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Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
B. Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering
BY
B. VISHNU (15KF1A0403)
B. LOKNATH NAYAK (15KF1A0405)
P. HEMANTH (15KF1A0435)
S. THOUSIFULLA (15KF1A0444)
V.CHANDRASEKHAR REDDY (15KF1A0448)
i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING
MULTIPLE SENSORS” being submitted by
B. VISHNU (15KF1A0403)
B. LOKNATH NAYAK (15KF1A0405)
P. HEMANTH (15KF1A0435)
S. THOUSIFULLA (15KF1A0444)
V.CHANDRASEKHAR REDDY (15KF1A0448)
The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
university or Institution for the award of any Degree.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our special thanks to Mrs.RAJANI KUMARI, M. Tech (Designation, for her
valuable guidance and supervision and constructive suggestions to complete this project.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy, Chairman, Sanskrithi
School of Engineering, Puttaparthi for his inspiring all the way and for arranging all the facilities
and resources needed to completion of the course.
We express our heartfelt thanks to our parents and family members, who gave moral
support in completion of the course
We express our heartfelt thanks and gratitude to all professors, lab coordinators, non-
teaching staff and who have help me understanding, encouragement and support made this effort
worthwhile and possible.
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APPENDIX
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2 ABSTRACT
3 ABBREVATIONS
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
5 LIST OF FIGUERS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project coordinator, MS. Rajini
kumari, M.Tech, for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted
cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project. We deeply express
our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Mr. Hari Krishnan M.E., for encouraging and
allowing us to present the project on the topic “Smart irrigation system using multiple
sensors” at our department premises for the partial fulfillment of the requirements leading to the
award of B-Tech degree. We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or
indirectly helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents and all other family
members and friends for their love and encouragement throughout our career. Last but not the least
we express our thanks to our friends for their cooperation and support.
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ABSTRACT
This paper mainly deals with automatic farming using multiple sensors. India is mainly an
agriculture country. Agriculture is the most important occupation in India. It plays a vital role, In
India agriculture contributes about 16% of total gross domestic product (GDP) and 10% of total
exports. Water is main resource for agriculture, so many cases there will be a lot of water wastage.
In this paper we are using different sensors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture and, ultrasonic
sensor that sense various parameters of the soil. In addition to that based on soil moisture value,
land is automatically irrigated by the DC motor which is controlled by control unit and,
Simultaneously the alarming system will get alert in case any motion finds in fields, and also by
the related parameters of the soil by this the amount of pesticides will be suggested to the farmer
through SMS using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module connected to
controller.
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ABBREVATIONS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………1
ix
9. FUTURE SCOPE ………………………………………………………………………..46
References ………………………………………………………………………… 47
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO
1.1 Before technology and after technology……………………………………………………1
1.2 Machinery ……………………………. …………………………………………................3
2.1 Basic embedded system architecture ……………………………………………….8
2.2 Basic structure of an embedded system …………………………………………….8
3.1 IOT …………………………………………………………………………………10
3.2 Internet of things basic architecture ………………………………………………..13
3.3 Client B and C subscribing topic temperature ……………………………………..16
3.4 Client A publishing a value and broker forward this to the client …………………17
3.5 Application development …………………………………………………………..19
3.6 The internet of things ……………………………………………………………....20
4.1 Block diagram …………………………………………………………………..….22
4.2 Image of soil moisture sensor …………………………………………………..….25
4.3 Image of temperature sensor (LM35).................................................................…...27
4.4 Ultrasonic sensor ……………………………………………………………….….29
4.5 NODEMCU Development board /kit V0.9 (version) ……………………………...30
4.7 NODEMCU Development Board /kit V1.0 (version)……………………………...31
4.8 Pin diagram for NODEMCU-32s ………………………………………………….32
4.9 NODEMCU 32S development board /kit ………………………………………….34
5.1 Circuit diagram of the project ……………………………………………………...38
6.1 Image of hard ware kit ………………………………………………….………… 42
6.2 Image of humidity, temperature, motor pump sensor status…………..……………43
6.3 Image of fire, PIR, motor sensor status………………………………..……………43
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), light intensity, soil moisture and soil temperature.
