A-MACHINE FIRST DESCRIBED.

B-THIS WORKMAN, TREADING WITH HIS FEET, IS COMPRESSING THE

BELLOWS. C-BELLOWS WITHOUT NOZZLES. D-HOLE BY WHICH HEAVY VAPOURS OR BLASTS ARE BLOWN
OUT. E-CONDUITS. F-TUNNEL. G-SECOND MACHINE DESCRIBED. H-WOODEN WHEEL. I-ITS STEPS. K-BARS.
L-HOLE IN SAME WHEEL. M-POLE. N-THIRD MACHINE DESCRIBED. O-UPRIGHT AXLE. P-ITS TOOTHED
DRUM. Q-HORIZONTAL AXLE. R-ITS DRUM WHICH IS MADE OF RUNDLES.
Figure 1.1 A print from Agricola's " De Re Metallica"
(Reproduced by permiss ion of Dover Publications)

return separately to each panel the ventilating quantities improved markedly and methane
concentrations decreased. He had discovered, almost by accident, the advantages of parallel
layouts over series circuits. The mathematical proof of this did not come until Atkinson's
theoretical analyses several decades later.
The quest for a safe form of illumination went on through the eighteenth century. Some of the
earlier suggestions made by scientists of the time, such as using very thin candles, appear quite
ludicrous to us today. One of the more serious attempts was the steel flint mill invented in 1733
by Carlisle Spedding, a well known mining engineer, again, in the north of England (Figure 1.2).
This device relied upon a piece of flint being held against a rapidly revolving steel wheel. The
latter was driven through a gear mechanism by a manually rotated handle. The complete device
was strapped to the chest of a boy whose job was to produce a continuous shower of sparks in
order to provide some illumination for the work place of a miner. The instrument was deemed
safer than a candle but the light it produced was poor, intermittent, and still capable of igniting
methane.

Figure 1.2 Spedding's Flint Mill (Reproduced by permission of Virtue and Co., Ltd.)

A crisis point was reached in 1812 when a horrific explosion at Felling, Gateshead killed 92
miners. With the help of local clergymen, a society was formed to look into ways of preventing
such disasters. Contact was made with Sir Humphrey Davy, President of the Royal Society, for
assistance in developing a safe lamp. Davy visited John Buddle to learn more of conditions in the
mines. As this was well before the days of electricity, he was limited to some form of flame lamp.
Within a short period of experimentation he found that the flame of burning methane would
not readily pass through a closely woven wire mesh. The Davy Lamp had arrived (Figure 1.3).
 TRADUCCIÓN

A – Maquina descrita por primera vez. B – Hombre trabajadores, pisando con sus pies, están
comprimiendo el fuelle. C – El fuelle sale por la boquilla. D – Los huecos por el cual los vapores
pesados o blastos son soplados afuera. E – Conductos. F – Túnel. G – Segunda máquina descrito.
H – Rueda de madera. I – Sus pasos. K – Barras. L – Agujero en la misma rueda. M – Palo. N –
Tercera máquina descrita. O – Eje vertical. P – Su tambor es dentada. Q – Eje horizontal. R – Su
tambor fabricado en Rundles.
Figura 1.1 Una impresión de “De Re Metallita” de Agricola
(Reproducido con permiso de Dover Publications)
Volver por separado a cada panel de las cantidades de ventilación mejoraron notablemente y
disminuyeron las concentraciones de metano. Había descubierto, casi por accidente, las
ventajas de los diseños paralelos más circuitos en serie. La prueba matemática de esta no llegó
hasta los análisis teóricos de Atkinson varias décadas más tarde.

