Chapter 1

Introduction
From past twenty-five years solar energy has been one of the most important sources of
energy in our life. This is mainly due to the reason, as the population is increasing we are in
search of other dependent and long-lasting energy resource. The idea to implement
photovoltaic driven refrigeration system powered from solar panel with a battery backup. In
1821, the first important discovery related to thermoelectricity was discovered by Thomas
Seebeck who founded that an electric current would flow continuously in a closed circuit made
up of two dissimilar metals, provided that the junction of metal were maintained at two
different temperatures. Later, in 1834 physicist jean Peltier found that there was an opposite
phenomenon were by thermal energy could be absorbed at one dissimilar metal junction and
discharged at the other junction when an electric currents flows within the circuit. And then
Thomas described a relationship between Seebeck and Peltier Effect without any practical
application. The Seebeck and Thomson effects, together with different other phenomenon
forms the basic functional of thermoelectric modules. Thermoelectric refrigeration process
aims in providing cooling effect by using thermoelectric effects in substitutio
compression cycle .
1.1 Problem Statement

Now a modern energy-efficient model uses only 350 kWh per year.
In most homes the refrigerator is the 2nd largest user of electricity (13.7%), right after the
air conditioners (14.1%).
That means normal refrigerators power consumption is more, that means electricity wastage
is for cooling is more.
We are using solar energy to save electricity, but solar based systems are costlier.
These types of products are available in market, but cost implementation is high, so that we
will reduce it at some extent.

1.2 Objectives
Design a system for Solar Energy Harvesting.
Design a cold Air Circulated Cabinet.
Design a TEC board cooling arrangement system.
Design a Heat Sink system with exhaust to maintain hot side.
Design a controller board system to set temperature & auto cut for cold/hot condition.
 Chapter 2
Literature Survey
Jin Du, Fan Yang, Jiande Wu, "Design and analysis of semiconductor refrigeration system
powered by PV Cells", Industrial Electronics (ISlE) 2012 IEEE International Symposium
on, pp. 286-291, 2012, ISSN 2163-5145.

Using this Peltier heating and cooling effect in model, two compartments were made, one for
heating and another one is for cooling, Insulation material were used in both the compartments, so
that the cooling effect and heating effect remains for longer time and do not neutralize each other"
Further to increase the effectiveness Fresnel lens is also been used. We have tried three methods
and observed results in which extracting heat from peltier module and to get maximum efficiency
for cooling effect was the prime focus. This model can also be used for cold storage, temperature
controlled automotive seats and applications where change in ambient temperature is desirable.

Khoukhi, M. Jassim, S.A., "Feasibility of Using Desiccant Cooling System in Hot-Humid

Region," Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2012 Asia-Pacific , vol.,
no., pp.l,3, 27-29 March 2012, doi: 10.11091 APPEEC.20 12.6307063

To absorb the heat of Peltier module, heat sink and exhaust fan is used. Thermal paste is applied
between Peltier module and heat sink to effectively transfer heat from Peltier module to heat sink.
Water is also used at heat sinking medium. Further this heat is dissipated into heating compartment
for heating purpose.

Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, vol. 30, issue 1, pp. 50-58, 2007.

Tuning the operating current and voltage of a thermoelectric module by adjusting the cross-
sectional area of pellets is described in

Nandini K.K., Muralidhara worked on Peltier Based Cabinet Cooling System Using Heat
Pipe And Liquid Based Heat Sink they used heat sink as well as using heat pipe, The hot
side of both the Peltier device is attached to same liquid based heat sink and cold side is
attached to heat pipe based heat sink the system had 10 fins on top and bottom side of
cover plate was designed and fabricated using aluminium material.

P. Nakhate, N. Pawaskar , P. Vatamwar , S.

Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299 Special Issue 7-ICEMTE March 2017 p-ISSN:
2394-8280.

Palash Nakhate , Niraj Pawaskar , Purva Vatamwar , Saurabh Kalambe have worked on Eco-
friendly Refrigerator Using Peltier Device they given 12v supply through a Switch Mode Power
Supply(SMPS) Peltier plate and heat sink fan module, they did not used a solar energy for supply
unit of project hence a suitable temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to
41 °F), with the use of microcontroller designed a feedback unit for unit where the container is
cooled to required temperature at that point supply automatically turn off.

Prof. Pushkarny B.H., D. Patel, A.

AERONAUTICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051,

Vol.4 Issue 2,February 2016,Pgs: 67-74.