The only solution to this problem is smart agriculture by modernizing the current traditional
methods of agriculture. Hence the project aims at making agriculture smart using automation and IoT
technologies. The highlighting features of this project includes smart irrigation with smart control and
intelligent decision making based on accurate real time field data. Smart warehouse management
which includes temperature, humidity, fire, soil moisture and intruder detection in the warehouse.
Controlling of all these operations will be through any remote smart device or computer connected to
Internet and the operations will be performed by interfacing sensors, Wi-Fi or ZigBee modules,
actuators with micro-controller.
By the latter part of the 19th century farmers had learned to diversify their crop production and
to raise livestock for profit. Farmers had learned the value in planting corn and feeding it to fatten
their livestock.
Advances in farm machinery production changed the way farmers worked. They were able to
cover more land at a faster pace; and as manufacturers added seats to farm machinery, farmers found
some relief from their back breaking labours.
The development of better corn seed is one of the biggest improvements in the past 100 years.
Farmers once shelled the kernels from the longest and best-looking ears from the harvest and planted
those kernels the next spring. However, plant scientists like Henry A. Wallace began experimenting
2
with ways to produce even better seed. They learned how to use the pollen from one variety of corn to
fertilize another variety to produce a hybrid. The new variety grew ears that were better than either of
its "parents." In the 1930s many farmers began buying hybrid corn seed. Today nearly all corn planted
in the United States and much of the rest of the world is some hybrid variety.
The project irrigation control using tackle the problems of agricultural sector regarding
irrigation at times, motor pumps are left running for longer than what is necessary because of
the effort involved. In the existing system farmers have to travel to fields often at odd hours
3
just to switch on/off the motor due to erratic power supply. Existing aids like auto starters.
High cost, difficult in maintenance and more wired connection, we introduce a new
system which will have wireless connection between server and nodes.
Compared to the wired link web server system, this system is characterized by having no
Irrigation system uses valves to turn irrigation on and off. These valves may be easily
4
1.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The main aim is to control the water management for an irrigation system by automatic
method. It is designed to manage the irrigation system based on the response to the real time
status of the soil moisture. The main aim is to control the water management for an irrigation
system by automatic method. This method does not require any manual operators. It is designed
to manage the irrigation system based on the response to the real time status of the soil moisture.
Irrigation system controls valves by using automated controller allows the farmer to apply the
right amount of water at the right time. Due to the variable atmospheric conditions some may
vary from place to place in large house, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at
all the places in the farmhouse manually. For this GSM is used, it sends the report through the
android mobile. So it reduces runoff from over watering saturated soil, avoid irrigating at the
wrong time .it also helps in time and energy saving, removal of human error in adjusting
available soil moisture levels and to. Automating farm or nursery irrigation allows farmers to
5
CHAPTER -2
LITERATUER REVIEW
The Smart Irrigation System is an IoT based device which is capable of automating the
irrigation process by analyzing the moisture of soil and the climate condition
(like raining). Also the data of sensors will be displayed in graphical form on BOLT
cloud page. This project does not provide any information to the farmers about irrigation field.
In our project we are providing all the information about farming land i.e.; temperature,
moisture, motion, detecting the fire to the farmers mobile through GSM module.
6
CHAPTER -3
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing. An
embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it.
An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded
system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based system which is designed to perform a specific
task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.
1. It has hardware.
3. It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and provide
mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the
latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the execution of
application program. A small-scale embedded system may not have RTOS.
` So, we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable,
real-time control system.
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Single-functioned– An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and does
the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.
Tightly constrained– All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but those
on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a size
to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and consume
minimum power to extend battery life.
Reactive and Real time – Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in
the system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without any delay.
Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts to speed
and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly within a
7
limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
Microprocessors based – It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.
Memory – It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does
not need any secondary memories in the computer.
Connected – It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.
HW-SW systems – Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is
used for performance and security.
Sensor – It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which can
be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A sensor
stores the measured quantity to the memory.
8
A-D Converter – An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.
Processor & ASICs – Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to the
memory.
D-A Converter – A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the processor
to analog data.
Actuator – An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.
Debugging is a methodical process to find and reduce the number of bugs in a computer
program or a piece of electronic hardware, so that it works as expected. Debugging is difficult when
subsystems are tightly coupled, because a small change in one subsystem can create bugs in another.
