influences are tested, and • the outside diameter of web, in mm, or
• when working stresses are measured • the value, in mm, equal to twice the mini-
will be also specially considered by the Society. mum distance x between centre-line of jour-
b) The requirements of this Appendix apply only to solid- nals and outer contour of web (see Fig 3)
forged and semi-built crankshafts of forged or cast steel, dS : Shrink-fit diameter, in mm, see Fig 3
with one crank throw between two adjacent main bear- E : Pin eccentricity, in mm, see Fig 2
ings. EW : Value of the modulus of elasticity of the web
material, in N/mm2, see [7.2.2]
1.2 Documentation to be submitted F : Area, in mm2, related to cross-section of web,
1.2.1 Required data for the check of the scantlings of given by the following formula:
crankshafts as indicated in Ch 1, Sec 2, Tab 1, item 1 are F=BW
listed in Article [9]. K : Crankshaft manufacturing process factor, see
[6.1.1] a)
1.3 Principles of calculation KE : Empirical factor for the modification of the alter-
nating bending stress, which considers to some
1.3.1 The scantlings of crankshafts as per this Appendix are extent the influence of adjacent cranks and
based on an evaluation of safety against fatigue failure in bearing restraint, whose value may be taken as
the highly stressed areas. follows:
The calculation is also based on the assumption that the • KE = 0,8 for 2-stroke engines
areas exposed to highest stresses are:
• KE = 1,0 for 4-stroke engines
• fillet transitions between the crankpin and web as well
LS : Axial length of the shrink-fit, in mm, see Fig 3
as between the journal and web
MB : Bending moment in the web centre, in Nm
• outlets of crankpin oil bores.
MB,MAX : Maximum value of the bending moment MB, in
When journal diameter is equal or larger than the crankpin Nm
one, the outlets of main journal oil bores are to be formed
MB,MIN : Minimum value of the bending moment MB, in
in a similar way to the crankpin oil bores, otherwise sepa-
Nm
rate documentation of fatigue safety may be required.
MBN : Nominal alternating bending moment, in Nm,
The engine manufacturer, where requested by the Society,
is to submit documentation supporting his oil bore design. for the determination of MBN , see [2.1.2] b)
Calculation of crankshaft strength consists initially in deter- MT,MAX : Maximum value of the torque, in Nm, with con-
mining the nominal alternating bending and nominal alter- sideration of the mean torque
nating torsional stesses which, multiplied by the MT,MIN : Minimum value of the torque, in Nm, with con-
appropriate stress concentration factors using the theory of sideration of the mean torque

