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Barker coded thermal wave imaging for defect detection in carbon fbre-
reinforced plastics
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Active thermal non-destructive testing (TNDT) methods the test object is stimulated by a known controlled excitation and
utilise the acquired surface temperature profile over an the temporal temperature map of the surface is captured using
object and subsequently process the obtained temperature an infrared camera. Weak thermal responses due to diffusive
data to detect surface or subsurface features of the object. thermal waves are further processed using a suitable technique
This process, however, demands novel processing and and subsurface details can be extracted. However, larger thermal
excitation approaches to enhance the defect detectability attenuation offered by substances to the propagating thermal waves
with depth analysis. This contribution is intended to exhibit demands either more energy deposition or an improvement in
the detection capability of the recently introduced Barker the SNR with the temporal thermal profiles to provide sufficient
coded excitation for infrared imaging for characterisation of thermal contrast for deeper defect detection. Significant research
carbon fibre-reinforced plastic material. Experiments have has been carried out in the last few years for the invention of novel
been carried out for the proposed excitation scheme to study excitation and processing approaches to accomplish this task. Pulse
its defect detection capabilities. thermography (PT), lock-in thermography (LT) and pulsed phase
thermography (PPT) are widely used in IRNDT applications. The
Keywords:
Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT), carbon requirement for high peak powers and non-uniform emissivity
fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP), Barker code, pulse limits the applicability of PT[1], even though it is the quickest and
compression, Fourier transform. easiest method of detection. PPT[2] is similar to PT in providing
stimulus, but analysis can be carried out using phasegrams by
1. Introduction employing Fourier transform to reduce non-uniform emissivity
problems. In order to overcome the limitations of the requirement
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of fibre- for high peak powers of pulsed-based techniques (PT and PPT), the
reinforced plastics in various applications demanding high strength, long experimentation time of continuous thermal wave techniques
light weight and greater corrosion resistance. The unavoidable such as LT[3] can be overcome by the coded excitation schemes,
presence of delaminations and subsurface defects, which can such as frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI),
develop during the manufacturing of these materials, severely its digital counterpart (DFMTWI) and the recently proposed
damages their in-service applicability and leads to chaos, which Barker techniques, by probing a suitable band of frequencies into
demands a thorough evaluation before use in the applications. the sample in a single experimentation cycle with relatively low
Whole field, non-contact and non-destructive evaluation using peak power sources[4-15]. In these processes, defect detection can
infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT) has emerged as a reliable be carried out either by the recently introduced pulse compression
testing procedure among NDT applications. In active thermography, processing or conventional phase analysis. In the pulse compression
approach[5,7,9-15], energy was distributed over the main lobe and side
lobes after compression. A reduction in the size of the side lobes
Venkata Subbarao Ghali received a BSc in Electronics in 1996, an MSc concentrates more energy into the main lobe and leads to improved
in Electronics from Nagarjuna University in 1998 and an ME in Applied detection performance and depth resolution. This paper exhibits the
Electronics in 2008. He is currently a doctoral student at the Infrared
depth resolution capability of the recently introduced 7-bit Barker
Imaging Laboratory, Electronics and Communications Engineering
Research Group, PDPM – Indian Institute of Information Technology coded thermal wave imaging using phase analysis and compares it
Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India. He is involved in non- with the analysation capability of pulse compression processing,
destructive characterisation of materials, especially using thermal wave which can improve SNR.
imaging.
Soma Sekhara Balaji Panda is an undergraduate student in Electronics and 2. Theory
Communication Engineering at PDPM – Indian Institute of Information
2.1 Barker coded excitation for IRNDT
Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India. He is associated
with the Infrared Imaging Laboratory and involved in developing signal Barker code is the simplest binary code, providing minimised
and image processing tools for non-destructive characterisation of solids. compression side lobes and generated more easily than other
Ravibabu Mulaveesala was born in Chukkavanipalem, Srungavarapu Kota, modulated schemes. Further, this code can give a compression
Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. He received a BSc in Electronics ratio proportional to the length of the code in its auto correlation.
from MR College, Andhra University, in 1996, an MSc in Electronics from However, selection of the code length is a compromise between
Nagarjuna University in 1998, an MTech from the National Institute of experimentation time and the side lobe reduction demanded. In
Technology (NIT), Tiruchirappalli, in 2000 and a PhD degree from the a thermographic context, too much experimentation time dilutes
Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology, the advantage of the technique, whereas a smaller experimentation
Delhi, India, in 2006. Presently, he is associated with the Infrared Imaging
time demands high peak power heat sources. Thus, a suitable code
Laboratory, Electronics and Communications Engineering Research
Group, PDPM – Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and
length and experimentation time is to be exercised for an optimum
Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India. His research interests include thermal- response. The 7-bit Barker code employed here is as shown in
acoustical-optical imaging techniques for non-destructive characterisation Figure 1.
of solids. This is a typical excitation scheme chosen from Barker
In the present context, the thermal diffusivity of the CFRP As the result, the long duration (T sec) signal s(t) is compressed
material (90-0-90 orientation of fibres) is 0.36 × 10–6 m2/s and the to a duration of 1 B , governed by the bandwidth B (Hz) of the
depth of the deepest defect is 2.16 mm, which demands a minimum
waveform. The ratio of the time durations of the transmitted and
frequency of 0.0245 Hz for defect detection. The experimentation
compressed signals is called the compression ratio, which is equal
duration has been selected to fulfill this frequency criterion as one
to T B.
of the frequency components corresponding to the first on duration
The depth-dependent delay and attenuations provided by the
of the code closely matches to it. As the duration of each code bit
defect locations are used for defect detection in pulse compression-
is 14.28 s with a total experimentation time of 100 s, the duration
based processing. Cross-correlation of the delayed thermal response
of 3 bits can be 42.84 s. The frequency corresponding to it is given
profiles with a chosen reference results in sinc shaped compressed
by 0.023 Hz, which can satisfy the probing frequency requirement.
pulses, which can contribute to the contrast in a correlation image
2.1.1 Physics of coded thermal waves at any chosen instant of time. This contrast at the defect locations
Thermal waves generated by the incident excitation can be obtained discriminates them from non-defective regions. An additional
by solving the one-dimensional heat equation given by[16]: reduction of side lobe energy in the compressed profiles provided
by the proposed excitation can be assessed by the metric called
! 2 T ( x,t ) 1 !T ( x,t ) peak to side lobe level, given by[12]:
" = 0 ........................ (1)
!x 2 ! !t ! Sidelobe magnitude $
Peak sidelobe level ( PSL ) = 20log # &% ......(5)
where α is the thermal diffusivity, T(x,t) is the temperature response " Peak value
and P0 is the peak power of the coded flux. The proposed excitation = '20 log ( N )
is considered as a combination of delayed step responses, defined
where N is the length of the code word used. However, for a 7-bit
as:
Barker code, theoretical PSL is equal to –16.99 dB.
4
f ( t ) = " ( !1) i u ( t ! ai! ) ..........................(2)
n