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College Of Agriculture, Indore (M.P.

Bsc Ag 1st year session 2018-2019

Subject : Agriculture Microbiology

Topic : Prokaryotic Cell And


Eukaryotic Cell And Difference Between.

Roll No : 18120125

Submitted To : Submitted By:


Dr. Bharat Singh Damini Verma
Topics Pages

01. Introduction 03

02. Prokaryotes 04

03. Prokaryotic cells 05

04. Eukaryotes 06

05. Eukaryotic cell 07

06. Difference between 08


prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells
07. Conclusion 11

08. Reference 11
01.Introduction

The smallest unit of life is cell. All living beings expect the viruses are composed of one
or many cells. On the cytological basis, the cellular organisms fundamentally may have
either prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell.
The cell may be defined as a basic functional unit of life. The term cell derived from the
Latin word and was first discovered by Robert Hook in the year 1665. All living
organisms are composed of one or many cells to perform their individual functions. A cell
is the smallest unit of life, which is able to control and perform Several functions in all
living organisms. All unicellular organisms (single cell) including bacteria and archae
which are composed of single cell are examples of Prokaryotic cells. All multicellular
organisms (many or more than one cell) including human which are composed of
complex or many cells, are examples of eukaryotic cells. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells have cytoplasm, cell membrane and genetic material in common.

Figure 1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell


02.Prokaryote
Greek word ‘pro’ meaning before and ‘karyon’ meaning nut or kernel referring to the
cell nucleus.
Prokaryotes are organisms without cell nucleus, or any other membrane bound organelles.
Most prokaryotes are unicellular, but some are multicellular.
Examples: Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), bacteria and archaea etc.

Figure 2: Bacteria (E.coli) Figure 3: Archaea

Figure 5: Bacteria colony


Figure 4: Cyanobacteria
03.Prokaryotic cells
The cells which are composed of primitively organised cytoplasm and nucleus (i.e. DNA
or RNA) do not remain isolated or separated from the cytoplasm which lacks in
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes and centrioles etc., by any
nuclear membrane are called prokaryotic cell.
The simplest type of cells are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria, the oldest form of life on earth, are
prokaryotes. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not contained within a nucleus. Instead,
prokaryotic chromosomes are found in a localised area of the cell and is called nucleoid
region.
Examples: The prokaryotic cells in blue green algae and bacteria.

Figure 6: A typical Prokaryotic cell


04. Eukaryote

Greek word ‘eu’ means good or true and ‘karyon’ means nut or kernel referring
to the cell nucleus.

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organised into complex structures by
internal membrane or cytoskeleton. The most characteristic bound structure is
nucleus. The feature gives them the name.

Examples: Animals, plant, fungi and protist etc.

Figure 7: Eukaryotic cell


Figure 8: Microscopic view of eukaryotic cell

Figure 9: Fungi
Figure 10: kingdom Protista
05. Eukaryotic cell
According to Enclopedia Britannica, “Eukaryote, any cell or organism that
possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that
surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes ( bodies containing
the hereditary material) are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles,
including mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory
device), an endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome.”
From Wikipedia, “ A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain nucleus and
other organelles enclosed within membranes.”
The eukaryotic cell have a true nucleus i.e. the nuclear substance such as DNA
containing stainable and thread like chromosomes. RNA rich nucleolus and
nucleoplasm, all remain well separated from the cytoplasm by two perforated lipo-
proteinous nuclear membrane.
A typical eukaryotic cell is composed of an outer plasma membrane, cytoplasm and
nucleus.
Examples: Eukaryotic cells occur in most plants (from algae to angiosperms) and
animals (from protozoa to mammals).

Figure 11: Highly schematic diagram of a composite Eukaryotic cell, half plant and half animal.
06. Difference between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells.
Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Size Size of cell is 1-2µm by 1-4µm Greater than 5 µm in diameter.


or less.

Cell type Mostly unicellular(some Mostly multicellular.


cyanobacteria may be
multicellular).

Nucleus True nucleus is absent. Nuclear membrane and


Nucleus lack nuclear nucleolus are present.
membrane and nucleolus. Such
nucleus is called nucleoid.

Chromosome Usually single circular without Multiple linear with histones.


histones.

Genes Expressed in groups called Expressed individually.


operons.

Zygote Merozygotic (partially Diploid.


diploid).

Cell division Binary fission of budding Involves mitosis.

Sexual reproduction No meiosis. Transfer of DNA Involves meiosis.


only.

Permeability of nuclear Absent. Selective.


membrane

Cytoplasmic streaming Absent Present

Cytoskeleton Absent Present

Pinocytosis Absent Present

Gas vacuoles Can be present Absent

Mesosome Present. Performs the function Absent


of Golgi bodies and
mitochondria and also help in
the separation of chromosome
during cell division.

Ribosome Smaller size 70S, distributed in Larger size 80s, found on


the cytoplasm. membranes as in endoplasmic
reticulum; 70s present in
organelles such as chloroplast
and mitochondria.

Mitochondria Absent Present

Chloroplast Absent Present

Endoplasmic Reticulum Absent Present

Golgi structure Absent Present

Membrane bound vacuoles Absent Present

Lysosomes and peroxisomes Absent Present

Microtubules Absent or rare Present

Flagella Simple structure composed of Complex with 9+2 structure of


protein, flagellin. tubulin and other protein.

Plasma membrane Generally lack sterol and no Sterol and carbohydrate is


carbohydrate. present that serve as receptors.
Do not carry out respiration
Contain part of respiration and and photosynthesis.
in some photosynthetic
machinery.

Glycocalyx Present as a capsule or slime Present in some cells that lack


layer. cell wall.
Cell wall Usually present. Chemically When present, chemically
complex (typical bacterial cell simple (includes cellulose and
wall includes peptidoglycan). chitin).
Extrachromosomal plasmid Present. Nonessential Absent
prokaryotic genes are encoded
on extra chromosomal plasmid.
Transcription and Occur simultaneously. Transcription occurs in nucleus
translation and then translation occurs in
cytoplasm.
Respiration Many strict anaerobes. All aerobic, but some
facultative anaerobes by
secondary modification.
Photosynthetic enzymes Bound to plasma membrane as Enzymes packed in plastids
composite chromatophores. bound by membrane.
Nitrogen fixation Some possess this ability. None possess this ability.
Metabolic mechanism Wide variation Glycolysis, electron transport
chain, Krebs cycle.
Duration of cell cycle Short, takes 20-60 minutes to Long, takes 12-24 hours to
complete. complete.
DNA base ratio as mol% of 28-73 About 40
Guanine+ Cytosine (G+C %)
07. Conclusion
For cellular study in genetics the knowledge about prokaryotic cell must be studied
clearly. Microorganisms and all other living organisms are classified as prokaryotes
or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes re distinguished on the basis of their
cellular characteristics. For example, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleolus and other
membrane bound structures known as organelles. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Are similar in several ways. Both type of cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane,
and both use DNA for their genetic information. Prokaryotes include several types
of microorganisms, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria. Eukaryotes includes such
microorganisms like fungi, protozoa and simple algae.

08. Reference
 NCERT
 Genetics, P.S Verma and V.K. Agarwal
 Enclopedia Britannica
 Wikipedia

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