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 235

Pt C, Ch 1, App 1
MTN : Nominal alternating torque, in Nm, given by
the following formula:
MTN = ± 0,5 (MT, MAX − MT, MIN)
Q1 : Acceptability factor for the crankpin fillet, see
[8.1.1]
Q2 : Acceptability factor for the journal fillet, see
[8.1.1]
QMAX : Maximum value of the alternating shearing
force Q, in N
QMIN : Minimum value of the alternating shearing force
Q, in N
QN : Nominal alternating shearing force, in N, for the
determination of Q N , see [2.1.2] c)
rC : Fillet radius of crankpin, in mm, see Fig 2
rJ : Fillet radius of journal, in mm, see Fig 2
Rm : Value of the minimum specified tensile strength
of crankshaft material, in N/mm2
2 crankpin fillet, in N/mm 2, for the determination
RS,MIN : Specified value, in N/mm , of the minimum
yield strength (ReH), or 0,2% proof stress (Rp 0,2),
of the crank web material
S : Pin overlap, in mm, (see Fig 2) whose value
may be calculated by the following formula:
dC + dJ
S = ----------------
- –E
2 in way of the crankpin fillet, in N/mm2, for the
Where pins do not overlap, the negative value
of S calculated by the above formula is to be
considered
TC : Recess of crankpin, in mm, see Fig 2
TJ : Recess of journal, in mm, see Fig 2
W : Axial web thickness, in mm, see Fig 2
WEQ : Equatorial moment of resistence, in mm3, related
to cross-sectional area of web, whose value may
be calculated as follows:
⋅ W 2-
W EQ = B
---------------
6 let, in N/mm 2, for the determination of τJ , see
WPC : Value, in mm3, of the polar moment of resis-
tance related to cross-sectional area of crank-
pin, for the determination of WPC , see [2.2.2]
WPJ : Value, in mm3, of the polar moment of resis-
tance related to cross-sectional area of journal,
for the determination of WPJ , see [2.2.2]
y : Distance, in mm, between the adjacent generat-
ing lines of journal and pin connected to the
same web, see Fig 3
In general y is not to be less than 0,05 dS
Where y is less than 0,1 dS , special consider-
ation will be given by the Society in each case,
to the effect of the stress due to the shrink on the
fatigue strength of the web at the crankpin fillet
βBC : Stress concentration factor for bending in crank-
pin fillet, for the determination of βBC , see
[3.1.2] a)
βBJ : Stress concentration factor for bending in jour-
nal fillet, for the determination of βBJ , see
[3.1.3] a)
236 Bureau Veritas
βQJ : Stress concentration factor for shearing in jour-
nal fillet, for the determination of βQJ , see
[3.1.3] b)
βTC : Stress concentration factor for torsion in crank-
pin fillet, for the calculation of βTc , see [3.1.2] b)
βTJ : Stress concentration factor for torsion in journal
fillet, for the calculation of βTJ , see [3.1.3] c)
σB,ADD : Additional bending stress, in N/mm2, due to
misalignment, see [4.1.1]
σBN : Nominal alternating bending stress, in N/mm2,
for the determination of σBN , see [2.1.2] b)
σBC : Alternating bending stress in crankpin fillet, in
N/mm2, for the determination of σBC , see [2.1.3] a)
σBJ : Alternating bending stress in journal fillet, in
N/mm2, for the determination of σBC , see [2.1.3] b)
σ′E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the
of σ′E see [5.2.1] a)
σ″E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the jour-
nal fillet, in N/mm2, for the determination of σ″E
see [5.2.1] b)
σ′F,ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
determination of σ′F,ALL , see [6.1.1] a)
σ″F,ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
in way of the journal fillet, in N/mm2, for the
determination of σ”F,ALL , see [6.1.1] b)
σQN : Nominal alternating shearing stress, in N/mm2,
for the determination of σQN , see [2.1.2] c)
τC : Alternating torsional stress in way of crankpin
fillet, in N/mm2, for the determination of τC , see
[2.2.3] a)
τJ : Alternating torsional stress in way of journal fil-
[2.2.3] b)
τNC : Nominal alternating torsional stress referred to
crankpin, in N/mm2, for the determination of
τNC , see [2.2.2]
τNJ : Nominal alternating torsional stress referred to
journal, in N/mm 2, for the determination of τNJ ,
see [2.2.2]
dOB : Diameter of oil bore in crankpin, in mm, see Fig 4
MBRO : Bending moment of the radial component of the
connecting-rod force, in Nm
MBTO : Bending moment of the tangential component
of the connecting-rod force, in Nm
σBON : Nominal alternating bending stress related to
the crank, in N/mm2
MBON : Alternating bending moment, in Nm, calculated
at the outlet of crankpin oil bore
Ψ : Angular position, in deg (see Fig 4)
We : Section modulus related to cross-section of axi-
ally bored crankpin, in mm3
April 2007