A study on Solar Refrigeration Using Peltier Effect was carried out by Prof.PushkarnyB.H.
,Divyesh Patel, AkshayParulkar, Hitesh Rai, Nadeem Khan has worked solar energy according to
study a solar cell has been used to develop 17v and 1.16 Amp current DC supply i.e power is up
to 20w of his solar cell through energy the electrical energy is stored in a 12 v DC supply with
7.2Ah current battery. Power capacity of refrigerator is 60w and the capacity of cooling chamber
of refrigerator is 7.8 litters.
 Chapter 3
Proposed System
In this chapter we have explain the Block Diagram, Circuit Diagram and Power Supply Circuit
of our project i.e. Solar Based Thermoelectric Refrigerator

3.1-Block Diagram

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Solar Based Thermoelectric Refrigerator

3.1.1 Working
By using PV cell/solar panel we store energy in batteries (lead acid battery 12v/7.5A). This
supply is given to TEC pellet through SSR which also drives our fans and sensors. An exhaust fan is
used to remove the heat and high speed fan is used to spread the cooling. These two fans are placed
on both side of TEC and the temp. of TEC is continuously absorbed by temperature sensor. We are
 using LM35 sensor for sensing heated side of TEC and another LM35 sensor for cooling side of
TEC. We choose AVR (Atmega328) controller because it has internal ADC so we do not need
external ADC circuit. Through AVR we can control the temperature of TEC pellet by sensor
feedback. A temperature adjacent pot switch and LCD are also drive by AVR controller.

3.2- Circuit Diagram

Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram of Thermoelectric Refrigerator

3.3-Power Supply Circuit

For working of circuit it is very essential to provide proper input power for this we require a
power circuit which provides a well regulated v output irrespective of its input fluctuation to avoid
any flaws in the circuit.

Fig 3.3 Power Supply circuit

3.3.1 Power supply design

Fig 3.3.1 Block diagram of power supply

Step down Transformer:

Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the mains 230V
A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of electronic
transformer.
1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a single
freq.
2) It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric strength.
3) Transformer ratings are expressed in volt amp. The volt-amp of each secondary winding or
windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load losses.
4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on transformer
and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.

Rectifier Unit:
Rectifier unit is a ckt. This converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally semi-conducting diode is
used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in one direction only. Generally
there are two types of rectifier.
a) Half wave rectifier
b) Full wave rectifier.
In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its efficiency is very poor. So we
use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used. In each half cycle, two diodes
conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at o/p.
Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge type rectifier ckt.

Advantages:
1) The need of center tapped transformer is eliminated.
2) The o/p is twice that of center tap circuit for the same secondary voltage.
3) The PIV rating of diode is half of the center tap circuit.

Disadvantages:
1) It requires four diodes.
2) As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes are conducting therefore voltage drop in
internal resistance of rectifying unit will be twice as compared to center tap circuit.

Filter Circuit:
Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various places in the
electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied
to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C. components. To do so a
filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load.
Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we use
capacitor filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic.
Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not pass
D.C. at all.
 Three terminal voltage regulator:
A voltage regulator is a ckt. That supplies constant voltage regardless of change in load current.
IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consists of three terminal
positive voltage regulators. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate
heat sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices do not require external component.
This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit and current limiting
protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage regulator IC.

Fig 3.3.2 3T voltage regulator

8

3.3.2 Design of Step down Transformer

The following information must be available to the designer before he commences for the design of
transformer
1) Power Output.
2) Operating Voltage.
3) Frequency Range.
4) Efficiency and Regulation.

3.3.2.1 Size of core:

Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and volume of transformer. This
depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally following formula is used to
find area or size of core.

P1
Ai = -----------
0.87
Ai = Area of cross - section in Sq. cm. and
P1= Primary voltage.
In transformer P1 = P 2
For our project we required +5V regulated output. So transformer secondary rating is 12V,
500mA. So secondary power wattage is,

P2 = 12 x 500 x 10-3 w.

= 6w.

6
So Ai =
0.87

= 2.62

Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all turns for low Iron losses and
compact size.