La búsqueda de una forma segura de iluminación continuó durante todo el siglo XVIII. Algunas
de las sugerencias anteriores realizados por científicos de la época, tales como el uso de velas
muy delgadas, parece bastante absurdo para nosotros en la actualidad. Uno de los intentos más
serios fue el acero molino de pedernal inventado en 1733 por Carlisle Spedding, un ingeniero de
minas bien conocido, de nuevo, en el norte de Inglaterra (Figura 1.2). Este dispositivo confiado
en un trozo de pedernal retenida contra una rueda de acero rápidamente giratorio. Este último
fue conducido a través de un mecanismo de engranaje por un mango girado manualmente. El
dispositivo completo estaba atado al pecho de un niño cuyo trabajo consistía en producir una
lluvia continua de chispas con el fin de proporcionar una cierta iluminación para el lugar de
trabajo de un minero. El instrumento se considera más seguro que una vela, pero la luz que
producía era pobre, intermitente, y todavía capaz de encender el metano.

Disco de
Acero

Pedernal

Figura 1.2 de Spedding Flint Molino (Reproducido con el permiso de la Virtud y Co., Ltd)

Se llegó a un punto crítico en 1812 cuando una horrible explosión en Tala, Gateshead muerto 92
mineros. Con la ayuda de los clérigos locales, se formó una sociedad para estudiar la manera de
prevenir este tipo de desastres. Se estableció contacto con Sir Humphrey Davy, El presidente de
la Royal Society, por su ayuda en el desarrollo de una lámpara de seguridad. Davy visitó a John
Buddle para aprender más de las condiciones en las minas. Como este fue mucho antes de los
días de la electricidad, que se limitó a algún tipo de lámpara de llama. Dentro de un corto periodo
de experimentación se encontró que la llama de metano quema no pasaría fácilmente a través
de una malla de alambre estrechamente tejida. La lámpara Davy había llegado (Figura 1.3).
difference in pressures caused by the depths of the shafts, 1 to 2 and 3 to 4. The greater the heat
additions or the depth of the tunnel, the greater will be the NVE.
The NVE can be quantified mainly as follows. If each of the subsurface processes approximates
well
to a polytropic law, then the work done against friction in each segment may be calculated from
equation (1) and (2), Kim et al. (2005).
2
𝑛 ln⁡(𝑃2 ⁄𝑃1 )
∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑃 = 𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(1)
1 𝑛−1 ln⁡(𝑇2 ⁄𝑇1 )

𝑢12 − 𝑢22 2
𝐹12 = + (𝑍1 − 𝑍2 )𝑔 − ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑃 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(2)
2 1
2
where, ∫1 𝑉𝑑𝑃: Quantity of work [kPa]
n: Polytropic index
R: Mean gas constant [J/kg.K]
T: Absolute temperature [K]
𝐹12 : Friction loss energy [NVE]
u: Air velocity in tunnel [m/s]
z: Elevation of barometer location [m]
ρ: Standard air density [kg/m3]
P: Barometric pressure [kPa]

Because all parameters can be measured in these relationships, the work done against friction,
𝐹12 , can be determined. The work, in turn, can be converted into a frictional pressure drop, 𝑃12 ,
for any given air density. A traditional and convenient method converts the natural ventilating
energy, NVE(=𝐹12 ), into the natural ventilating pressure, NVE(=𝑃12 ), equation (3).

𝑁𝑉𝑃 = 𝑁𝑉𝐸 × 𝜌⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡(3)

3. THE MEASUREMENT OF NVP

Generally, relevant natural ventilation pressure is due to buoyancy, wind and barometric pressure
differences between portals. Buoyancy plays a role when two portals are not on the same level
above sea (positive or negative grade in tunnel), and relevant barometric pressure differences only
occur in long tunnels which connect different, meteorological regions [P.Sturm et al., 2004; Nam,
2000]. So, in this study, the dry-wet bulb temperatures, elevation, and barometric pressure were
measured in summer and winter at four measurement locations; entrance portal, exit portal, and
up- and down-cast of vertical shaft in two different tunnels (Dun Nae and Jug Ryung) in Korea.
The measuring points are shown on Figure 3.