σBO : Alternating bending stress in outlet of crankpin
oil bore, in N/mm2
γB : Stress concentration factor for bending in crank-
pin oil bore (see Article [3])
σTO : Alternating torsional stress in outlet of crankpin
oil bore, in N/mm 2, for the determination of
σTO, see [2.2.2], item c)
γT : Stress concentration factor for torsion in outlet
of crankpin oil bore (see Article [3])
σ’’’E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the
crankpin outlet of oil bore, in N/mm 2, for the
determination of σ’’’E, see [5.2.1], item c)
σ’’’F, ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
in way of the crankpin outlet of oil bore, in
N/mm2, for the determination of σ’’’F,ALL, see
[6.1.1], item c)
Q3 : Acceptability factor for the crankpin outlet of oil
bore, see [8.1.1]
Wred : Reduced axial web thickness (see Fig 2), in mm,
for two strokes engines with Tc > rc:
Wred = W − (Tc − rc)
2 Calculation of alternating stresses
2.1 Calculation of alternating stresses due
to bending moments and shearing
forces
2.1.1 Assumptions
The calculation of alternating stresses is based on the
assumptions specified below:
a) The calculation is based on a statically determined sys-
tem, so that only one single crank throw is considered
with the journals supported in the centre of adjacent
bearings and the throw subjected to gas and inertia
forces. The bending length is taken as the length L3
between the centre of two adjacent main bearings (see
Fig 1(a) and (b)).
b) The nominal bending moment is taken as the bending
moment in the crank web cross-section in the centre of
the solid web (distance L1) based on a triangular bend-
ing moment load due to the radial components of the
connecting rod force. For crank throws with two con-
necting rods acting upon one crankpin, the nominal
bending moment is taken as a bending moment
obtained by superimposing the two triangular bending
moment loads due to the radial components of the con-
necting rod forces, according to phase.
c) The nominal alternating stresses due to bending
moments and shearing forces are to be related to the
cross-sectional area of the crank web, at the centre of
the overlap S in cases of overlap of the pins and at the
centre of the distance y between the adjacent generat-
ing lines of the two pins in cases of pins which do not
overlap (see Fig 2 and Fig 3). Nominal mean bending
stresses are neglected.
d) Bending acting in outlet of crankpin oil bore
April 2007 Bureau Veritas
Pt C, Ch 1, App 1
The two relevant bending moments MBRO and M BTO (see
definitions in [1.4.1]) are taken in the crankpin cross-
section through the oil bore.
The alternating stresses due to these bending moments
are to be related to the cross-sectional area of the axially
bored crankpin. Mean bending stresses are neglected.
The nominal alternating bending stress related to the
crankpin diameter, in N/mm2, is as follows:
σBON = ± 103 MBON/We
where:
MBON : Alternating bending moment calculated at
the outlet of crankpin oil bore, in Nm, equal
to:
MBON = ± 1/2 (MBOmax − MBOmin)
with:
MBO = MBTO cos ψ + MBRO sin ψ
We : Section modulus, in mm3, related to the
cross-section of axially bored crankpin:
π ( d C – d B C )-
4 4
W e = ------ ------------------------
32 dC
2.1.2 Calculation of nominal alternating bending
and shearing stresses
a) As a rule the calculation is carried out in such a way
that the individual radial forces acting upon the crank
pin owing to gas and inertia forces will be calculated for
all crank positions within one working cycle. A simpli-
fied calculation of the radial forces may be used at the
discretion of the Society.
b) The bending moment M B in the web centre is to be cal-
culated by means of the radial forces variable in time
within one working cycle, and taking into account the
axial distance from the time curve as defined in the
bearing center to the acting position of the forces on the
pin. The nominal alternating bending moment MBN , in
N⋅m, and, from this, the nominal alternating bending
stress σBN, in N/mm2, will then be calculated by the fol-
lowing formulae:
M BN = ± 0 ,5 ⋅ ( M B ,M A X – M B ,M I N )
M BN
σBN = ± ----------
- ⋅ K ⋅ 10 3
WEQ E
In the case of V-type engines, the bending moments,
progressively calculated for the various crank angles
and due to the gas and inertia forces of the two cylin-
ders acting on one crank throw, are to be superimposed
according to phase, the differing designs of the connect-
ing rods (forked connecting rod, articulated-type con-
necting rod or adjacent connecting rods) being taken
into account. Where there are cranks of different geo-
metrical configuration (e.g., asymmetric cranks) in one
crankshaft, the calculation is to cover all crank variants.
c) The nominal alternating shearing force QN , in N, and,
from this, the nominal alternating shearing stress σQN , in
N/mm ², may be calculated by the following formulae:
Q N = ± 0 ,5 ⋅ ( Q M A X – Q M IN )
Q
σQ N = ± -------N ⋅ K E
F
237
Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

2.1.3 Calculation of alternating bending stresses in b) The alternating bending stress in journal fillet is to be
way of fillets and outlet of crankpin oil bore taken equal to the value σBJ , in N/mm2, obtained by the
following formula:
The calculation of the alternating bending stresses is to be
carried out in way of the crankpin fillet, the journal fillet σ B J = ± ( β BJ ⋅ σ B N + β Q J ⋅ σ Q N )
and the outlet of the crankpin oil bore, as follows: c) The alternating bending stress in outlet of crankpin oil
bore is to be taken equal to the value σBO , in N/mm2,
a) The alternating bending stress in crankpin fillet is to be
obtained by the following formula:
taken equal to the value σBC , in N/mm 2, obtained by the
σBO = ± (γB σBON)
following formula:
where:
σ B C = ± ( β BC ⋅ σ B N ) γB, σBON : As defined in [1.4.1].

Figure 1: Crank throw of solid crankshaft

dC

dC

E
E

dJ
dJ
connecting rod
centre line of

connecting rods
centre lines of
= = = =

L1 L1 L1 L1

L2 L2 L2 L2

L3 L3

Connecting-rod acting
component forces
(FR or FT)

Radial shear force diagrams

(QN)

Bending moment diagrams

(MBN or MBT)

(a) Crank throw for engine (b) Crank throw for engine with
with one connecting rod two adjacent connecting rods