3.3.2.2 Turns per volt:

Turns per volt of transformer are given by relation

10,000
Turns / Volt = -----------------------
4.44 f Bm Ai
Here,
f is the frequency in Hz
Bm is flux density in Wb/m2
Ai is net area of cross section.
 Chapter 4

Component Description

4.1-Hardware Required

This chapter shows hardware requirement of the project which include a Peltier module, solar
panel, heat sink, microcontroller etc. which is further described below

4.1.1 Peltier Module

Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two
different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state
active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption
of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current. Such an instrument is also called
a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler (TEC). It
can be used either for heating or for cooling. Although in practice the main application is cooling. It
can also be used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools.

This technology is far less commonly applied to refrigeration than vapour-compression

refrigeration is. The primary advantages of a Peltier cooler compared to a vapour-compression
refrigerator are its lack of moving parts or circulating liquid, very long life, invulnerability to leaks,
small size, and flexible shape. Its main disadvantages are high cost and poor power efficiency.
Many researchers and companies are trying to develop Peltier coolers that are cheap and efficient.

A Peltier cooler can also be used as a thermoelectric generator. When operated as a cooler, a
voltage is applied across the device, and as a result, a difference in temperature will build up
between the two sides. When operated as a generator, one side of the device is heated to a
temperature greater than the other side, and as a result, a difference in voltage will build up between
the two sides (the Seeback effect). However, a well-designed Peltier cooler will be a mediocre
thermoelectric generator and vice versa, due to different design and packaging requirements.

Operating principle

Thermoelectric coolers operate by the Peltier effect (which also goes by the more general
name thermoelectric effect). The device has two sides, and when a DC electric current flows
through the device, it brings heat from one side to the other, so that one side gets cooler while the
other gets hotter. The "hot" side is attached to a heat sink so that it remains at ambient temperature,
while the cool side goes below room temperature. In some applications, multiple coolers can be
cascaded together for lower temperature.

Construction
Two unique semiconductors, one n-type and one p-type, are used because they need to have
different electron densities. The semiconductors are placed thermally in parallel to each other and
electrically in series and then joined with a thermally conducting plate on each side. When a voltage
is applied to the free ends of the two semiconductors there is a flow of DC current across the
junction of the semiconductors causing a temperature difference. The side with the cooling plate
absorbs heat which is then moved to the other side of the device where the heat sink is.
Thermoelectric Coolers, also abbreviated to TECs are typically connected side by side and
sandwiched between two ceramic plates. The cooling ability of the total unit is then proportional to
the number of TECs in it.
Some benefits of using a TEC are:

No moving parts so maintenance is required less frequently

No chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
Temperature control to within fractions of a degree can be maintained
Flexible shape (form factor); in particular, they can have a very small size
Can be used in environments that are smaller or more severe than conventional refrigeration
Long life, with mean time between failures (MTBF) exceeding 100,000 hours
Controllable via changing the input voltage/current

Some disadvantages of using a TEC are:

Only a limited amount of heat flux is able to be dissipated

Relegated to applications with low heat flux

A typical thermoelectric module is composed of two ceramic substrates that serve as a

foundation and electrical insulation for P-type and N-type.

Electrically conductive materials, usually copper pads attached to the ceramics, maintain the
electrical connections inside the module.
 The current treats the P-type material as a hot junction needing to be cooled and the N-type as a
cold junction needing to be heated. Since the material is actually at the same temperature, the result
is that the hot side becomes hotter while the cold side becomes colder.

Fig. 4.1

Mounting Methods

When a direct current is passed through a Peltier Module, the low temperature side absorbs heat
and the high temperature side emits heat, so that a temperature difference exists across the surfaces.
However, since the heat emitted is more reactive to the amount of electricity input into the module
than the heat absorbed, if a direct current is continuously passed through the module the emitted
heat will exceed the absorbed heat and both sides of the unit will become hot. For that reason, it is
necessary to connect the module to a radiator such as aluminium fins to efficiently disperse the
emitted heat.

Insulation Material

As we know the ice vendors take advantage of thermocol for its economic value and good
insulation property as it does not allow the inner temperature of cooling medium to go down. Hence
it is also an economic source of insulation. So the external structure of the whole refrigerator is
made of thermocol.

4.1.2 Solar Panel

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect.
The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells.
 Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made
of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon.
A solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to knock electrons free from
atoms, generating a flow of electricity.
When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the
semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides,
forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current, that
is electricity.