The debugging tools used in embedded systems differ greatly in terms of their development time
and debugging features. We will discuss here the following debugging tools:
1. Simulators
3. Emulator
3.5 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MICROCONTROLLER
While choosing a microcontroller, make sure it meets the task at hand and that it is cost
9
effective. We must see whether an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the
computing needs of a task. In addition, the following points should be kept in mind while choosing a
microcontroller –
Speed – What is the highest speed the microcontroller can support?
Packaging – Is it 40-pin DIP (Dual-inline-package) or QFP (Quad flat package)? This is
important in terms of space, assembling, and proto typing the end product.
Power Consumption – This is an important criterion for battery-powered products.
Amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.
Count of I/O pins and Timers on the chip.
Cost per Unit – This is important in terms of final cost of the product in which the
microcontroller is to be used.
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CHAPTER 4
IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)
4.1 DEFINITION
The Internet of Things(IoT) is the inter connection of uniquely identifiable embedded
computing devices with in the existing Internet infrastructure.
4.2 INTRODUCTION TO IoT
The Internet of Things(IoT) is the network of physical objects devices, vehicles, buildings
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and net work connectivity that
enables these objects tocollect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and
controlled remotely across existing net work infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world in to computer based systems, and resulting in improved
efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit, whenIoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the
technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart
cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
inter operate with in the existing Internet infrastruture.
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Fig. 4.1 IOT
So, Internet of Things or IoT is an architecture that comprises specialized hardware boards,
Software systems, web APIs, protocol which together creates a seamless environment which allows
smart embeddeddevices to be connected to internet such that sensory data can be accessed and
control system can be triggered over internet.
Also devices could be connected to internet using various means like Wi-Fi, Ethernet and
so on .Further more devices may not needed to be connected to internet independently. Rather a
cluster of devices could be created(forexampleasensornetwork) and the basestation or the
clusterhead could be connected to internet. This leads to more abstract architecture for
communication protocols which ranges from highlevel to low level.
Most interestingly, these devices must be uniquely discovered. For unique discovery of the
devices in aNetwork, they need to have unique IP address. IoT devices essentially have IPv6
addressing scheme. All these devices have either fixed or Subnet masked IP addresses of type v6.
Unique IP addresses makes IoT devices discoverable in the internet as independent node this is the
most important concept to have in mind to understand IoT.
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Fig. 4.2 Internet of Things(IoT)BasicArchitecture
Since IoT are essentially embedded systems and smart objects connected to internet with
unique IP address which can be discovered and communicated over internet.We have also seen that
the IoT devices may have external peripheral like Actuators and Sensors.
4.3 IoT DEVICES
The most common and popular technologies in IoT will givean overview devices.The IoT devices
into twobroad categories: The wearable ones and Microcontroller/Microprocessor driven embedded
IoT devices. Some of the embedded devices like Arduino Lilly pad are minisque and it can further
utilize them to makewearable solution.But wearable includes hardware which are pretty standard
and IoT has only software scope for the developer.Some peripheral hardware are which might
require are in IoT hardware in embeddedlevel. Apps can be used with popular wearable platforms,
EMBEDDED IoT platform may include broader technologies like RaspberryPi, Arduinoor
Galileo,etc.
4.4 IoT PLATFORMS:
IoT development can be divided in to two parallel technologies: Wearable and Embedded.
Developer scan build apps for custom Wearable devices like Peeble, SamsungGear or can often
create their own plat formusing Embedded solution and then can develop app for that platform.
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4.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF IoT
IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a
system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging
technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitude
towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of products,
goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.
4.6 IoT FEATURES
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below−AI − IoT
essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power
of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as
simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run
low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking, mean
networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller
and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system
devices.
Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which transform
IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration.
Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens through
passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.
Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time.
IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.
4.7 IoT ADVANTAGES
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of
some of the advantages that IoT has to offer−
4.7.1. Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind- spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely
14
transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
4.7.2. Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
4.7.3 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us subh
perficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of
resources.