238 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

Figure 2: Crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress concentration factors
B

rJ

d BC
dC
S

W W

E
rC

d BJ

dJ

(dJ - S) / 2
T
J
T
C

Overlapped crankshaft

Th

RH

Wred

" "
L1 B

Crankshaft without overlap

Figure 3: Crank throw of semi-built crankshaft

dC

rJ
dBJ

dS
dJ

LS DE

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 239

Pt C, Ch 1, App 1
Figure 4: Crankpin section through the oil bore
FR
d0B
MBT0
MBR0
FT
ψ 3) pitch and developed area ratio
2.2 Calculation of alternating torsional
stresses
2.2.1 General
The calculation for nominal alternating torsional stresses is
to be undertaken by the engine manufacturer according to
the information contained in [2.2.2].
The maximum value obtained from such calculations will
be used by the Society when determining the equivalent
alternating stress according to the provisions of Article [5].
In the absence of such a maximum value, the Society
reserves the right to incorporate a fixed value in the calcula-
tion for the crankshaft dimensions, to be established at its
discretion in each case.
In the event of the Society being entrusted to carry out a
forced vibration calculation on behalf of the engine manu-
facturer to determine the torsional vibration stresses
expected in the engine and where relevant in the shafting,
the following data are to be submitted in addition to those
required in [1.2.1]:
a) equivalent dynamic system of the engine, comprising:
1) mass moment of inertia of every mass point, in kg.m2
2) inertialess torsional stiffnesses, in Nm/rad, of all
crankshaft parts between two mass points
b) vibration dampers, specifying:
1) type designation
2) mass moments of inertia, in kg.m²
3) inertialess torsional stiffnesses, in Nm/rad
4) values of the damping coefficients, in Nm.s
c) flywheels, specifying:
1) mass moment of inertia, in kg⋅m².
Where the whole propulsion system is to be considered, the
following information is also to be submitted:
a) elastic couplings, specifying:
240
1) dynamic zcharacteristics and damping data, as well
as the permissible value of alternating torque
b) gearing and shafting, specifying:
1) shaft diameters of gear shafts, thrust shafts, interme-
diate shafts and propeller shafts, mass moments of
inertia, in kg⋅m², of gearing or important mass
points, gear ratios and, for gearboxes of complex
type, the schematic gearing arrangement
c) propellers, specifying:
1) propeller diameter
2) number of blades
4) mass moment of inertia of propeller in air and with
entrained water, in kg⋅m 2 (for controllable pitch pro-
pellers both the values at full pitch and at zero pitch
are to be specified)
5) damping characteristics, if available and documented
d) natural frequencies with their relevant modes of vibra-
tion and the vector sums for the harmonics of the engine
excitation
e) estimated torsional vibration stresses in all important
elements of the system with particular reference to
clearly defined resonance speeds of rotation and contin-
uous operating ranges.
2.2.2 Calculation of nominal alternating torsional
stresses
The maximum and minimum values of the alternating
torques are to be ascertained for every mass point of the sys-
tem and for the entire speed range by means of a harmonic
synthesis of the alternating stresses due to the forced vibra-
tions from the 1st order up to and including the 15th order
for 2-stroke cycle engines, and from the 0,5th order up to
and including the 12th order for 4-stroke cycle engines.
In performing this calculation, allowance is to be made for
the dampings that exist in the system and for unfavourable
conditions (e.g., misfiring in one of the cylinders).
The speed stages is to be selected for the forced vibration
calculations in such a way that the transient response can
be recorded with sufficient accuracy at various speeds.
The values received from such calculation are to be submit-
ted to the Society for consideration.
The nominal alternating torsional stresses, referred to crank-
pin and journal, in every mass point which is essential to
the assessment, may be taken equal to the values τNC and
τNJ, in N/mm2, calculated by the following formulae:
M TN
τ N C = ± ---------- ⋅ 10 3
WPC
MTN
τ N J = ± ---------
- ⋅ 10 3
W PJ
where:
a) For unbored crankpins or journals:
π⋅d
3
WPC = ------------C-
16
π⋅d
3
WPC = ------------J-
16
Bureau Veritas April 2007