Fig.4.1.2 this figure shows Solar Panel diagram

4.1.3 Cooling Fan

Fig. 4.1.3 this figure shows Cooling Fan

 We are using TWO Cooling fans in our refrigerator which are respectively mounted on one heat
sink each. The main purpose of a cooling fan is to dissipate heat from the heat sink by taking in
fresh air. The fans used in this fridge work on 12 volts DC and draws 0.18 amps. The power
consumption of each fan is 2.16 watts

4.1.4 Heat Sink

Fig.4.1.4 this figure shows Heat Sink

A heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a device by dissipating heat into the surrounding
medium. The heat sink is generally made up of aluminum.

4.1.5 Microcontroller

Features:

1. High Performance, Low Power Design

2. 8-Bit Microcontroller Atmel® AVR® advanced RISC architecture
3. 131 Instructions most of which are executed in a single clock cycle
4. Up to 20 MIPS throughput at 20 MHz
5. 32 x 8 working registers
6. 2 cycle multiplier

Memory Includes:
1. 32KB of of programmable FLASH
2. 1KB of EEPROM
3. 2KB SRAM
4. 10,000 Write and Erase Cycles for Flash and 100,000 for EEPROM
5. Data retention for 20 years at 85°C and 100 years at 25°C

Fig.4.1.5.1 this figure shows pin diagram of ATMega328P

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make building interactive objects or
environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed
around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.

Current models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins
thataccommodate various extension boards.Introduced in 2005, the Arduino's designers sought to
provide an inexpensive and easy way for hobbyists, students, and professionals to create devices
that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples for beginner
hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors. It comes with a
simple integrated development environment (IDE) that runs on regular personal computers and
allows users to write programs for Arduino using C or C++.

as $9. Arduino boards can be purchased pre-assembled or as do-it-yourself kits. Hardware design
information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino by hand. It was estimated
in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced,[2] and in 2013
that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.
 Pin Configurations

Fig. 4.1.5.2 this figure shows Pin Configuration of ATMega328

Pin Descriptions

VCC
Digital supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2.1
input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
 Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for
longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to
generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if
the clock is not running.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
1.1.9 ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only)
In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

HARDWARE
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary
components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect
of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets users connect the CPU board to a variety of
interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino
board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C serial
bus so many shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used
the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280,
and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most
boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (orceramic resonator in
some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the
onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is
also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash
memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes
using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the
programmer.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed
over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version.
Serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level
signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial
adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial
Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods.
(When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard
AVR ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital
I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.10-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several
plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-
compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the
underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

There are many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are functionally
equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by
adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education to simplify the construction
of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equival0ent but change the form factor
sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely
different processors, with varying levels of compatibility.

Fig.4.1.5.3 this figure shows Arduino Board

4.1.6 IC7805

Fig 4.1.6 this figure shows IC7805 circuit diagram

Description
IC7805 series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package
and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each
type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making
it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents .
4.1.7 1N4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.
Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode

Fig 4.1.7 Diodes (IN4007)

Current Flow in the N-Type Material

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to conduction in a copper wire.

Thatis, with voltage applied across the material, electrons will move through the crystal just as
current wouldflow in a copper wire. The positive potential of the battery will attract thefree
electrons in the crystal. These electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the positive terminal
ofthe battery. As an electron leaves the crystal, an electron from the negative terminal of the battery
willenter the crystal, thus completing the current path. Therefore, the majority current carriers in the
N-typematerial (electrons) are repelled by the negative side of the battery and move through the
crystal towardthe positive side of the battery.

4.1.8 Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law

Fig 4.1.8 Resistors

 A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will
flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of
proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R
further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law.

4.1.9 Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

Fig 4.1.9 Capacitors

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in

farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The
conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor,
hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In
practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an
electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads
introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
4.1.10 SSR (Solid State Relay)

Solid state relays have over conventional electro-mechanical relays is that they have no moving

much faster than a mechanical relays armature can move, as well as zero voltage turn-on and zero
current turn-off eliminating electrical noise and transients.

Fig. 4.1.10 Solid State Relay

4.1.11 LM35

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage
is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage

constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not

trimming and calibration a

precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can
be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from
its supply, it has very low self-

with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor
packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package
and a plastic TO-220 package.
 Features

guarantee able

Suitable for remote applications

Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 µA current drain
Low self-

Fig 4.1.11 this figure shows pin diagram of LM35

Table. 4.1.11 Pin Configuration Table

NAME
1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) VCC
2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) OUTPUT
3 Ground (0V) GROUND
4.1.12. LCD Display
Description:

This is the example for the Parallel Port. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature
found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't
show the use of the Status Port as an input for a 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel
Port. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all
the logic required running them is on board.
Pros:
Very compact and light
Low power consumption
No geometric distortion
Little or no flicker depending on backlight technology
Not affected by screen burn-in
No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service
Can be made in almost any size or shape
No theoretical resolution limit

LCD Background:

Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using input and output
devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached
to an 8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and
20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively.