4.7.4 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
MQTT:
This project uses concept of IoT for monitoring and controlling the system using a public
server called MQTT server. It uses an android app called My MQTT. In this app, one has to
subscribe a topic and publish a message of specific function. The server will call-back to perform
the function.
MQTT stands for Message Queue Telemetry Transport. It is a publish /subscribe,
extremely simple and lightweight messaging protocol, designed for constrained devices and low
bandwidth, high-latency or unreliable networks. The design principles are to minimize network
bandwidth and device resource requirements whilst also attempting to ensure reliability and some
degree of assurance of delivery. These principles also turn out to make the protocol ideal of the
emerging “machine-to-machine” (M2M) or “Internet of Things” world of connected devices, and
for mobile applications where bandwidth and battery power are at a premium.
16
Fig. 4.4 Client A publishing a value and broker forward this to other clients.
The publisher subscriber model allows MQTT clients to communicate one-to-one, one-to-many
and many-to-one.
4.9 UBIDOTS:
UBIDOTS is a platform for connecting people, processes and things. It allows companies
and cities to become more efficient by capitalizing on information from interconnected assets and
processes. Ubidots is a cloud service to store and analyse sensor data in real-time, it is free with
30,000 dots/month data-points usage, features as follow: push data from internet enabled device,
display sensor data through widgets, data is updated in real time and no need to refresh the browser,
trigger alerts when a sensor data hits a value and it has a powerful and flexible API [7]. A dashboard
was created on the Ubidots website to provide widgets for monitoring and plotting real time graphs
and data of the sensors which are being implemented in the project. It was also used to trigger alarm
when a variable exceeds its optimum value.
Ubidots is an Internet of Things (IoT) data analytics and visualization company. We turn
sensor data into information that matters for business-decisions, machine-to-machine interactions,
17
educational research, and increase economization of global resources. Ubidots exists as an easy
and affordable means to integrate the power of the IoT into your business or research.
Ubidots technology and engineering stack was developed to deliver a secure, white-glove
experience for our users. Device friendly APIs (accessed over HTTP/MQTT/TCP/UDP protocols)
provide a simple and secure connection for sending and retrieving data to and from our cloud
service in real-time. ‘Ubidots’ time-series backend services are performance optimized for IoT
data storage, computation, and retrieval. Our application enablement platform supports interactive,
real-time data visualization (widgets), and an IoT App Builder that allows developers to extend
the platform with their own HTML/JS code for private customization when desired. Ubidots exists
to empower your data from device to visualization.
Ubidots technology and engineering stack was developed to deliver a secure, white-
glove experience for our users. Device friendly APIs (accessed over HTTP/MQTT/TCP/UDP
protocols) provide a simple and secure connection for sending and retrieving data to and from
our cloud service in real-time.
. Ubidots’ time-series backend services are performance optimized for IoT data storage,
computation, and retrieval. Our application enablement platform supports interactive, real-time
data visualization (widgets), and an IoT App Builder that allows developers to extend the platform
with their own HTML/JS code for private customization when desired. Ubidots exists to empower
your data from device to visualization.
18
Fig. 4.5 Application development
. Ubidots’ time-series backend services are performance optimized for IoT data storage,
computation, and retrieval. Our application enablement platform supports interactive, real-time
data visualization (widgets), and an IoT App Builder that allows developers to extend the
platform with their own HTML/JS code for private customization when desired. Ubidots exists
to empower your data from device to visualization.
The basics components of any Internet of Things application powered by Ubidots are
Devices, Variables, Synthetic Variables Engine, Dashboards, and Events. Within this article
we will address each of these concepts as they relate to Ubidots IOT Development and
deployment Platform and how you can better organize your Ubidots Apps to best connect with
the users.
The Internet of Things and Control Systems are automating our homes, remotely
monitoring assets, and economizing energy consumption on a global scale. Using Ubidots’
cloud software users can self-develop IoT dashboards to deliver insights from sensor data and
improve operational efficiency, economize resources, and cut costs.
For the Internet of Things, or any control system, the dashboard or IoT dashboard is the
key HMI (Human-Machine Interface) component that organizes and presents digital information
19
from our physical world in to a simply understood display on a computer or mobile device. With
the help of IoT dashboards, users and operators can (remotely) monitor and control specific assets
and processes, and depending on safety requirements, access and control an environment from
anywhere in the world.