b) For bored crankpins or journals:
π d C4 – d B4 C
W PC = ------ ⋅ --------------------
16 dC
π d J4 – d BJ 4
W PJ = ------ ⋅ ------------------
-
16 dC
For the symbols dC , dJ , dBC and dBJ , see [3.1.1] and Fig 2.
For the calculation of the polar moments of resistence WPC
and WPJ , bored crankpins and journals having bore diame-
ter not exceeding 0,3 times the outer diameter of crankpins
or journals may be considered as unbored.
Bored crankpins and journals whose bore longitudinal axis
does not coincide with the axis of the said crankpins and
journals, will be considered by the Society in each case.
The assessment of the proposed crankshaft dimensions is
based on the alternating torsional stress which, in conjunc-
tion with the associated bending stress, results in the lowest
acceptability factor FA , as specified in [8.1].
Where barred speed ranges are necessary, the alternating
torsional stresses within these ranges are to be neglected in
the calculation of the above acceptability factor.
Barred speed ranges are to be so arranged that satisfactory
operation is possible despite their existence.
There are to be no barred speed ranges for values of the
speed ratio λ ≥ 0,8, λ being the ratio between the rotational
speed considered and the rotational speed corresponding to
the maximum continous power.
The approval of the proposed crankshaft dimensions will be
based on the installation having the lowest value of the
above-mentioned acceptability factor.
Thus, for each installation, it is to be ensured by suitable
calculation that the nominal alternating torsional stress
accepted for the purpose of checking the crankshaft scant-
lings is not exceeded.
This calculation is to be submitted for assessment to the
Society (see Ch 1, Sec 9).
2.2.3 Calculation of alternating torsional stresses in
way of fillets and outlet of crankpin oil bore
The calculation of the alternating torsional stresses is to be
carried out in way of the crankpin fillet, the journal fillet
and the outlet of the crankpin oil bore, as follows:
a) the alternating torsional stress in way of crankpin fillet is
to be taken equal to the value τC, in N/mm², given by the
following formula:
τC = ± (βTC τNC)
b) the alternating torsional stress in way of journal fillet is
to be taken equal to the value τJ, in N/mm², given by the
following formula:
τJ = ± (βTJ τNJ)
c) the alternating torsional stress in way of outlet of crank-
pin oil bore is to be taken equal to the value σTO , in
N/mm², given by the following formula:
σTO = ± (γT τNC)
where:
γT, τNC : As defined in [1.4.1].
April 2007
Pt C, Ch 1, App 1
3 Calculation of stress concentration
factors
3.1 General
3.1.1 The stress concentration factors for bending (βBC and
βBJ) are defined as the ratio of the maximum value of the
bending stress occurring in the fillets under bending load
acting in the central cross-section of a crank, to the value of
the nominal alternating bending stress related to the web
cross-section.
The value of the above nominal stress is to be determined
under the bending moment in the middle of the solid web.
The stress concentration factors for torsion (βTC and βTJ) are
defined as the ratio of the maximum value of the torsional
stress occurring under torsional load in the fillets to the
value of the nominal alternating torsional stress related to
the crankpin or journal cross-section, taking account of the
relevant bores, if any.
The stress concentration factor for shearing βQJ is defined as
the ratio of the maximum value of the shear stress occurring
in the journal fillet under bending load to the value of the
nominal shear stress related to the web cross-section.
Where the above stress concentration factors cannot be
obtained by reliable measurements, their values may be
evaluated by means of the formulae in [3.1.2] and [3.1.3],
which are applicable to crankpin fillets and journal fillets
for solid-forged crankshafts, and to the crankpin fillets only
for semi-built crankshafts.
Fig 2 shows the dimensions necessary for the calculation of
the above-mentioned stress concentration factors.
For the calculation of stress concentration factors for bend-
ing, torsion and shearing, the related dimensions shown in
Tab 1 will be applied.
The values of the stress concentration factors, calculated as
follows, are valid for the following ranges of related dimen-
sions for which investigations have been carried out:
− 0,50 ≤ s ≤ 0,70
0,20 ≤ w ≤ 0,80
1,20 ≤ b ≤ 2,20
0,03 ≤ r1 ≤ 0,13
0,03 ≤ r2 ≤ 0,13
0 ≤ d1 ≤ 0,80
0 ≤ d2 ≤ 0,80
The factor f (t,s), which accounts for the influence of a
recess in the web in way of the crankpin and journal fillets,
is valid if the related dimensions t1 and t2 meet the following
conditions:
t1 ≤ r1 t2 ≤ r2
and is to be applied for the values of the related dimensions
within the range:
− 0,30 ≤ s ≤ 0,50
Bureau Veritas 241
Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

