Design of Reinforced concrete Structure (2170607) -
COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL
Enrollment No . Name 130120106039 KAIZER DAVE 130120106045 KISHAN VYAS 130120106061 BINOY PATEL Internal Guide: Prof. Jay Sir Prof. Sandeep Sir
Gandhinagar Institute of 1 Technology: Department of Civil Engineering RETAINING WALL • A Retaining wall is a structure used to retain the earth or other materials and to maintain ground surface at different elevations on either side of it.
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology :
2 Department of Civil Engineering RETAINING WALL TERMINOLOGY
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology :
3 Department of Civil Engineering TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS
4 Department of Civil Engineering Gravity retaining wall
Cantilevered retaining wall
Precast concrete Precast concrete crib
retaining wall retaining wall Sheet pile wall
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology :
5 Department of Civil Engineering COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL • In the counterfort retaining wall, the stem and the base and the base slab are tied together by counterforts, at suitable intervals. Because of provision of counterforts, the vertical stem as well as the heel slab acts as a continuous slab, in contrast to the cantilevers of cantilever retaining wall. • Counterfort retaining walls are economical for height over about 6m. Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : 6 Department of Civil Engineering FORCES ACTING ON RETAINING WALL • Lateral earth pressure • Self weight of retaining wall • Weight of soil above the base slab • Surcharge, i.e. forces due to loads on earth surface. • Soil reaction below base slab • Frictional force at the bottom of base slab
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology :
7 Department of Civil Engineering Earth Pressure (P) • Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the retaining material on the retaining wall. This pressure tends to deflect the wall outward. • Types of earth pressure : • Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa) and • Passive earth pressure (Pp). • Active earth pressure tends to deflect the wall away from the backfill. Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : 8 Department of Civil Engineering Factors affecting earth pressure • Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the • height of wall and the soil conditions • Soil conditions: The different soil conditions are • Dry or moist backfill with no surcharge • Submerged backfill • Backfill with uniform surcharge • Backfill with sloping surface •Inclined back and surcharge Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : 9 Department of Civil Engineering (1)Analysis for dry back fills with no surcharge
• Maximum pressure at any height, p=kaϒh • Total pressure at any height from top, 1 𝑃𝑎 = ϒ𝑘𝑎 𝐻2 2
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology :
10 Department of Civil Engineering • 𝑘𝑎 = Coefficient of active earth pressure = (1-sinΦ)/(1+sinΦ)=𝑡𝑎𝑛2 Φ = 1/𝑘𝑝 , coefficient of passive earth pressure = Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
ϒ=Unit weight or density of backfill
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering
11 (2) Submerged backfill
• Lateral pressure due to submerged weight of soil
= 𝑘𝑎 ϒH • Lateral pressure due to water, =ϒ𝑤 H • Total pressure at base, 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎 ϒH+ϒ𝑤 H Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering 12 (3)Backfill with uniform surcharge • The lateral pressure due to surcharge, =𝑘𝑎 q • The lateral pressure due to backfill, =𝑘𝑎 ϒH • Lateral pressure intensity at base, 𝑃𝑎= 𝑘𝑎 q+𝑘𝑎 ϒH
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(4) Backfill with sloping surface • The total earth pressure acts at an angle β with horizontal. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ 𝑘𝑎= cosβ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅ • β=angle of surcharge • If surcharge is horizontal,β=0 1−sin ∅ Therefore, 𝑘𝑎= 1+sin ∅
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(5) Inclined back and surcharge • Resultant of pressure 𝑃1 and weight of soil wedge W is calculated as
P= 𝑃1 2 + 𝑊 2 1 where 𝑃1= ϒ𝑘𝑎 𝐻2 2
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Stability Conditions • The retaining wall should satisfy the following stability condition- •Stability against overturning •Stability against sliding •Maximum pressure at base should not exceed safe bearing capacity of soil. Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering 16 Stability against overturning • As per IS:456-2000, CI.20.1, factor of safety against overturning should not be less than 1.4.In case where dead load provides the restoring moment, only 0.9 times the characteristic dead load shall be considered. Hence ,the factor of safety is given by relation, 0.9 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 F.S= ≥ 1.4 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑟 = ≥ 1.55 𝑀𝑜
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Stability against sliding • As per IS:456-2000, CI.20.2, factor of safety against sliding should not be less than 1.4.In this case also 0.9 times characteristic dead load shall be taken into account. 0.9 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 F.S= ≥ 1.4 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 0.9(𝜇∙∑𝑊) = ≥ 1.4 𝑃𝑎ℎ (𝜇∙∑𝑊 +𝑃𝑝 ) = ≥ 1.55 𝑃𝑎ℎ Where,µ=coefficient of friction Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering 18 Maximum pressure at base should not exceed safe bearing capacity of soil.
• The intensity of soil pressure at toe,
∑𝑊 6𝑒 𝑃max= [1 + ]……….at toe 𝑏 𝑏 ∑𝑊 6𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛= [1 − ]………..at heel 𝑏 𝑏 • 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 should not exceed safe bearing capacity(SBC) of soil. • For no tension, 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 should not be negative.
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