They monitor and control physical assets: The IoT can be simply understood as the
digitalization of our physical world; while many common data sources are purely digital
like financial stock prices, the Internet of Things utilizes input/output devices and
sensors from our physical world to display insights from an environment or its systems.
IoT dashboards populated with graphs, charts, control switches, maps, tables, and
countless other widgets are the digitals tools we use to visualize and display data coming
from the physical world to our computers.
They’re used by both businesses and individuals: While the use of dashboard to view
company stats is not new for businesses, making the data readily available to employees,
management, and customers at the same time is. Businesses are now adopting the IoT to
incorporate cloud data-analytics to improve operating efficiency and worker safety then
relay this data to customers or vendors for increased product transparency. Similarly,
20
individuals are adopting the IoT to improve the efficiency of one’s own mind and body
thanks to fitness trackers and home alarm systems. In both scenarios, end-users have access
to specific IoT dashboards as HMIs that present data relating to the status of a system or
events (door open, smoke detected, 4 miles traversed); all the while not requiring
programming skills to operate either system.
They’re cloud-based and global: The Internet of Things (IoT) adoption is – in part –
thanks to the expansion of cloud computing and its proficient data collection, processing,
and analysis capabilities. With the global accessibility of cloud data-storage platforms like
AWS, Azure, Blumix, and Google Cloud no longer do businesses or private users need
server’s rooms to store data nor the on-hand IT engineer to run it. With the global
architecture of most cloud or IoT service providers, IoT dashboards can be accessed simply
with a URL and any standard browser or mobile application – anywhere in the world.
21
CHAPTER 5
A higher labor to turn valves on and off. In addition, farmers using degree of water control
is attainable. Automation equipment are able to reduce runoff from over Plants can be supplied with
more precise amounts of watering saturated soils, avoid irrigating at the wrong time water. Disease
and insect damage is reduced because plant of day, which will improve crop performance by
ensuring foliage stays dry. Operating cost is usually reduced. Adequate water and nutrients when
needed. Automatic Federations may continue during the irrigation process Drip Irrigation is a
valuable tool for accurate soil moisture because rows between plants remain dry. The capacity of
22
soil to retain water is a function of soil texture and structure. When removing soil sample, the soil
being evaluated this disturbed, so its water-holding capacity is altered. Indirect methods of
measuring soil water are helpful as they allow information to be collected at the same location for
many observations without disturbing the soil water system. Content without any need for soil
density determination. The new soil moisture sensor uses Immersion Gold which protects he nickel
from oxidation. Electrodes nickel immersion Overview of Automated Irrigation System gold
(ENIG) has several advantages over more conventional (and cheaper) surface plating such as the
above fig 1 explains about important parameters to be HASL (solder), including excellent surface
planarity measured for automation of irrigation system are soil (particularly helpful for PCB's with
large BGA packages), moisture. The entire field is first divided into small good oxidation
resistance, and usability for untreated sections such that each section should contain one contact
surfaces such as membrane switches and contact moisture sensor. These sensors are buried in the
ground at points required depth. Once the soil has reached desired moisture a soil moisture sensor
can read the amount of level the sensors send a signal to the micro controller to moisture present in
the soil surrounding it. It's a low tech turn on the relays, which control the motor. Sensor but ideal
for monitoring an urban garden, or you. In proposed system, automated irrigation pet plant's water
level. This is a must have tool for a mechanism which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF
connected garden. On detecting the dampness content of the earth. In this sensor uses the two
probes to pass current through domain of farming, utilization of appropriate means of the soil, and
then it reads that resistance to get the irrigation is significant. The benefit of employing moisture
level. More water makes the soil conduct these techniques is to decrease human interference.
Electricity more easily (less resistance), while dry soil this automated irrigation project, the soil
sensor senses conducts electricity poorly (more resistance). The moisture content by giving input
signal to an Arduino board which operates on ATmega328 micro-controller, is programmed to
collect the input signal of changeable dampness circumstances of the earth via dampness detecting
system. Because this method is based on ultimately profit. , it is the standard with which all other
methods are compared.
