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01. Introduction 03
02. Prokaryotes 04
04. Eukaryotes 06
08. Reference 11
01.Introduction
The smallest unit of life is cell. All living beings expect the viruses are composed of one
or many cells. On the cytological basis, the cellular organisms fundamentally may have
either prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell.
The cell may be defined as a basic functional unit of life. The term cell derived from the
Latin word and was first discovered by Robert Hook in the year 1665. All living
organisms are composed of one or many cells to perform their individual functions. A cell
is the smallest unit of life, which is able to control and perform Several functions in all
living organisms. All unicellular organisms (single cell) including bacteria and archae
which are composed of single cell are examples of Prokaryotic cells. All multicellular
organisms (many or more than one cell) including human which are composed of
complex or many cells, are examples of eukaryotic cells. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells have cytoplasm, cell membrane and genetic material in common.
Greek word ‘eu’ means good or true and ‘karyon’ means nut or kernel referring
to the cell nucleus.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organised into complex structures by
internal membrane or cytoskeleton. The most characteristic bound structure is
nucleus. The feature gives them the name.
Figure 9: Fungi
Figure 10: kingdom Protista
05. Eukaryotic cell
According to Enclopedia Britannica, “Eukaryote, any cell or organism that
possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that
surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes ( bodies containing
the hereditary material) are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles,
including mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory
device), an endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome.”
From Wikipedia, “ A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain nucleus and
other organelles enclosed within membranes.”
The eukaryotic cell have a true nucleus i.e. the nuclear substance such as DNA
containing stainable and thread like chromosomes. RNA rich nucleolus and
nucleoplasm, all remain well separated from the cytoplasm by two perforated lipo-
proteinous nuclear membrane.
A typical eukaryotic cell is composed of an outer plasma membrane, cytoplasm and
nucleus.
Examples: Eukaryotic cells occur in most plants (from algae to angiosperms) and
animals (from protozoa to mammals).
Figure 11: Highly schematic diagram of a composite Eukaryotic cell, half plant and half animal.
06. Difference between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells.
Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
08. Reference
NCERT
Genetics, P.S Verma and V.K. Agarwal
Enclopedia Britannica
Wikipedia