Table 1: f4(s) : 0,4368 + 2,1630 (1 − s) − 1,5212 (1 − s)2

Crankpin fillets Journal fillets w

f4(w) : ----------------------------------------------------
0 ,0637 + 0 ,9369 ⋅ w
r1 = rC / dC r2 = rJ / d C
f4(b) : − 0,5 + b
s = S / dC s = S / dC
f4(r2) : 0,5331 r2−0,2038
w = W / dC w = W / dC
f4(d1) : 0,9937 − 1,1949 d1 + 1,7373 d12
b = B / dC b = B / dC
f (t,s) : 1 + (t1 + t2) (1,8 + 3,2 s)
d1 = dBC / dC d2 = dBJ / dC
c) The value of the stress concentration factor for torsion
t1 = TC / dC t2 = T J / d C
βTJ may be calculated by the following formulae:
3.1.2 Crankpin fillets • where dJ = dC and rJ = rC:
a) The value of the stress concentration factor for bending βTJ = βTC
βBC may be calculated by the following formula: • where dJ ≠ dC and/or rJ ≠ rC:
βBC = 2,6914 f1(s,w) f1(w) f1(b) f1(r1) f1(d1) f1(d2) f1(t,s) βTJ = 0,8 f2(r1,s) f2(b) f2(w)
where: and f2(r1,s), f2(b) and f2(w) are to be determined in
f1(s,w) : − 4,1883 + (29,2004 w) − (77,5925 w2) + accordance with [3.1.2], but taking r1 = rJ / dJ instead
(91,9454 w3) − (40,0416 w4) + (1 − s) (9,5440 of r1 = rC / dC for the calculation of f2(r1,s).
− 58,3480 w + 159,3415 w2 − 192,5846 w3
+ 85,2916 w4) + (1 − s) 2 (−3,8399 + 25,0444 3.1.4 Outlet of crankpin oil bore
w − 70,5571 w2 + 87,0328 w3 − 39,1832 w4) The value of the stress concentration factors for bending γB
and torsion γT may be calculated by the following formulae:
f1(w) : 2,1790 w0,7171
f1(b) : 0,6840 − 0,0077 b + 0,1473 b2 γB = 3 − 5,88 dOB + 34,6 dOB2
f1(r1) : 0,2081 r1−0,5231 γT = 4 − 6 dOB + 30 dOB2
f1(d1) : 0,9978 + 0,3145⋅d1 − 1,524⋅d12 + 2,4147⋅d13 with dOB defined in [1.4.1].
f1(d2) : 0,9993 + 0,27 d2 − 1,0211 d2 + 0,5306 d2
2 3

f (t,s) : 1 + (t1 + t2) (1,8 + 3,2 s) 4 Additional bending stresses

b) The value of the stress concentration factor for torsion
βTC may be calculated by the following formula:
4.1
βTC = 0,8 f2(r1,s) f2(b) f2(w) 4.1.1 In addition to the alternating bending stresses in fillets
where: (see [2.1.3]), further bending stresses due to misalignment,
bedplate deformation and axial and bending vibrations are
f2(r1,s) : r1x with x = − 0,322 + 0,1015 (1 − s)
also to be considered.
f2(b) : 7,8955 − 10,654 b + 5,3482 b2 − 0,857 b3 The values of such additional bending stresses may be
f2(w) : w−0,145 taken equal to the values σB,ADD , in N/mm2, as shown in
Tab 2.
3.1.3 Journal fillets
a) The value of the stress concentration factor for bending Table 2:
βBJ may be calculated by the following formula:
Type of engine σB,ADD , in N/mm2
βBJ = 2,7146 f3(s,w) f3(w) f3(b) f3(r2) f3(d1) f3(d2) f (t,s)
Crosshead engine ± 30
where:
f3(s,w) : − 1,7625 + 2,9821 w − 1,5276 w2 + (1 − s) Trunk piston engine ± 10
(5,1169 − 5,8089 w + 3,1391 w2) + (1 − s)2
(− 2,1567 + 2,3297 w − 1,2952 w 2) 5 Calculation of the equivalent
f3(w) : 2,2422 w0,7548 alternating stress
f3(b) : 0,5616 + 0,1197 b + 0,1176 b2
f3(r2) : 0,1908 r2−0,5568
5.1 General
f3(d1) : 1,0022 − 0,1903 d1 + 0,0073 d12 5.1.1 The equivalent alternating stress is to be calculated
f3(d2) : 1,0012 − 0,6441 d2 + 1,2265 d22 for the crankpin fillet, the journal fillet as well as for the
crankpin outlet of oil bore.
f (t,s) : 1 + (t1 + t2) (1,8 + 3,2 s)
For this calculation the theory of constant energy of distor-
b) The value of the stress concentration factor for shearing sion (von Mises’s Criterion) is to be used.
βQJ may be calculated by the following formula:
Here it is assumed that the maximum alternating bending
βQJ = 3,0128 f4(s) f4(w) f4(b) f4(r2) f4(d1) f (t,s) stresses and maximum alternating torsional stresses within a
where: crankshaft occur simultaneously and at the same point.