Block diagram of the system Soil water content is an expression of the mass or volume. The
above fig shows Microcontroller based irrigation of water in the soil, while the soil water potential
is a system proves to be a real time feedback control system expression of the soil water energy
status. The relation which monitors and controls all the activities of drip between content and
potential is not universal and depends irrigation system efficiently. The present proposal is a on
the characteristics of the local soil, such as soil density model to modernize the agriculture
industries on a small and soil texture.
Using this system, one the basic technique for measuring soil water content is the can save
manpower, water to improve production and gravimetric method. Because this method is based on
ultimately profit. Direct measurements, it is the standard with which all other methods are
compared.
24
FIG.5.2 SOIL MOSITUER SENSOR
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage
over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C at room
temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range. Low cost is assured by
25
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It
can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C
range (−10˚ with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic
TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-220 package.
26
Fig: 5.3. Image of temperature sensor (LM35).
27
5.3.2 Features
Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor n 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)
Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range n Suitable for remote applications
28
5.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR (HCSR04)
Sound is a mechanical wave travelling through the mediums, which may be a solid, or
liquid or gas. Sound waves can travel through the mediums with specific velocity depends on
the medium of propagation. The sound waves which are having high frequency reflect from
boundaries and produces distinctive echo patterns.
5.4.1 FEATURES
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5.6 NODEMCU
NodeMCU is an open source LUA based firmware developed for ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip.
By exploring functionality with ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with ESP8266
Development 1.6.1 Introduction to NodeMCU
board/kit i.e. NodeMCU Development board.
Since NodeMCU is open source platform, their hardware design is open for
edit/modify/build. NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consists of ESP8266 Wi-Fi enabled chip.
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For
more information about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module.
There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit i.e. NodeMCU Development Board v1.0
(Version2), which usually comes in black coloured PCB.
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Fig. 5.7 NodeMCU Development Board/kit v1.0 (Version2)
NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins on its
board. It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc. Using such serial
protocols, we can connect it with serial devices like I2C enabled LCD display, Magnetometer
HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter + Accelerometer, RTC chips, GPS modules, touch screen
displays, SD cards etc.
5.6.1 NODEMCU 32S
The NodeMCU ESP-32S is one of the development board created by NodeMCU to
evaluate the ESP-WROOM-32 module. It is based on the ESP32 microcontroller that boasts Wifi,
Bluetooth, Ethernet and Low Power support all in a single chip.
5.6.2 FEATURES
1. Manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process.
2. Able to achieve ultra-low power consumption.
3. Built-in ESP-WROOM-32 chip.
4. Bread board Friendly module.
5. Light Weight and small size.
6. On-chip Hall and temperature sensor
7. Uses wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n.
8. Built-in wireless connectivity capabilities.
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9. Built-in PCB antenna on the ESP32-WROOM-32
10. Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin.
11. Uses CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module.
12. Programmable with ESP-IDF Tool chain, Lua Node SDK supports Eclipse project (C
language).
NodeMCU is an open source IOT platform. ESP32 is a series of low cost, low power
system-on-chip (SOC) microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi & dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32
series employs a Ten silica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core
variations, with a clock rate of up to 240 MHz ESP32 is highly integrated with built-in antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power management
modules.
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ESP-32S is a powerful, generic Wi-Fi-BT-BLE MCU module that targets a wide variety
of applications ranging from low power sensor networks to the most demanding tasks such a voice
encoding, music streaming and MP3 decoding At the core of this module is the ESP32 chip, which
is designed to be scalable and adaptive. There are 2 CPU cores that can be individually controlled
or powered, and the clock frequency is adjustable from 80MHz to 240 MHz The user may also
power off the CPU and make use of the low power coprocessor to constantly monitor the
peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32integrates a rich set of peripherals, ranging
from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, low noise sense amplifiers, SD card interface,
Ethernet, high speed SDIO/SPI, UART, I2S and I2C.
The integration of Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi ensures that a wide range of
applications can be targeted, and that it is future proof: using Wi-Fi allows a large physical range
and direct connection to the internet through a Wi-Fi router, while using Bluetooth allows the user
to conveniently connect to the phone or broadcast low energy beacons for its detection. The sleep
current of the ESP32 chip is less than 5 μA, making it suitable for battery powered and wearable
electronics applications. ESP-WROOM-32 supports data rates up to 150 Mbps, and 22 dB output
power at the PA to ensure the widest physical range. As such the chip does offer industry leading
specifications and the best optimized performance for electronic integration, range and power
consumption, and connectivity.