Fortunately, a very popular standard exists which allows us to communicate with the vast
majority of LCDs regardless of their manufacturer. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which
refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in this case, the 8051) and
communicates directly with the LCD.
 Fig. 4.1.12.1 LCD Display
LCD44780 LCD BACKGROUND

The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus.
The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-
bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for
the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control
lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).

Fig.4.1.12.2 this figure shows LCD Pin Configuration

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending
it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the
other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready,
bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this
varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.
 The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1),
the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the
letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or
reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write
commands--so RW will almost always be low .Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines
(depending on the mode of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines
are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

4.2 SOFTWARE:

4.2.1 COMPILER: ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written
in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers
unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is
called a sketch.

Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output
operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to make a runnable program:
Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.
 Fig 4.2.1 Arduino Board

4.2.2 DEBUGGER: PROTEUS (ISIS)

The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and technicians to
create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.

Fig.4.2.2 Proteus Debugger

 Applications

Xoscillo: open-source oscilloscope

Scientific equipment
Arduinome: a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
OBDuino: a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
The Humane Reader and Humane PC from Humane Informatics: low-cost electronic devices with
TV-out that can hold a five thousand book library (e.g. offline Wikipedia compilations) on
a microSD card
Ardupilot: drone software / hardware
 Chapter 5
PCB Designing
5.1 Steps to PCB making
1) Draw the schematic of the circuit on a computer using the required software.
2) Design the PCB on the computerizing the required software.
3) Print the PCB design through laser printer.
4) Prepare the frame for screen printing.
5) Preparation of screen for screen printing.
6) Impression on glass epoxy using UV Resins.
7) Drying it in light.
8) Etching using FECL3 solution.

5.2 Screen Printing Process

Step-1: A wooden mask is prepared with silk layer.

Fig. 5.2.1 Frame preparation

Step-2: A UV resin Silk is applied on both side.

Fig.5.2.2 Mask Preparation

Step-3: PCB layout is placed over mask and resin is applied again and it is exposed to light. This
makes frame ready for screen printing. Now a number of circuit can be printed in one go. We are
not required to check each line as it is obtained in high quality.
 Fig. 5.2.3 PCB Impression
Step-4: After screen printing PCB is exposed to light.

Fig. 5.2.4 Exposing to light

5.3 Etching Process
Etching involves following steps:

Dilute the concentrated Ferric Chloride fluid with water (1:1) and pour into the one litre glass jar
and cover it with a lid.
Place a sheet of newspaper on a flat surface and put the trays on it.
Fill the kettle with water and boil.
Heat the Ferric Chloride jar in a bucket of hot water.
Pour 1cm of boiling water into the bottom tray then place the other tray on top.
Put the PCB copper side up on the top tray and pour all the Ferric Chloride on top.
Gently rock the top tray to keep the etching fluid moving avoiding spillage.
After about 15mins all of the unwanted Copper should have disappeared.
 Remove the board and drop it into a bucket of cold water to clean off. Dry off the board and
clean away the blue etch resist with PCB solvent cleaner. Using a 0.8mm PCB drill bit drill out all
of the component holes.

5.4 Drilling Process

Drilling with 0.8mm drill bits can be a bit tricky as it's easy to break the drill bits. Always hold
the drill straight and do not bend it when the hole has started. Putting a soft block of wood under the
PCB provides a good base to drill into. Once you have become experienced at drilling I would
recommend using Tungsten Carbide drills (FE49D) which easily break but last much longer.
So now your PCB's finished and you can start soldering the components in. You should do this
soon after you have cleaned the PCB (within 1 hour) as the copper soon oxidizes and becomes hard
to solder.