242 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

5.2 Equivalent alternating stresses c) The value of the allowable alternating bending fatigue
strength in way of the crankpin outlet of oil bore may be
5.2.1 The equivalent alternating stresses are to be taken as taken equal to the value σ’’’F,ALL, in N/mm2, calculated
the values σ′E, σ″E and σ′″E calculated according to the fol- by the following formula:
lowing formulae: – 0, 2
σ'''F, AL L = ±K R' m [ 0, 264 + 1, 073d c + R'' m + R''' m ( d O B ⁄ 2 ) –0, 5 ]
a) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the crankpin
fillet is to be taken equal to the value σ′E , in N/mm2, For calculation of σ′F,ALL and σ″F,ALL , the values of rC and rJ
calculated by the following formula: are not to be taken less than 2 mm.
2 0 ,5 Where results of the fatigue tests conducted on full size
σ' E = ± [ ( σ BC + σB ,AD D ) + 3 τ C ]
2
crank throws or crankshafts whose pins have been sub-
b) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the journal fil- jected to surface treatment are not available, the factor K for
let is to be taken equal to the value σ″E , in N/mm2, cal- crankshafts without surface treatment of pins is to be used.
culated by the following formula: In all cases the experimental values of fatigue strength car-
σ''E = ± [ ( σB J + σ B ,A DD ) + 3τ J ]
2 2 0 ,5 ried out with full size crank throws or crankshafts is to be
submitted to the Society for consideration.
c) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the crankpin
The survival probability for fatigue strength values derived
outlet of oil bore is to be taken equal to the value σ'"E ,
from testing is to be to the satisfaction of the Society and in
in N/mm2, calculated by the following formula: principle not less than 80%.
9 γ T τ N C-
2
1
σ′′′ E = ± --- σ BO 1 + 2 1 + ---  ------------
3 4  σ BO  7 Calculation of shrink-fit of semi-built
crankshafts
6 Calculation of the fatigue strength
7.1 General
6.1
7.1.1 Considering the radius of the transition rJ from the
6.1.1 The fatigue strength is to be understood as that value of journal diameter dJ to the shrink diameter dS, both the fol-
alternating bending stress which a crankshaft can perma- lowing equations are to be respected:
nently withstand at the most highly stressed points of the fillets r J ≥ 0 ,015d J
between webs and pins and at the crankpin oil bore outlets.
r J ≥ 0 ,5 ⋅ ( d S – d J )
Where the fatigue strength for a crankshaft cannot be ascer-
tained by reliable measurements, it may be taken equal to The actual oversize h of the shrink-fit must be within the
the values σ′F,ALL, σ″F,ALL and σ″′F,ALL evaluated by means of limits hMIN and hMAX calculated in accordance with [7.2]
the following formulae: and [7.3] or according to recognized standards.

a) The value of the allowable alternating bending fatigue

strength in way of the crankpin fillet may be taken equal
7.2 Minimum required oversize of shrink-fit
to the value σ′F.ALL , in N/mm2, calculated by the follow- 7.2.1 The minimum oversize required for the shrink-fit is
ing formula: determined by the greater of the values calculated in accor-
σ' F ,A LL = ± K R' m ( 0 ,264 + 1 ,073 d C
– 0 ,2
+ R'' m + R''' m r C )
– 0 ,5 dance with [7.2.2] and [7.2.3].
where: 7.2.2 The value of the minimum required oversize of the
K : Factor for different types of forged and cast shrink-fit hMIN , in mm, is to be not less than that calculated
steel crankshafts without surface treatment by the following formula for the crank throw with the abso-
of pins, whose value may be taken as fol- lute maximum torque MT,MAX.
lows: The above torque MT,MAX, in Nm, corresponds to the maxi-
• 1,05 for continuous grain flow forged or mum value of the torque for the various mass points of the
drop-forged steel crankshafts crankshaft
• 1,00 for free form forged steel crankshafts
4 ⋅ 10 s F ⋅ M T ,M AX
3

• 0,93 for cast steel crankshafts h M IN = ---------------- ⋅ -------------------------

- ⋅ f (Z)
π ⋅ µ EW ⋅ dS ⋅ LS
R′m : 0,42 Rm + 39,3
where:
785 – R m sF : Safety factor against slipping, in no case is a
R″m : ---------------------- value less than 2 to be taken
4900
µ : Coefficient for static friction between the jour-
R′″m : 196 / Rm
nal and web surfaces, to be taken equal to 0,20,
b) The value of the allowable alternating bending fatigue if LS / dS ≥ 0,40
strength in way of the journal fillet may be taken equal 1 – Z A2 ⋅ Z S2
f (Z) : --------------------------------------------
-
to the value σ″F,.ALL , in N/mm2, calculated by the follow- ( 1 – Z A2 ) ⋅ ( 1 – Z S2 )
ing formula: ZA : d S / DE
σ'' F ,ALL = ± KR'm ( 0 ,264 + 1 ,073 d J )
– 0 ,2 – 0 ,5
+ R''m + R''' m r J ZS : dBJ / dS

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 243

Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

7.2.3 In addition to the provisions of [7.2.2], the minimum f) sense of rotation: clockwise or counter clockwise as per
required oversize value hMIN , in mm, is not to be less than Fig 5
that calculated according to the following formula:
R S ,M IN ⋅ d S Figure 5: Designation of the cylinders
h M IN = -----------------------
-
EW