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Fig. 5.9 NodeMCU 32S Development Board/kit
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CHAPTER 6
Irrigation is defined as artificial application of water to land or soil. ... Every irrigation system such
as drip, sprinkler and surface gets automated with the help of electronic appliances and detectors
such as computer, timers, sensors and other mechanical devices.
In present days, in the field of agriculture farmers are facing major problems in watering their crops.
It’s because they don’t have proper idea about the availability of the power. Even if it is available,
they need to pump water and wait until the field is properly watered, which compels them to stop
doing other activities – which are also important for them, and thus they loss their precious time and
efforts. But, there is a solution – an automatic plant irrigation system not only helps farmers but also
others for watering their gardens as well.
This automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and automatically switches
the pump when the power is on. A proper usage of irrigation system is very important because the
main reason is the shortage of land reserved water due to lack of rain, unplanned use of water as a
result large amounts of water goes waste. For this reason, we use this automatic plant watering
system, and this system is very useful in all climatic conditions.
The supply of Arduino is giving through adapter and the input of Arduino is taking from the different
sensors. Temperature and humidity levels everything motion and display the values of mobile
through GSM which is connected at the output of Arduino. If temperature levels threshold value and
humidity level below the threshold percentage then the DC motor will be ON through relay
connected to Arduino and simultaneously motion is fields detecting by PIR sensor which is
connected at input side of Arduino. If motion detected or signal interrupted automatically buzzer will
ring SMS will be send to farmer mobile as object detected due to this paper, we are providing smart
farming reducing irrigation system.
“Modernization of Indian agricultural system using micro controller” using 8051 and GSM‟ is
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focused on atomizing the irrigation system for social welfare of Indian agricultural system and also
to provide perfect irrigation in particular area. Soil moisture sensor sense the condition of the soil
whether it is dry or wet and sends the information to microcontroller. Water level sensor senses the
water level in the water source and sends the information to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller sends the information to the relay then on/off of the motor is done. Temperature and
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humidity sensor also sense the condition of the weather and sends the information to microcontroller.
There is a serial communication between microcontroller and GSM. So the information from the
microcontroller is sent as SMS through GSM. LCD displays & GSM receives the information about
temperature, humidity and conditions of the soil and motor our project aims to implement the basic
application of Modernization the irrigation field by programming the components and building the
necessary hardware. This project is used to find the exact field condition and it will give information
to farmer by sending sms.
The proposed in GSM Based Automated Irrigation Control using Rain Gun Irrigation System.
mentioned about using automatic microcontroller based rain gun irrigation system in which the
irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water that save a large
quantity of water. These system brings a change to management of field resources where they
developed a software stack.
A simple approach to Irrigation control problem using Artificial Neural Network Controller. The
proposed system is compared with ON/OFF controller and it is shown that ON/OFF Controller based
System fails called Android is used for mobile devices that include an operating system, middleware
and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing
applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile phones have
almost become an integral part of us serving multiple needs of humans. This application makes use
of the GPRS feature of mobile phone as a solution for irrigation control system. These systems
covered lower range of agriculture land and not economically affordable miserably because of its
limitations. On the other hand, ANN based approach has resulted in possible implementation of
better and more efficient control. These controllers do not require a prior knowledge of system and
have inherent ability to adapt to the changing conditions unlike conventional methods. It is
noteworthy that ANN based systems can save lot of resources (energy and water) and can provide
optimized results to all type of agriculture areas.