5.5 Soldering

As defined in digital electronics, soldering is the process of joining of two metals together by the
use of solder alloy to form a reliable electrical path. This technique was first developed in ancient
Egypt. Soldering skills are needed to assemble any electronic circuit. Faulty solder joints may cause
failure of major equipment. It is therefore necessary to have high standards of workmanship in
soldering
For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove oxide film or
dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.
Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied should be
such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.
The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly over the
joint.
When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.
The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement.
The bright shining solder indicates good soldering.
In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the solder maternal and the joint. It
means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is done.
 CHAPTER 6

Results
This chapter shows the overall result of our project of Solar Based Thermoelectric Refrigerator
which shows that when we set temperature of inner side of our refrigerator at some degree (like
11c) then pelier start cooling the inner area of refrigerator and cooling fan start spreading the cold
air into the hole inner area of refrigerator.
We tested this project several times by changing or setting inner temp of refrigerator on different
levels and every time we get expected results.
The result of our project is shown below:

6.1 Result:

Fig 6.1: Implementation of Thermoelectric Refrigerator

6.2 ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATIONS:
Advantages
Light weight and compact for very small heat loads.
Reversing the direction of current transforms the cooling unit into a heater.
Operates in any orientation. Not affected by gravity or vibration
Very low cost device for cooling in small appliances.
Precision temperature and control capability.
Saves electricity
Low maintenance.

Limitation
Initial manufacturing cost is moderate, but it can be resolved by mass production.
Due to small in size storage capacity is less.

6.3 Applications:

Use in urban areas where electricity is major problem.

Use in medical transportation.
Use in urban areas for medicine storage.
Use in hostels for water cooling.
Use in long distance transportation.
 Chapter 7
Conclusion
Thus our project concludes that solar energy systems must be implemented to overcome
increasing electricity crisis. In this work, a portable solar operated system unit was fabricated and
tested for the cooling and heating purpose. The system was designed based on the principle of a
thermoelectric module to create a hot side and cold side. The cold side of the thermoelectric module
was utilized for cooling purposes whereas the rejected heat from the hot side of the module was
eliminated using heat sinks and fans. And hot side of the thermo electrical module was utilized for
heating purpose. In order to utilize renewable energy, solar energy was integrated to power the
thermoelectric module in order to drive the system. Furthermore, the solar thermoelectric cooling
and heating system avoids any unnecessary electrical hazards and proves to be environment
friendly. By considering above said system, we conclude that this system will definitely reduce
the accident due to over speeding on restricted areas and also this will help RTO to impose a proper
penalty against this kind of rule violation.

Future Scope:
Solar-powered refrigerators are most commonly used in the developing world to help mitigate
poverty and

By harnessing solar energy, these refrigerators are able to keep perishable goods such as meat and
dairy cool in hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines at their appropriate
temperature to avoid spoilage.

The portable devices can be constructed with simple components and are perfect for areas of the
developing world where electricity is unreliable or non-existent.

Batteries (electric refrigerators) or phase-change material is added to provide constant

refrigeration.
 References
[1] rigeration
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,ISSN (ONLINE): 2321-3051,Vol.4 Issue 2,February 2016,pp.
67-74.
[2] Hodes, M, Pellet Geometries for
Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, vol. 30, issue 1, pp. 50-58, 2007
[3] Jin Du, Fan Yang, Jiande Wu, "Design and analysis of semiconductor
refrigeration system powered by PV Cells", Industrial Electronics (ISlE) 2012 IEEE International
Symposium on, pp. 286291, 2012, ISSN 2163-5145
[4] Khoukhi, M.; Jassim, S.A., "Feasibility of Using Desiccant Cooling System in Hot-Humid
Region," Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), 2012 Asia-Pacific , vol., no.,
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[5] Palash Nakhate, Niraj Pawaskar, Purva Vatamwar, Saurabh
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[6] Implementation of Solar Fridge and Fast Chilling using Peltier Effect with Temperature
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India (ISSN 2017 IJESC)
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling
[8] Abdul - Wahab, S.A., A. Elkamel, A.M. Al - Damkhi, I.A. Al - Habsi, H. AlRubai'ey,A. Al
- Battashi, A. Al -Tamimi, K. Al-Mamari and M. Chutani,
2009. Omani Bedouins' readiness to accept solar thermoelectric refrigeration
systems. International J. Energy Technology and Policy, 7: 127136.
[9] Internal construction of thermo- electricmodule(adapted from ADVANCED
THERMOELECTRIC· One Tara Boulevard · Nashua, NH 03062 ·
USA
[10] http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/power/solid-state-relay.html
[11] https://wiki.eprolabs.com/index.php?title=Temperature_Sensor_LM35
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor
[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
[14] http://www.circuitstoday.com/proteus-software-introduction