7.3 Maximum permissible oversize of

shrink-fit

7.3.1 The value of the maximum permissible oversize of

shrink-fit is not to be exceeded the value hMAX, in mm, cal-
culated in accordance with the following formula:
R S ,M IN ⋅ d S 0 ,8 d S g) firing order (corresponding to Item f)
h M A X = -----------------------
- + --------------
EW 1000 firing intervals, in deg
This condition concerning the maximum permissible over- h) rated power, in kW
size serves to restrict the shrinkage induced mean stress in
the journal fillet. rated engine speed, in rpm
mean effective pressure, in bar
8 Acceptability criteria mean indicated pressure, in bar
maximum cylinder pressure (gauge), in bar
8.1
charge air pressure (gauge) (before inlet valves or scav-
8.1.1 In order for the proposed crankshaft scantlings to be enge ports), in bar
acceptable, the equivalent alternating stresses, calculated
nominal compression ratio
both at crankpin and journal fillets, as well as at the crank-
pin outlet of oil bore, are to be such as to satisfy the follow- i) number of cylinders
ing conditions:
diameter of cylinders, in mm
σ'F ,ALL
- ≥ 1 ,15
Q 1 = ------------- length of piston stroke, in mm
σ' E
σ ″F ,ALL length of connecting rod (between bearing centers), in
- ≥ 1 ,15
Q 2 = ---------------
σ″ E mm
σ ′″ F ,A LL
- ≥ 1 ,15
Q 3 = ----------------- j) oscillating mass of one cylinder (mass of piston, rings,
σ′″ E
pin, piston rod, crosshead, oscillating part of connecting
rod)
9 Annex mass of connecting rod and position of gravity center

k) digitalized gas pressure curve (gauge) - presented at

9.1 Data sheet for calculation of crankshafts
equidistant intervals [bar versus crank angle] - (intervals
not more than 5° CA)
9.1.1 The following data are to be submitted by the manu-
facturer for each type of crankshaft: l) additional data of V-type engines: V-angle, in deg
a) engine builder For cylinder bank with articulated-type connecting rod
b) engine type designation data corresponding to items i), j) and k) are also to be
submitted
c) stroke-cycle: 2 SCSA or 4 SCSA
m) data of crankshaft:
d) kind of engine:
drawing number
• in-line engine V-type engine with adjacent connect-
ing rods kind of crankshaft (e.g. solid-forged crankshaft, semi-
built crankshaft, etc.)
• V -type engine with articulated-type connecting rods
• V-type engine with forked/inner connecting rods method of manufacture (e.g. free fonn forged, cast steel,
etc.), description of the forging process - if c.g.f forged
• crosshead engine or Trunk piston engine or drop-forged
e) combustion method: heat treattnent (e.g. tempered)
• direct injection
surface treatment of fillets, journals and pins (e.g. induc-
• precombustion chamber or others methods tion hardened, nitrided, rolled, etc.)

244 Bureau Veritas April 2007

 Pt C, Ch 1, App 1

n) crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress max. nominal alternating torsional stress (ascertained by
concentration factors as per Fig 1 and Fig 2, in mm means of a harmonic synthesis and related to cross-sec-
unless other specified: tional area of bored crank pin), in N/mm²
crankpin diameter dC engine speed (at which the max. nominal alternating
diameter of bore in crankpin dBC torsional stress occurs), in rpm
fillet radius of crankpin rC minimum engine speed (for which the hannonic synthe-
sis was carried out), in rpm
recess of crankpin TC
p) data of crankshaft material (minimum values of
jounal diameter dJ mechanical properties of material obtained from longi-
diameter of bore in journal dBJ tudinal test specimens)
fillet radius of journal rJ material designation (according to DIN. AISI. etc.)
recess of journal TJ method of material melting process (e.g. open-hearth
web thickness W furnace, electric furnace, etc.)
tensile strength, in N/mm²
web width B
yield strength, in N/mm²
bending length L1
reduction in area at break, in %
bending length L2
elongation A5, in %
bending length L3
impact energy - KV, in J
diameter of oil bore in crankpin dOB
Young’s modulus, in N/mm²
smallest edge radius of oil bore
q) data of stress concentration factors (S.C.F.) to be given
surface roughness of oil bore fillet, in mm only when data for stress concentration factors and/or
inclination of oil bore axis related to shaft axis Y, in deg fatigue are furnished by the engine manufacturer on the
o) additional data for shrink-fits of semi-built crankshafts as basis of measurements. Full supporting details, are to be
per Fig 3 enclosed.
shrink diameter dS S.C.F. for bending in crankpin fillet bBC
length of shrink-fit LS S.C.F. for torsion in crankpin fillet bTC
outside diameter of web DE or twice the minimum dis- S.C.F. for bending in journal fillet bBJ
tance x (the smaller value is to be entered) S.C.F. for torsion in journal fillet bTJ
amount of shrink-fit (upper and lower tolerances) S.C.F. for shearing in journal fillet bQJ
maximum torque, in Nm allowable fatigue strength of crankshaft sF,ALL, in N/mm².

April 2007 Bureau Veritas 245