A prototype for automatic controlling and remote accessing of irrigation motor. Prototype
includes sensor node, controller node and mobile phone. The sensor node is deployed in irrigation
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field for sensing soil moisture value and the sensed data is sent to controller node. On receiving
sensor value, the controller node checks it with required soil moisture value. When soil moisture in
irrigation field is not up to the required level then the motor is switched on to irrigate associated
agriculture field and alert message is send to registered mobile phone. Mobile phone is used for
sending request SMS to get soil moisture value in irrigation field and commands can be sent as SMS
to switch on/off the irrigation motor. Prototype is experimented by abstraction three pots containing
soil with different moisture level as irrigation fields. The experimental results show that the
prototype is capable for automatic controlling and remote accessing of irrigation motor based on the
feedback of soil moisture sensor. The prototype can facilitate farmer in monitoring and controlling
irrigation activity from remote location. With the advancement in technology, the world around us
in every part of our life getting automated. The manual procedures are being replaced by these
automated systems, since they are with energy efficient and consume less labor work. This paper
proposes the advantages of having Wireless Sensor Network technology in Indian agricultural sector,
which shows the path to the rural farmers to replace some of their traditional techniques. Here,
multiple environmental data such as Humidity, Soil moisture, Soil pH etc. are collected by a set of
wireless sensor nodes and applied as input to the Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC). The data is
checked continuously by PIC controller and a set of control actions like Irrigation, Soil fertility check
etc. are made if they exceed threshold level. After every activity, an evidence message is sent through
SMS via GSM modem to the farmer. The module by module design and implementation of the
system are given. The system overcomes the limitations of traditional agricultural procedures by
utilizing water resource efficiently and also reducing labor cost. An automatic sprinkler valve
controls the flow of water from the mainline to each zone. ... The ability to precisely
control watering according to specific conditions in the yard is the key to how
an automatic sprinkler system conserves water. Lateral line pipes carry water from
the automatic valves to the sprinkler heads.
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Depending on the plants you grow, they may need watering twice a week during the
summer. Installing an irrigation system.
May seem like a costly endeavor, including the labor involved, but sprinkler or drip
configurations have several advantages.
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6.3 DRAWBACKS OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM
Less range of connectivity using GSM.
Retrieval, storage and continuous monitoring is not possible through existing system.
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CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
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Fig7.2. image of humidity, temperature, water pump sensors status
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The system provides with several benefits and can operate with less manpower. The
system supplies water only when the humidity in the soil goes below the reference. Due to the
direct transfer of water to the roots water conservation takes place and also helps to maintain the
moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant to some extent. Thus, the system is efficient and
compatible to the changing environment.
8.1 Advantages
1. Saves water
- Studies show that drip irrigation systems use 30 - 50%less water than conventional
watering methods, such as sprinklers.
2. Improves growth
- Smaller amounts of water applied over a longer amount of time provide ideal growing conditions.
Drip irrigation extends watering times for plants, and prevents soil erosion and nutrient run off.
Also, because the flow is continuous, water penetrates deeply into the soil to get well down into the
root zone.
3. Discourages weeds
- Water is only delivered where it's needed.
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CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed system consist of less hardware as compared to the previous model hence it
is compact as compared to the previous system. It is more cost efficient, this claim is made on the
fact that the proposed system does not need the heavy and expensive hardware for implementation.
This type of automated irrigation system consumes 40-50% less water as compared to the
traditional system. It decrease the human power wastage. This smart irrigation system can be
adjusted and modified according to the changing environment.
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REFERENCES.
Clute, A. (ed.), 1986: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods.
American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 1188 pp.
[2] Knight, J.H., 1992: Sensitivity of time domain reflectometry measurements to lateral variations
in soil water content. Water Resources Research, 28, pp. 2345–2352.
[3] Magagi, R.D., Kerr, Y.H., 1997. Retrieval of soil moisture and vegetation characteristics by
use of ERS-1 wind scatter meter over arid and semi-arid areas. Journal of Hydrology 188-189,
361–384
[4] Marthaler, H.P., W. Vogelsanger, F. Richard and J.P. Wierenga, 1983: A pressure transducer
for field tensiometers. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, pp. 624–627.
[5] Attema, Evert, Pierre Bargellini, Peter Edwards, Guido Levrini, SveinLokas, Ludwig Moeller,
BetlemRosich-Tell, et al 2007. Sentinel-1 - the radar mission for GMES operational land and sea
services. ESA Bulletin 131: 10-17.
[6] Bircher, S., Skou, N., Jensen, K.H., Walker, J.P., & Rasmussen, L. (2011). A soil moisture
and temperature network forSMOS validation in Western Denmark. Hydro. Earth Syst. Sci.
Discuss
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